肉鸭胸肌特异挥发性风味物质的鉴定

为了寻找快大型肉鸭和优质小体型肉鸭的主要挥发性风味物质,构建不同品种肉鸭胸肌气味轮廓,探究品种对肉风味的影响。本试验以9周龄北京鸭、连城白鸭、野鸭胸肌为材料,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用技术对其进行检测,计算相对气味活度值(ROAV)寻找各品种鸭胸肌中主要挥发性风味物质。运用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)寻找3个品种肉鸭胸肌差异挥发性风味物质。同时结合电子鼻进行检测。通过SPME-GC-MS技术共检测出104种物质,这些化合物主要为醛类、醇类、酮类和呋喃类物质。北京鸭胸肌中挥发性物质中醇类物质最多,占比40.01%,其次是醛类和呋喃。而连城白鸭和野鸭胸肌中挥发性物质占比以醛类最高,其次是呋喃和醇类物质。通过计算ROAV可得,有43种挥发性物质对鸭胸肌风味有贡献,其中,3个品种胸肌共有物质32种。同时,电子鼻可以对3个品种胸肌进行区分。通过分析3个品种鸭胸肌挥发性物质的结果,探索了3个品种鸭胸肌的特征香气标志物。北京鸭的主要风味物质为(E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、2-辛烯醛、2-戊基呋喃、1-辛烯-3-酮;连城白鸭的主要风味物质为(E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、2-辛烯醛、己醛;野鸭主要风味物质为壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、正辛醛、己醛。OPLS-DA结果表明,3种鸭肉的主要差异风味物质基本集中在醛类和醇类物质。本研究对3个品种熟制后的鸭胸肌进行挥发性风味物质的检测,为构建不同品种肉鸭胸肌气味轮廓,探究品种对肉风味的影响具有重要的理论意义。     

连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭胸肌转录组比较

为了解连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭肉质的差异,本研究选择300日龄连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭各3只母鸭,测定胸肌粗脂肪、肌苷酸含量,同时对胸肌组织进行转录组高通量测序筛选品种间的差异表达基因,并对其功能进行注释、KEGG通路分析,挑选部分基因进行荧光定量PCR验证。结果显示:2个品种胸肌转录组测序得到40.6 Gb Clean Data,各样品的Clean reads与北京鸭参考基因组的比对效率在68.65%~72.17%。共筛选2333个差异表达基因,其中连城白鸭显著高表达1060个,沔阳麻鸭显著高表达1273个。差异表达基因共富集到280条信号通路中,67条通路显著富集,其中多条通路和肌肉脂肪沉积、能量代谢以及各类物质代谢相关。ACDC、FABP4、AMPD1、MITF、MAOA和CSAD等差异表达基因可能对不同品种鸭特异的肉质风味形成产生影响。经qRT-PCR验证,测序结果可靠。连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭胸肌转录组比较显示不同地方鸭品种肉质存在一定差异。     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和OPLS-DA模型探究不同嫩度驴肉的关键挥发性物质成分差异

