谷胱甘肽对育肥羊生长性能及生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ轴调控作用的研究

本文旨在研究谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)对育肥羊生长性能及生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(GH/IGF-Ⅰ)轴的影响.试验采用单因素随机区组设计,将12只3月龄东北细毛羊与德国肉用美利奴羊杂交一代育肥羊分为3组,每组4个重复,每组羊公母各占1/2.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组1和试验组2分别在基础日粮的基础上添加500和800 mg/kg的GSH,试验期为60 d.测定谷胱甘肽对育肥羊生长性能和血清中GH和IGF-Ⅰ浓度及组织中IGF-Ⅰ mRNA表达量的影响.结果表明:日粮中添加GSH显著提高了试验组育肥羊的日增重(P＜0.05),显著降低了试验组育肥羊的料重比(P＜0.05),但对育肥羊的日采食量无显著影响(P＞0.05);试验20、40和60 d时,试验组育肥羊血清中的生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,试验组育肥羊肝脏和背最长肌中IGF-ⅠmRNA的表达量有所提高,当GSH添加量达到800 mg/kg时,育肥羊背最长肌中IGF-Ⅰ mRNA的表达量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).因此,本试验初步得出,日粮中添加GSH促进了肝脏IGF-Ⅰ的分泌,提高了肌肉中IGF-Ⅰ mRNA的表达量,提高血清中GH与IGF-Ⅰ浓度,从而促进了育肥羊的生长.     

生长激素释放肽-6缓释微球的制备及其对动物生长的影响

以生物降解材料乳酸乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA,LA-GA 8515)为载体,采用复乳-液中蒸发法制备含生长激素释放肽-6的乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球,并通过体外药物释放试验评价载药微球的释药特征.结果得到收率、粒径大小和分布及含药量均满意的微球,其中包封率为100%,平均体积径为3.45μm,收率为79%.在37℃、pH7.0的生理等渗缓冲液中,首日释药19.19%,其后以平均日释药3.23%的速度释药25 d.小鼠肌肉注射微球30 d后,累积增重比注射生长激素释放肽-6、生理盐水分别高22.56%(P<0.05)和53.17%(P<0.01).结果表明,生长激素释放肽-6乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球有望发展成为新型长效制剂.     

促生长激素释放肽对肥育猪生产性能、养分消化率和胴体性状的影响

此试验研究注射促生长激素释放肽(GHRP-2)20μg/kg体重对猪生长、养分消化率和胴体组成及特性的影响。采用单因子试验设计,将10头杜长大三元杂种去势公猪(约64kg),分为对照组和试验组2个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1头猪。2个处理分别为:(1)空白对照组,隔天注射和试验组相等剂量的生理盐水;(2)试验组,隔天肌肉注射GHRP-220μg/kg体重,共注射14天。试验期为4周,期间以周为单位记录增重和采食量,到28天时结束饲养试验,对所有猪进行放血屠宰。结果表明,试验组全期生产性能与对照组相比,注射GHRP-220μg/kg体重使日增重增加14.15%(P<0.05),料重比下降11.92%(P<0.05),而日采食量(kg)几乎相等(分别为3.19±0.16,3.2±0.2)。注射GHRP-220μg/kg体重对胴体组成没有显著的影响(P>0.05);对养分表观消化率影响差异不显著(P>0.05),蛋白质表观利用率提高7.46%(P<0.05);提高了血钙(P<0.05)和极低密度胆固醇水平(P<0.01),降低了甘油三脂水平(P<0.01)和乳酸脱氢酶活力(P<0.05)。结论,GHRP-2可以提高猪的生产性能,但在改善胴体组成上效果不明显。     

营养水平对初产母猪妊娠早期胚胎存活和类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ、胰岛素、生长激素分泌的影响

