奶牛分子育种的研究进展

动物分子育种是依据分子遗传学和分子数量遗传学原理,利用DNA重组技术来改良畜禽品种的新型学科。本文从奶牛分子育种的角度,综述了奶牛主效数量性状基因座育种和转基因育种的研究进展。着重阐述了牛基因图谱的构建和奶牛数量性状位点研究进展,以及通过转基因技术来改良奶牛重要生产性状或研究开发乳腺生物反应器。同时指出奶牛分子育种是将来奶牛品种改良的主要工具。     

重要养殖鱼类经济性状QTL定位研究进展

水产养殖动物大多数经济性状诸如生长、肌肉质量和抗病性等都是多个基因控制的数量性状。数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)是染色体上决定一个数量性状的区域,可能包含一个或多个基因。水产养殖鱼类QTL定位的目的是弄清决定一个性状的基因数量和效应,以加快重要经济性状的遗传改良速度。本文综述了几种重要养殖鱼类主要经济性状QTL定位研究进展、存在的问题及发展趋势,为提高标记辅助育种效率提供参考。     

功能基因组学研究助力我国猪育种发展

<正>近年来,我国在猪生长、肉质和抗病性状的功能基因组研究领域取得了一批具有国际影响力的成果,但在猪重要经济性状的功能基因分离与鉴定、基因网络调控、功能基因组学平台构建等方面还较欠缺,不能满足我国猪品种改良及猪分子设计育种的需求。自2013年863计划"猪重要经济性状的功能基因组学研究"课题启动以来,课题组     

猪饲料利用率遗传改良的研究进展

随着饲料作物生产成本的日益增加,人们对于猪的饲料利用效率越来越重视,对其研究也越来越多。随着对猪生长速度、瘦肉率以及母猪繁殖性能等性状遗传改良取得明显进展,猪的饲料利用效率已成为重点选择的重要经济性状。在Cai等(2008)的研究中,通过对RFI的5个世代的选择,其饲料利用效率提高了     

海洋经济贝类遗传图谱的相关研究进展

遗传连锁图谱的构建,是遗传学研究的一个重要领域,它为人们进一步认识生物基因组组成、克隆染色体的基因及定位重要经济性状的主效基因奠定了基础.遗传图谱的建立为基因定位,特别是一些重要经济性状和数量性状位点(QTL)定位,以至最终为克隆这些基因提供基础.     

鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析

低氧适应是水产养殖物种的重要性状,筛选用于改良低氧适应性状的分子标记及候选基因有助于鱼类耐低氧品种选育.在数量性状和质量性状的遗传研究中,全基因组关联分析(GWAS)广泛应用于性状相关标记和基因的发掘.本研究对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)养殖群体开展了低氧胁迫实验,选取了低氧敏感和低氧耐受的极端性状个体作为研究...     

泥蚶生长性状与SSR标记的相关性

泥蚶生长性状属于数量性状,为了筛选与泥蚶生长性状位点连锁的分子标记,本研究以150颗选育品系F4泥蚶为对象,利用12个SSR位点进行生长性状关联分析。对生长性状的相关分析表明,各数量性状之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平,其中壳高与活体质量的相关系数最大(0.930),壳长与活体质量次之(0.927);但通径分析显示,对活体质量直接影响最大的是壳宽(0.431),壳长次之(0.332),决定系数与以上通径分析结果的变化趋势一致。应用SSR位点对选育品系F4泥蚶进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到61个等位基因,等位基因数(Na)为3～8个,平均等位基因和有效等位基因(Ne)分别为5.083和3.038;平均观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)和多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.528、0.646和0.594,表明该群体遗传多样性处于较高水平。SSR位点与生长性状相关性分析,结果获得3个标记与生长性状具有显著相关性,其中标记3012-2与壳长、壳宽、壳顶宽显著相关,标记3564与壳高、放射肋宽显著相关,标记2692与壳长显著相关,据此初步确定为与生长性状相关的候选标记。本研究旨在为泥蚶的遗传改良和选择育种提供基础资料。     

长牡蛎糖原磷酸化酶基因SNPs与生长性状和糖原含量的相关性分析

为研究糖原磷酸化酶基因多态性与长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)生长和糖原含量的相关性,本研究对长牡蛎糖原磷酸化酶基因(Cg-GPH)编码区单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与来自5个家系322个长牡蛎个体的生长性状(包括壳高、壳长、壳宽、总体质量以及软体部质量)和糖原含量进行了关联分析.结果表明,在1940 bp的长牡蛎糖原磷酸化酶基因中共检测到82个SNPs位点,其中63个SNPs位点位于外显子区域,1个SNPs位点位于5′-UTR区,18个SNPs位点位于3′-UTR区,编码区SNPs平均密度为1/25 bp;5个SNPs位点与生长性状存在显著相关(P<0.05),未检测到与糖原含量相关SNPs.根据以上5个SNPs位点共构建得到6个SNP单倍型,其中,Cg-GPH基因的H6(CTGAT)单倍型在总体质量性状方面均显著高于其他5种单倍型(P<0.05),表明H6单倍型可能是对长牡蛎体质量增加最有利的单倍型.研究结果为今后长牡蛎生长性状的遗传改良提供了基础资料.     