旨在检测驴肉挥发性物质成分,探究与广灵驴嫩度相关的关键差异风味物质并解析关键挥发性物质与嫩度基因之间的功能与联系。本研究选用30头生长环境和饲养条件相同、年龄相近的雌性广灵驴为研究对象,进行剪切力和肌内脂肪的测定并依据含量差异将其分为高嫩度组(HT,n=4)和低嫩度组(LT,n=4)。通过HS-SPME-GC-MS技术检测广灵驴背最长肌挥发性物质成分,利用香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)筛选驴肉关键风味物质,并结合多元统计分析方法获得变量重要性投影(variable importance in the projection,VIP)筛选与嫩度相关的关键差异风味物质,后基于Pearson系数与转录组学进行联合分析,寻找出驴肉嫩度关键风味物质与差异基因之间的联系。结果,在广灵驴背最长肌中共鉴定出41种挥发性物质,包括醇类、醛类、烃类、酮类、酯类以及2种其他物质。通过OAV筛选出13种关键风味物质,发现影响驴肉的主要挥发性物质和贡献者是醛类。通过VIP和OAV值筛选出1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛醇以及月桂醛既是嫩度的差异物质又是对驴肉风味有贡献的关键风味物质。利用Pearson系数筛选与关键风味物质相关的差异基因并对其进行KEGG功能分析,发现1-辛烯-3-醇的相关基因主要富集在果糖和甘露糖代谢、糖酵解/糖异生、胰高血糖素信号通路等;1-辛醇相关基因主要富集在胰岛素信号通路、丁酸代谢、Ⅱ型糖尿病、多种脂肪细胞因子信号通路等;月桂醛相关基因则多富集在次生代谢物的生物合成、胰岛素信号通路、糖酵解/糖异生、戊糖磷酸途径等。这些通路可能参与了驴肉关键风味物质1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛醇以及月桂醛的形成。本研究利用SPME-GC-MS技术检测了驴肉的风味挥发性物质并分析了驴肉不同嫩度风味差异,筛选出1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛醇和月桂醛3种嫩度差异物质和关键风味物质。KEGG富集结果分析发现,酵解/糖异生、胰高血糖素信号通路、PPAR信号通路、果糖和甘露糖代谢、MAPK信号通路等可能参与了1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛醇和月桂醛3的形成,这些都为广灵驴肉质嫩度和风味的分子改良与育种提供新的方向。     

绿头野鸭与北京鸭杂交子代不同周龄屠体品质分析

绿头野鸭是典型瘦肉鸭,体脂率低,风味佳,但体重偏小,生长较慢。北京鸭是世界著名肉鸭品种,但其体脂率偏高。在以往的研究中,探讨了利用绿头野鸭的瘦肉型特征改善肉鸭皮脂率的可能性,发现二者的杂交后代既有着北京鸭生长较快的特点,也保留了绿头野鸭体脂率低、胸腿肌率高、肉质优良、风味佳的特点,从而降低了北京鸭的高体脂率。试验在上述研究的基础上,进一步研究绿头野鸭与北京鸭杂交子代不同周龄屠体品质和产肉性能,为绿头野鸭种质资源的生产利用打下基础。1材料与方法1.1研究材料杂交父本绿头野鸭种源,来自湖北洪湖湖区和石首市长江故道区…     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术分析青海省不同产地牦牛肉中挥发性风味成分

本研究旨在分析青海省不同产地牦牛肉中挥发性风味成分的基础上,用主成分分析法找出牦牛肉中挥发性风味成分中的关键化合物。在青海省5个地区选取公母牦牛各3头,采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术分析鉴定的牦牛背最长肌、股二头肌和肋间肌中挥发性风味成分。结果显示:从牦牛3个部位的肌肉中鉴定出34种挥发性风味成分,主要包括醛类、酮类、醇类、酸类、烃类、含氮杂环化合物和含硫化合物。对牦牛肉挥发性风味成分的主成分分析发现,8种化合物(十六醛、十八醛、壬醛、苯甲醛、正辛醇、2,3-戊二酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、己酸)是牦牛肉中关键挥发性风味成分;对牦牛肉产地的主成分分析结果显示,30份牦牛肉样品可以按照产地和草场类型划分为3类。     

猪肉质风味评价指标体系研究

研究在测定影响猪肉质风味的各种非挥发性滋味(肌内脂肪、硫胺素、脂肪酸和氨基酸)和挥发性香味(醛类、酮类和呋喃类)物质的基础上,对这些指标进行了综合评定,筛选出用肌内脂肪含量、油酸+亚油酸总量和谷氨酸+天冬氨酸总量作为评价影响猪肉风味的滋味物质指标,己醛+壬醛总量作为评价香味物质的指标.研究首次提出了猪风味物质评定指标,...     