本文旨在研究不同营养水平对母猪妊娠早期胚胎存活和血液及繁殖组织中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、胰岛素和生长激素(GH)分泌的影响。选取配种后的母猪63头,随机分配到三个营养水平组(高、中、低),各营养水平采食量按2倍、1.2倍和0.6倍能量维持供给。分别在母猪妊娠第12、25和35d取血,将母猪屠宰收取子宫液,同时测定胚胎存活率。用酶联吸附试验法检测血清和子宫液中IGF-Ⅰ、胰岛素和GH的浓度。结果表明:(1)胚胎存活率,在妊娠第12、25和35d中营养水平组均显著高于高营养水平组(P<0.05),中营养水平组妊娠第12d时,与低营养水平组间差异不显著(P>0.05),而妊娠第25和35d的胚胎存活率显著高于低水平组(P<0.05);(2)高水平组妊娠第12和25d血清中IGF-Ⅰ浓度显著高于中水平组(P<0.05),极显著高于低水平组(P<0.01)。中水平组妊娠25d血清中IGF-Ⅰ浓度显著高于低水平组(P<0.05)。高水平组妊娠35d血清中胰岛素浓度高于中水平组(P<0.05),高水平组妊娠第12、25和35d血清中胰岛素浓度均高于低水平组(P<0.05)。高水平组妊娠25和35d血清中GH浓度均显著低于中水平组(P<0.05);(3)高水平组妊娠12d子宫液中IGF-Ⅰ浓度显著高于低水平组(P<0.05)。中水平组妊娠25d子宫液中胰岛素浓度有高于低水平组的趋势(P=0.053)。高水平组妊娠25d子宫液中GH浓度显著低于中水平组(P<0.05)。在妊娠35d内以中水平饲喂初产母猪具有较高的胚胎存活率。不同营养水平显著影响初产母猪妊娠早期血液和子宫液中IGF-Ⅰ、胰岛素和GH的分泌量。不同营养水平可能通过影响IGF-Ⅰ的分泌量而影响早期胚胎发育,这种作用可能与胰岛素、GH的分泌变化有关。     

促生长激素释放肽-2对雅南生长猪生产性能、胴体性状和血液生化指标的影响

试验研究注射促生长激素释放肽(GHRP-2)对雅南猪生产性能、胴体性状和血液生化指标的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,试验组隔天肌肉注射20μg/kg BW GHRP-2,对照组隔天注射同等剂量的生理盐水。试验期为4周。结果表明:与对照组相比,注射20μg/kgBW GHRP-2显著提高了蛋白质的消化利用率和血清中总蛋白的水平;有提高日增重、饲料转化率的趋势,但不影响日采食量;对猪胴体性状没有明显影响。     

饲粮锌水平对育成期水貂生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮锌水平对育成期水貂生长性能及血清生化指标的影响。选取60日龄健康雄性水貂75只,随机分为5组,每组15个重复,每个重复为1只水貂,各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(Ⅰ组)、50(Ⅱ组)、100(Ⅲ组)、300(Ⅳ组)、600 mg/kg(Ⅴ组)锌的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)60、75、90、105和120日龄时各组之间体重差异不显著(P>0.05);76~90日龄时Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P<0.05);106~120日龄时Ⅲ组平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅴ组(P<0.05)。2)Ⅳ组血清白蛋白含量显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P<0.05);Ⅳ组血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅴ组(P<0.05);Ⅳ组血清免疫球蛋白A含量显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P<0.05);Ⅳ组血清免疫球蛋白G含量显著高于Ⅴ组(P<0.05);各组血清免疫球蛋白M含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)Ⅰ和Ⅱ组血清尿素氮含量显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ和Ⅳ组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅴ组(P<0.05)。4)Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅴ组(P<0.05);各组血清乳酸脱氢酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。5)Ⅴ组血清锌含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);Ⅴ组血清磷含量显著低于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P<0.05);各组血清钙含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加100 mg/kg的锌能够有效提高育成期水貂的生长性能,而饲粮中添加300 mg/kg的锌血清中蛋白质相关指标含量及锌相关酶活性最高,有利于提高水貂机体免疫力。     