大菱鲆体重和体尺性状联合GWAS分析

为了揭示大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)体重和体尺性状的分子遗传机制,探寻用于改良目标性状的分子标记及候选基因,本研究以大菱鲆育种群体为研究对象,分别测量其体重、体长、体宽和尾柄宽性状的表型值,利用简化基因组测序技术(2b-RAD)获得相应基因型数据,进行全基因组关联研究(Genome-wide association study, GWAS),筛选与大菱鲆体重和体尺性状显著关联的数量性状核苷酸(Quantitative trait nucleotides, QTNs)遗传位点。结果显示,以多性状线性混合模型(mv LMM)对体重–体长和体长–体宽–尾柄宽2个性状组合进行多性状GWAS分析,分别检测到9个和2个一因多效QTNs;以单一性状线性混合模型(LMM)对各个性状进行GWAS分析,在体重性状中检测到4个与之显著关联的QTNs,在体长和体宽性状中各检测到1个QTN,而在尾柄宽性状中则没有检测到显著的遗传位点。比较2种模型的结果,发现mvLMM相较于LMM能够检测到更多QTNs,且检测到的QTNs为更具生物学意义的一因多效QTNs。本研究首次利用mvLMM和LMM对大菱鲆体重和体尺性状进行联合GWAS分析,共筛选到17个显著的QTNs,其中,有4个QTNs被重复检测到。以这些检测到的QTNs为探针,在大菱鲆全基因组上找到了距离其最近的12个候选基因,它们可能是影响大菱鲆体重和体尺性状的重要候选标记和功能基因,本研究为大菱鲆体重和体尺性状的分子标记辅助选育提供了理论素材和参考。     

Prospects for genetic technology in salmon breeding programmes

Selective breeding has been very successful in increasing production in Atlantic salmon. Gene technology opens new opportunities to comprehend the nature of the genetic variation underlying production traits. Two major areas in which gene technology may play an important role are (1) production of genetically modified fish and (2) development and utilization of genetic markers. Several studies of transgenic salmonids have shown substantially increased growth rates. However, many different issues are related to whether genetically modified fish should be used or not. Genetic markers can be used for aquaculture purposes and for monitoring wild populations. Construction of genetic maps based on markers enables the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and/or markers linked to them. This will facilitate marker‐assisted selection, enabling improvement in economically important traits, in particular traits difficult to breed for, such as food conversion efficiency and disease resistance. Several experiments aimed at mapping QTL in salmonids using genetic markers are ongoing. DNA marker technologies can also be used for identification and monitoring of lines, families and individuals, and for genetic improvement through selection for favourable genes and gene combinations.     

镜鲤体质量和体长的QTL定位研究

以镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)全同胞家系为材料,用940对微卫星(SSR)标记进行基因组扫描,采用半同胞家系的分析策略对体质量(BW)和体长(SL)进行QTL定位分析。QTL检测显示:基于父系的QTL分析,共检测到8个QTL区间。5个与体质量相关的QTL区间中,1个QTL为95%基因组水平(genome-wide)显著性,位于LG26连锁群,其他4个QTL均为95%染色体水平(chromosome-wide)显著性;3个与体长相关的QTL区间与体质量的QTL区间重叠,其中,1个QTL为99%基因组水平显著性,其余2个QTL均为95%染色体水平显著性。基于母系的QTL分析,共检测到11个QTL区间。6个与体质量相关的QTL区间中,1个QTL为99%基因组水平显著性,位于LG26,2个QTL为99%染色体水平显著性,其余3个QTL均为95%染色体水平显著性;5个与体长相关的QTL中有4个与体质量QTL区间重叠,其中,1个QTL为99%基因组水平显著性,1个QTL为99%染色体水平显著性,其余3个QTL均为95%显著性染色体水平。结果表明,在LG26上,存在着与体质量和体长都显著相关的QTL区间,且均达到基因组显著性水平,最小置信区间为3 cM。此QTL结果可以应用于鲤鱼分子标记辅助育种。     