7个品种鸭MSTN基因5’-调控区单核苷酸多态性研究

为了研究肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)基因在鸭群体中的遗传变异情况,试验以莆田黑鸭、连城白鸭、绍兴鸭、攸县麻鸭、建昌鸭、高邮鸭及北京鸭为材料,采用连接酶检测反应(LDR)的方法对MSTN基因5’-调控区第1 024位点单核苷酸多态性(SNP)进行基因分析,并统计该位点在群体中的基因型频率、等位基因频率和Hardy-Weinberg平衡情况。结果表明:在7个品种鸭中,检测MSTN基因第1 024位点均含CC、CG和GG 3种基因型。在连城白鸭、攸县麻鸭和高邮鸭中,CC基因型占优势,且以连城白鸭最高(0.72);在高邮鸭和建昌鸭中,CG基因型占优势;在北京鸭中,GG基因型占优势;在绍兴鸭中,CC基因型、CG基因型出现的频率相同。建昌鸭和北京鸭等位基因G的频率高于等位基因C的频率,其他品种鸭均为等位基因C的频率大于等位基因G的频率。莆田黑鸭、连城白鸭、绍兴鸭、攸县麻鸭、北京鸭和高邮鸭MSTN基因在第1 024位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P>0.05),仅有建昌鸭不符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P<0.05)。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法检测分析北京鸭胸腺中挥发性有机物

实验利用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法检测分析北京鸭胸腺熟化前后的挥发性物质组成。结果在未熟化样品中检测出40种化合物,其中醛类4种,酸类6种,酯类8种,烷烃类7种,醇类9种,含硫含氮化合物6种;熟化之后检测出37种,其中醛类6种,酮类3种,酸类1种,烷烃类8种,醇类8种,含硫含氮化合物9种,酯类1种,其他1种。并推断甲基肼和己醛可能赋予鸭肉特殊风味。     

不同品种百香果的挥发性成分分析研究

利用顶空固相微萃取和气相-质谱联用技术分析了3个品种的百香果果汁挥发性物质。从3个品种的百香果果汁中共分离出93种挥发性物质,其中共有的挥发性成分有25种,各品种均以酯类、醇类、醛类、烯类、酮类化合物为主,但各品种挥发物的种类和含量有明显的差异,黄金果果汁中的挥发性物质和特有挥发性物质最多,台农果汁中的挥发性物质和特有的挥发性成分最少。酯类是百香果果汁中主要的呈味物质,但不同品种百香果果汁中的主要呈味物质不同,黄金果中主要的呈味物质为丁酸乙酯、 正己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯,台农果汁中主要的呈味物质为乙酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯,紫果1号果汁中主要的呈味物质为乙酸乙酯。挥发性成分的差异赋予不同的品种独特的风味。     

鸡蛋风味物质研究现状及存在问题

风味通常指人以口、鼻为主的感觉器官对食品感应到的味觉、触觉等综合感觉。禽蛋的风味物质主要由挥发性风味物质、脂肪酸、磷脂、氨基酸以及小肽等构成。鸡蛋中的挥发性风味物质大致可以分为八大类:脂肪烃、醛类、酮类、醇类、芳香族、呋喃、硫化物、萜类。其中,醛类和芳香族阈值很低,对风味有主要贡献。因此,寻找鸡蛋风味物质标志性参数、给出风味物质标准值,对煮蛋风味的评价尤显重要。文章阐述了国内外鸡蛋风味物质研究的现状,分析了研究中存在的问题,以期为消费者和蛋品风味研究者提供借鉴。     

Volatile flavor changes responding to heat stress‐induced lipid oxidation in duck meat

The effects of heat stress on lipid oxidation and volatile compounds in duck meat were investigated. To simulate heat stress on ducks, room‐temperature was controlled at 25°C, except that a raised temperature of 32°C for 8 hr each day was conducted. After stress for 1 and 3 weeks, respectively, the birds were euthanized and the breast meat was separated to evaluate the changes of lipid oxidation and volatile flavor compounds. Results showed that heat stress significantly increased the lipoxygenase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reduced the contents of free unsaturated fatty acids in duck meat. A total of 85 volatile flavor compounds were detected by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Interestingly, when exposed to heat stress, the volatiles generation in raw duck meat was promoted, which was then inhibited after cooking. These data reveal meat oxidative changes and flavor loss caused by heat stress and provide useful information for potential labels and meat flavor preservation against the negative effects of heat stress.     