壳聚糖锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清激素和生化指标的影响

本文旨在探讨壳聚糖锌(CS-Zn)对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清激素和生化指标的影响.选择均重7.25 kg的断奶仔猪120头,随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每个重复8头).对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加50 mg/kg CS-Zn、100 mg/kg CS-Zn、100 mg/kg硫酸锌(ZnSO4>)和3 000 mg/kg氧化锌(ZnO),均以锌计.饲养期35 d.结果表明:1)与对照组和100 mg/kg ZnSO4>组相比,饲粮添加100 mg/kg CS-Zn能显著提高断奶仔猪日增重,降低料晕比和腹泻率(P<0.05),但与3 000 mg/kg ZnO组无显著差异(P>0.05);2)100 mg/kgCS-Zn组血清胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ含量显著高于对照组和100 mg/kg ZnSO4>组(P<0.05);3)与对照组相比,100 mg/kg CS-Zn组血清碱性磷酸酶活性和白蛋白含量均显著升高(P<0.05),血清尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05).结果提示,饲粮中添加100 mg/kg CS-Zn能提高断奶仔猪生长性能,降低腹泻率,其效果与添加3 000 mg/kg ZnO相当.     

生长激素释放因子(GRF)在动物肌肉组织的表达

向大鼠后肢小腿前部注射生长激素释放因子 ( GRF)的表达质粒 pc DNA3 -GRF4 0 μg,于注射后 2 d开始 ,每隔 5d杀 2只取样 ,提取 RNA和 DNA,用 PCR和 RT-PCR检测质粒及其表达。结果表明 ,在 3 0 d时仍为阳性结果。注射部位肌肉组织免疫组化检测结果表明 ,在部分大鼠 ( 1 4/ 2 4 )的肌肉组织中检测到了 GRF分子。给家兔注射 pc DNA3 -GRF质粒 1 0 0μg(第 组注射质粒 ,第 组注射含 1 0 %甘油的质粒 ) ,于注射后 1 d开始采血分离血清 ,用 RIA法测定血清生长激素 ( GH)的水平。结果表明 ,第 组在 5d时 ,GH水平上升2 7.1 %( P <0 .0 5)。本研究结果表明 ,外源 GRF在肌肉组织可获得表达 ,并能提高动物体内的 GH水平     

饲粮锰水平对育成期水貂生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮锰水平对育成期水貂生长性能及血清生化指标的影响。选取75只60日龄的健康雄性水貂,随机分为5组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只水貂,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(Ⅰ组,作为对照组)、50(Ⅱ组)、100(Ⅲ组)、300(Ⅳ组)和600 mg/kg(Ⅴ组)锰的试验饲粮,基础饲粮中锰水平为43.69 mg/kg。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:各组平均日采食量差异不显著(P0.05)。各组水貂在60、75、90和105日龄时的平均体重差异不显著(P0.05),120日龄时Ⅳ组水貂平均体重最高,显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);60~75日龄、91~105日龄和106~120日龄时Ⅳ组水貂的平均日增重显著高于其他组(P0.05);饲粮锰水平显著影响血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、免疫球蛋白A和免疫球蛋白M含量及丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和碱性磷酸酶活性(P0.05),上述指标最高值均出现在Ⅳ组;Ⅳ组水貂血清尿素氮含量显著低于其他组(P0.05);血清乳酸脱氢酶、总超氧化物歧化酶、锰超氧化物歧化酶活性及免疫球蛋白G含量各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,当饲粮中添加300 mg/kg的锰,饲粮中锰水平为343.69 mg/kg时,可提高育成期水貂的生长性能,同时可提高血清蛋白质代谢相关指标含量和锰相关酶活性及机体免疫力。     