镜鲤多家系体长和体质量QTL定位分析

为了克服单个家系数量性状位点(QTL)检测效率低、假阳性高等缺点,实验利用250对微卫星(SSR)标记对镜鲤8个全同胞家系的522尾子代进行基因组扫描,采用半同胞家系的分析策略对镜鲤体长(SL)和体质量(BW)性状进行QTL分析。结果显示,基于父系的QTL分析,共检测到4个QTL区间,其中,3个体长的QTL中,1个为95%基因组水平(genome-wide)显著性,位于LG24,可解释表型变异率为20.3%;其余2个均为95%染色体水平(chromosome-wide)显著性,分别位于LG6和LG30,可解释表型变异率分别为11.9%和11.6%。1个体质量的QTL达到99%基因组水平,位于LG24,可解释表型变异率达到38.3%,且与体长QTL区间重叠。基于母系的QTL分析,共检测到8个QTL区间,其中,5个体长的QTL中,1个为99%染色体水平,位于LG8,可解释表型变异率为16.6%;其余4个均为95%染色体水平,分别位于LG24、LG30、LG31和LG45,可解释表型变异率为9.6%~14.2%,且位于LG24和LG30上的QTL为父母本共有;3个体质量的QTL均与体长QTL区间重叠,1个为95%染色体水平,位于LG24,其余2个均为99%染色体水平,位于LG30和LG45,可解释表型变异率分别为14.1%和13.6%。进一步分析发现,位于LG24上的体长和体质量QTL区间重叠且均为父母本共有,体质量的3个QTL均与体长QTL存在重叠区域且呈现成簇分布的特点。本研究结果不仅可以为鲤分子育种提供更可靠的标记,而且为家系和品种间QTL变异规律的探索提供基础数据。     

畜禽数量性状座位(QTL)定位研究进展

畜禽许多经济性状都受数量性状位点QTL控制,本文概述了QTL定位的前提条件、定位策略及基本步骤、定位方法和各种畜禽QTL定位进展,并提出存在问题与展望.     

Integrating molecular genetic technology with traditional approaches for genetic improvement in aquaculture species

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers a substantial opportunity for increased production efficiency, health, product quality and, ultimately, profitability in aquacultural enterprises. Technolo‐gies exist that can be implemented immediately to improve multiple traits that have economic value, while simultaneously accounting for inbreeding effects. Genetic improvement techniques for delivering genetic gain include formal definition of the breeding objective, estimation of genetic parameters that describe populations and their differences, evaluation of additive and non‐additive genetic merit of individuals or families and defining the structure of a breeding programme in terms of mating plans. Novel genetic technologies involving the use of DNA‐based tools are also under development for a range of aquaculture species. These gene marker technologies can be used for identification and monitoring of lines, families and individuals, monitoring and control of inbreeding, diagnosis of simply inherited traits and genetic improvement through selection for favourable genes and gene combinations. The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL), and direct or linked markers for them, will facilitate marker‐assisted selection in aquaculture species, enabling improvement in economically important traits, particularly those that are difficult to breed for, such as food conversion efficiency and disease resistance.     

草鱼生长相关的微卫星标记在选育群体中的验证

生长性状是水产动物遗传育种中的重要经济性状,利用与性状相关的分子标记与育种相结合的手段,可以大大加速育种进程。在对草鱼生长性状的前期研究中,采用数量性状位点(QTL)定位的方法,在1号连锁群中发现了2个与生长相关的QTL。在此基础上,实验利用这2个QTL侧翼的2对微卫星标记(CID391_2、CID1512、CID973_1和CID254_1),对长江草鱼选育群体的480个个体进行分析,以期基于草鱼QTL定位结果,对草鱼生长相关的微卫星标记在选育群体中进行验证。结果显示:(1)4个微卫星标记在该群体中均具有高度多态性,其中各位点观测等位基因数(N_a)为12～23个,有效等位基因数(N_e)为4～12个,观测杂合度(H_o)为0.607～0.904,期望杂合度(H_e)为0.751～0.902;(2)利用方差分析及多重比较对4个多态性的微卫星标记与选育草鱼群体的生长性状(体质量和体长)进行关联分析,发现CID391_2在雌性个体中,各基因型与体质量和体长之间均无显著差异;而在雄性个体中,各基因型与体质量和体长之间差异显著。CID1512、CID973_1和CID254_1在雌性或雄性个体中,各基因型与体质量和体长之间均具有显著差异。研究表明,对草鱼生长相关的微卫星标记在选育群体中的验证结果,为进一步开展草鱼生长性状QTL定位研究和基于QTL结果的分子标记辅助育种(MAS)实践奠定理论基础。     