Meat quality,fatty acid composition and sensory evaluation of Cherry Valley,Spent Layer and Crossbred ducks

The aim of this research was to compare meat quality characteristics of Cherry Valley (CV), Spent Layer (SL) and Crossbred (CB) ducks. Meat quality, proximate and fatty acid composition were measured in breast and thigh muscles from CV, SL and CB, as well as sensory evaluation of duck soup made from three breeds. The results showed SL contained a highest percentage of protein but lowest moisture than those of CV and intermediate CB (P < 0.05). The L* and b* value of SL ducks were lowest among three breeds (P < 0.05). The breast of SL had higher water‐holding capacity compared to CV (P < 0.05), although CV was the most tender among the three breeds (P < 0.05). SL had lower contents of saturated fatty acid and higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids with a more acceptable P/S ratio of 0.57 and n‐6/n‐3 ratio of 1.52 (P < 0.05). Intramuscular fat and polyunsaturated fatty acids were involved in producing intense aroma and flavor of duck meats. Differences of color and tenderness in meats were attributed to values of L* and cooking loss of muscles. In conclusion, it would be suggested that SL was more suitable for producing duck soup among the three breeds.     

不同饲养方式对优质肉鸭屠宰性能和肌肉营养成分的影响

为制定优质肉鸭最优饲养技术方案,提高优质肉鸭饲养的经济效益和品质,本研究选择900只1日龄优质肉鸭(益客集团E品系),随机分为3组,每组3个重复,分别采用地面平养、笼养、网上平养,在70日龄进行屠宰性能和肌肉主要营养成分测定。结果表明:网上平养肉鸭的屠体重较其他2种饲养方式有显著提升(P<0.05);网上平养的全净膛重与半净膛重、头脚重、胸肌重与笼养无显著差异,但其半净膛重、头脚重、胸肌重、腹脂重高于地面平养(P<0.05);网上平养的腿肌重与其他2种饲养方式无显著性差异;网上平养肉鸭的胸肌中蛋白质含量较其他2种方式显著提升(P<0.05),在腿肌蛋白质含量上三者差异不显著;网上平养肉鸭的腿肌脂肪含量高于地面平养(P<0.05),而3种饲养方式的胸肌脂肪含量无显著差异;胶原及水分含量与笼养相比在胸腿肌中差异不显著。可见,优质肉鸭采用网上平养较为适合。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法分离鉴定北京鸭尾脂腺挥发性有机物

本实验旨在分离、鉴定北京鸭尾脂腺中挥发性风味物质．为北京鸭的食品加工提供理论参考。利用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法分离鉴定尾脂腺熟化前后的挥发性物质组成．尾脂腺的熟化条件为：90℃水浴锅中铝箔袋密封煮制30min。结果在未熟化样品中鉴定出61种化合物,其中醛类5种,酮类2种,烃类14种,醇类12种,酸类4种,含硫含氮化合物15种,酯类6种,醚类2种,酸酐1种;熟化之后检测出39种,其中醛类4种,烃类11种,醇类6种,酯类4种,酸类3种．含硫含氮化合物8种,醚类1种,酸酐1种,其他1种。比较分析发现尾脂腺中所有的化合物均在鸭肉的风味研究中有所报道．因此可推断尾脂腺对于鸭肉的整体风味具有一定的强化作用。     

Effect of selection for improved body weight and composition on muscle and meat characteristics in Muscovy duck