半胱胺对高邮鸭增重及相关激素分泌和基因表达的影响

随机选取 5日龄体况良好的雄性高邮鸭 2 4只 ,分成对照组和半胱胺 (CS)试验组。试验组每周按体重在日粮中添加 1次 CS(10 0 mg/ kg) ,以观察半胱胺对高邮鸭增重及相关激素分泌和基因表达的影响。结果表明 ,前 3周平均日增重试验组比对照组提高 12 .86 %,料肉比下降 12 .82 %;整个试验期平均日增重提高 4.5 3%,料肉比下降 4.0 3%。血清 IGF- 1水平 ,试验组为 (2 2 9.88± 8.6 9) μg/ L,显著高于对照组 (2 0 2 .31± 7.10 ) μg/ L(P<0 .0 5 ,n=10 ) ;血清 GH水平 ,试验组为 (0 .5 4± 0 .0 3) μg/ L,显著高于对照组 (0 .45± 0 .0 2 ) μg/ L(P<0 .0 5 ,n=10 ) ;垂体 GH m RNA的净灰度(net intensity) ,试验组为 (2 .2 3× 10 5± 0 .19× 10 5) ,显著高于对照组 (1.6 5× 10 5± 0 .12× 10 5) (P<0 .0 5 ,n=9) ,而下丘脑生长抑素 (SS) m RNA的净灰度 ,试验组为 (1.33× 10 5± 0 .10× 10 5) ,比对照组 (2 .14× 10 5± 0 .5 7× 10 5)降低37.85 %(P=0 .0 97,n=8) ,提示半胱胺对 SS基因转录水平可能没有影响。半胱胺促进生长和提高饲料转化率的机制 ,可能与 GH基因表达的上调和血清 IGF- 1水平的提高有关。     

Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone and growth hormone-releasing factor

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of human growth hormone-releasing factor [hpGRF-(1-44)-NH2] on growth performance in pigs and whether this response was comparable to exogenous porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment. Preliminary studies were conducted to determine if GRF increased plasma GH concentration after iv and im injection and the nature of the dose response. Growth hormone-releasing factor stimulated the release of pGH in a dose-dependent fashion, although the individual responses varied widely among pigs. The results from the im study were used to determine the dose of GRF to use for a 30-d growth trial. Thirty-six Yorkshire-Duroc barrows (initial wt 50 kg) were randomly allotted to one of three experimental groups (C = control, GRF and pGH). Pigs were treated daily with 30 micrograms of GRF/kg body weight by im injection in the neck. Pigs treated with pGH were also given 30 micrograms/kg body weight by im injection. Growth rate was increased 10% by pGH vs C pigs (P less than .05). Growth rate was not affected by GRF; however, hot and chilled carcass weights were increased 5% vs C pigs (P less than .05). On an absolute basis, adipose tissue mass was unaffected by pGH or GRF. Carcass lipid (percent of soft-tissue mass) was decreased 13% by GRF (P less than .05) and 18% by pGH (P less than .05). Muscle mass was significantly increased by pGH but not by GRF. There was a trend for feed efficiency to be improved by GRF; however, this was not different from control pigs. In contrast, pGH increased feed efficiency 19% vs control pigs (P less than .05). Chronic administration of GRF increased anterior pituitary weight but did not affect pituitary GH content or concentration. When blood was taken 3 h post-injection, both GRF- and pGH-treated pigs had lower blood-urea nitrogen concentrations. Serum glucose was significantly elevated by both GRF and pGH treatment. This was associated with an elevation in serum insulin. These results indicate that increasing the GH concentration in blood by either exogenous GH or GRF enhances growth performance. The effects of pGH were more marked than for GRF. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose of GRF to administer in growth trials and the appropriate pattern of GRF administration in order to determine whether GRF will enhance pig growth performance to the extent that exogenous pGH does.     

Stimulation of swine growth by porcine growth hormone

Highly purified porcine growth hormone (pGH; USDA-B1) was administered by im injection (22 micrograms X kg body weight-1 X d-1) to rapidly growing Yorkshire barrows for 30 d. Growth hormone significantly increased growth rate (10%), feed efficiency (4%), cartilage growth and muscle mass. However, pGH did not affect carcass adipose tissue mass. Intramuscular lipid content of the longissimus was increased 50% by pGH administration. Plasma pGH concentration was elevated (7- to 11-fold) for 3 to 5 h post-injection. Chronic administration of pGH depressed pituitary GH content and concentration approximately 45%. No GH antibodies were detected in the plasma of GH-treated swine. Plasma somatomedin-C concentration was increased 55% by GH treatment 3 h post-injection. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were both significantly increased in GH-treated swine, suggesting that the animals had developed a state of insulin resistance. Plasma-free fatty acid concentration tended to be higher in GH-treated animals. Treatment of swine with pGH significantly decreased plasma blood urea nitrogen. Assessment of animal health during the trial and postmortem indicated that pGH administration did not have any adverse effects. In summary, treatment of young, rapidly growing swine with pGH stimulated growth performance without affecting animal health or inducing the production of GH antibodies.     