镜鲤与建鲤生长性状共享 QTL 标记及优势基因型

本研究以1个镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)全同胞家系(190个个体)构建的微卫星遗传图谱(992个标记)为基础,从体重、体长、体高和体厚的QTL区间内发掘了54个标记,其与性状具有显著相关性,进而通过对不同基因型性状间的比较,筛选出83个优势基因型。在此基础上,用54个镜鲤QTL标记分析了建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jian)作图群体,其中40个标记在建鲤中表现出多态性,比例为74.07%;相关性分析结果显示,其中22个标记与建鲤家系的体重、体长、体高或体厚性状具有显著相关性(P0.05),占多态标记的55.00%;镜鲤与建鲤共享的22个QTL标记中,18个标记与至少1个相同的性状具有显著相关性(P0.05),从中筛选出建鲤性状具有优势的基因型30个,可用于指导建鲤的选育。品种间共享QTL的发掘能够扩展QTL标记的使用空间,减少新品种重新构建图谱进行QTL标记定位的工作量和成本。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for growth‐related traits in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is an economically important species in Asian aquaculture. Implementing growth‐related traits of P. trituberculatus into genetic breeding programmes is an ongoing effort. We used a previously published genetic linkage map of P. trituberculatus, containing 55 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 172 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth‐related traits in a single full sibling F₂ family. Ten growth‐related traits were measured for QTL mapping. Composite interval mapping identified 9 QTL on the female map and 16 on the male map. Individual QTL with additive effects explained 11–38% of the phenotypic variance for various traits using the female parent's map, and from 1% to 21% using the male parent's map. Two QTL explaining a large percentage of variation in body weight were detected on chromosome 17 on the female map, and on chromosome 16 on the male map, and contributed 38% and 18% of the phenotypic variance respectively. This is the first study to report the detection and positioning of major QTL affecting growth in a true crab species (Brachyura). The mapping of growth‐related QTL in this study raises the possibility of improving the growth of P. trituberculatus through marker‐assisted selection.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci for infectious salmon anaemia resistance in a North American strain of Atlantic salmon

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a highly virulent viral disease of Atlantic salmon that causes massive economic losses to infected aquaculture operations. Our goal was to detect and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) that confer resistance to ISA in an admixed commercial strain of Atlantic salmon that was largely founded from the Saint John River (SJR) in North America. Full‐sibling families were challenged with a virulent strain of ISA virus. Mortality was tracked during two annual trials with individual fish that survived to the end of the trial being classified as ‘resistant’, and those that died were classified as ‘susceptible’. Ten families with intermediate levels of mortality and an average size of 54.2 individuals were chosen for genotyping with a 50K SNP array designed for the SJR strain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that were segregating within families were first used to make a composite 11K female linkage map that was then used to find the positions of QTL for ISA resistance using a half‐sib model. The dam‐based HS model detected a total of three QTL for ISA resistance including an experiment‐wide significant QTL on Ssa25 that accounted for 8.3% of the phenotypic variance and chromosome‐wide significant QTL on Ssa03 and on Ssa04 that accounted for 6.0% and 6.6% respectively. We conclude that classic linkage mapping within families continues to be an important method of detecting QTL for oligogenic traits in strains founded from multiple populations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms with moderate trait effects are being used to select within families for more ISA‐resistant strains of Atlantic salmon.     

长牡蛎出肉率与壳形性状的 QTL 定位分析

本研究以长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)F1全同胞家系为作图群体,在已构建的基于120个微卫星和66个SNP标记的长牡蛎性别平均连锁图谱上,利用PROC QTL 2.0软件对出肉率和壳形(壳宽和壳深)性状进行QTL定位分析。结果表明,共检测到13个相关的QTL,分布在3个连锁群上;其中,与出肉率相关的4个QTL定位在1号和3号连锁群上(LG1和LG3),表型解释率为0.25%~47.53%;与壳宽相关的3个QTL定位在10号连锁群上(LG10),表型解释率为0.71%~45.39%;与壳深相关的6个QTL也定位在LG10,表型解释率为3.37%~24.78%。根据QTL连锁群分析和性状相关性分析结果可以推测,出肉率与糖原含量性状以及壳宽与壳深性状分别具有相近的遗传特征,利用与相关性状共同关联的分子标记可以同时对出肉率与糖原含量性状、壳宽与壳深性状进行遗传改良。本研究结果为今后长牡蛎相关性状候选基因克隆和分子标记辅助育种提供了参考。