1. For 25 years, the Muscovy duck has been selected for greater body weight at slaughter age, higher meat yield and lower fat content. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of such selection on the biochemical and technological characteristics of duck meat. 2. A line which has been maintained without any selection since 1975 (control line) and a heavy line now commercialised (selected line) were reared under the same conditions. We compared growth performances, dressing and dissection yields and biochemical and technological characteristics of duck meat at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age. 3. Our results showed that an indirect effect of selection was to increase the duck growth rate. At a given age, muscle weights and yields as well as carcase fat content were higher for selected ducks. In the selected line, muscle fibres were larger and the collagen content in muscles lower. 4. The Sartorius muscle in ducks from the selected line exhibited a higher percentage in numbers of white type IIb fibres to the detriment of red type IIa fibres. Its glycolytic enzyme activity was higher and its oxidative enzyme activity lower. 5. In breast muscle, selection decreased the rate of post-mortem decline in pH value, increased protein and mineral contents and decreased moisture. It did not affect fibre type, colour, haem pigment and lipid contents, collagen solubility or drip loss. 6. In conclusion, the effects of Muscovy duck selection on meat quality were relatively moderate.     

品种和部位对鸭肉肉质的影响

选择番鸭、樱桃谷鸭和高邮鸭等3个品种鸭各30只,测定屠宰性能、常规营养成分、胶原蛋白含量、剪切力值、肌纤维直径、肌束膜厚度等相关指标。结果表明：番鸭是肉用性能最好的优质肉鸭。各品种鸭胸肌率均比腿肌率高,胸肉剪切力值小于腿肉,胸肉显著嫩于腿肉（P〈0.05）。剪切力值和肌纤维直径、肌束膜厚度呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与蒸煮损失、胶原蛋白含量显著相关。影响鸭肉嫩度差异的关键是肌纤维直径的粗细和肌束膜厚度的大小,肌纤维直径越粗,肌束膜厚度越大,剪切力值也越高,鸭肉嫩度越差,蒸煮损失和胶原蛋白含量对鸭肉嫩度也有影响。     

Differential protein profiles in duck meat during the early postmortem storage period

The present study was designed to investigate proteomic differences in duck breast muscle during the early postmortem storage period. The meat quality was evaluated at 0 hr and 24 hr postmortem at 4°C in Pekin ducks, black Muscovy ducks and Mule ducks. Differentially expressed proteins were detected by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS) at 0 hr and 24 hr postmortem in the three duck breeds. The results showed that 53 proteins spots were differentially expressed at 0 hr and 24 hr postmortem at 4°C in Pekin ducks, 75 spots in black Muscovy ducks, and 72 spots in Mule ducks. A total of 30 (10 spots for each breed) were selected for identification by mass spectrometry. Seven proteins were identified in Pekin ducks, eight in black Muscovy ducks and seven in Mule ducks. Moreover, the above results obtained by 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS were confirmed by western blotting. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide insights into the protein profiles of ducks during postmortem storage and provides a better understanding of the biochemical processes that contribute to duck meat quality.     

不同性别雷州黑鸭屠宰性能及肉品质的测定

随机选取60只健康无病的300日龄雷州黑羽鸭,公、母各半,进行屠宰试验及肉品质分析。结果表明,公鸭全净膛率和瘦肉率显著高于母鸭(P<0.05);母鸭腹脂率和皮脂率极显著高于公鸭(P<0.01),而胸肌率却极显著低于公鸭(P<0.01);公、母鸭胸肌肉色(L、a、b值)、腿肌蒸煮损失率和胸肌嫩度均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);母鸭胸肌脂肪含量显著高于公鸭(P<0.05),胸肌和腿肌粗蛋白质含量极显著高于公鸭(P<0.01)。提示,雷州黑鸭屠宰率和全净膛率都较高,母鸭肉质和肌肉营养成分高于公鸭,胸肌优于腿肌。