Plasma growth hormone concentrations during growth in turkeys

1. The concentrations of circulating GH were low in 1‐week‐old birds (male plasma pool 30 ng/ml, female 32 ng/ml), reached a maximum at 7 weeks in male birds (142 ± 26 SEM ng/ml) or 4 weeks in females (185 ± 32 ng/ml) and then decreased to 17.3 ± 2–8 ng/ml in males and 8?7 ± 0–6 ng/ml in females at 17 weeks.

2. Significant inverse correlations between GH concentration and age or body weight were found (male, r = —0–693), female, r = —0–623).

3. In males, but not females, the weekly increase in body weight was correlated with the plasma GH concentration (r = 0–291).     

Serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in Japanese black cattle with growth retardation

Serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were determined in 5 calves in the same lineage with growth retardation. They had normal appetites, activities, body proportion, and laboratory test results. Calves with growth retardation had higher serum GH concentrations and lower serum IGF-I concentrations. These findings suggested defects in the GH-IGF-1 axis, such as in the GH-receptor.     

Predicting bull growth performance and carcass composition from growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone.

Development of practical, physiologically based methods that provide an early, yet accurate, evaluation of a bull's genetic merit could benefit the beef industry. The use of GH response to a single, acute dose of GHRH was evaluated as a predictor of future growth performance and carcass characteristics of weanling bulls. Fifty-six Angus bulls averaging 229 d (SD = 27) of age were administered three doses i.v. (0, 1.5, and 4.5 microg/100 kg BW) of human GHRH (1-29) analog in a Latin square design balanced for residual effects. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheter at -60, -45, -30, -15, 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min relative to GHRH injection. Serum concentrations of GH were plotted over time. Response to GHRH was calculated as the area under the GH response curve (AUC-GH) using the trapezoidal approximation. Relationships between AUC-GH, weaning weight adjusted to 205 d of age (205-d WW), and direct weaning weight EPD (WWEPD) versus age-adjusted BW (BWadj), ADG, and carcass measurements from a 140-d growth performance test were evaluated using simple linear regression. A positive correlation between AUC-GH and ADG and an inverse relationship between AUC-GH and carcass fat were observed. The present study provides evidence that AUC-GH is a better predictor of future growth performance in beef bulls than 205-d WW or WWEPD values. Thus, GH response to GHRH is associated with subsequent growth and may be a useful tool for sire selection in beef production.     

Use of growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone to determine growth potential in beef heifers.

The response of GH to GHRH at weaning is known to predict postweaning growth and body composition in beef bulls. The objective of this study was to determine whether GH response to a challenge of GHRH and plasma IGF-I can predict growth rate and body composition in the beef heifer. Growth hormone response to a challenge with two doses of GHRH was measured in 67 Angus heifers averaging 225 d of age (SD = 21) and 217 kg BW (SD = 32). Blood samples were collected at 0 and 10 min relative to an initial "clearance dose" (4.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW) and again, 3 h later, relative to a challenge dose (1.5 or 4.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW). Each animal received each of the two challenge doses, which were randomly assigned across 2 d of blood collection. Serum GH concentration was measured by RIA. Plasma was collected every 28 d during a 140-d growth test and assayed for IGF-I by RIA. Body weight was measured every 28 d and hip height was measured at weaning and at the end of a 140-d growth test. Average daily gain was calculated on d 140 of the growth test and body composition measurements were estimated by ultrasound 2 wk after completion of the growth test. Responses to the two GHRH challenges were dose-dependent (P < 0.05). Average daily gain tended to be related to GH response to the 1.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW dose (R2 = 0.05; P = 0.06), but no relationship was observed at the 4.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW dose (R2 = 0.00; P = 0.93). An inverse relationship (R2 = 0.06; P = 0.02) was observed between response to the 1.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW dose and intramuscular fat percentage. Mean plasma IGF-I concentration was positively associated with ADG (R2 = 0.06; P < 0.01). Growth hormone response to GHRH is modestly related to body composition but not to ADG in weanling beef heifers and likely has limited use in evaluation of growth performance in replacement beef heifers.