机插水稻不同行距栽培技术研究

以中熟中粳"南粳9108"为试验材料,研究机插水稻不同行距和施肥水平对产量的影响。结果表明,机插水稻行距25 cm,施N为20 kg/667 m2的总茎蘖数多,出叶速度快,有效穗多,产量水平极显著高于其它处理区。     

南粳9108示范情况及其配套栽培技术

南粳9108是江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所选育的迟熟中粳稻品种。2013年引进在高邮市周巷镇、界首镇、三垛镇、周山镇、卸甲镇及车逻镇等地种植,采用精确定量栽培技术,开展百亩高产超高产攻关研究。百亩攻关方均采用机插方式,行株距为30.0 cm×(11.7~12.0)cm,实插1.75~1.80万穴/667 m2,基本苗7.0~8.0万苗/667 m2。根据斯坦福公式精确施肥,改变基蘖肥与穗肥比例7∶3的常规施肥方式,突出氮肥后移,提高穗肥比例。6个百亩方平均产量达768.6 kg/667 m2。南粳9108具有较高的产量潜力,通过超高产攻关,可以达到超级稻产量水平。     

秧龄对不同类型粳稻品种钵苗机插产量及产量形成的影响

钵苗机插条件下,以中熟中粳稻连粳10号、迟熟中粳稻南粳9108和籼粳杂交稻甬优2640为材料,研究了不同秧龄处理对不同类型粳稻生育期、产量及产量构成、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积指数和物质生产的影响。结果表明,中熟中粳稻最高产对应的秧龄处理为20 d,产量达710.68 kg/667 m~2,而迟熟中粳稻和籼粳杂交稻以秧龄35 d处理产量最高,分别为749.26 kg/667 m~2和849.38 kg/667 m~2。可见,不同类型粳稻品种最高产对应的秧龄不同,在实际生产中,应根据茬口的安排和品种的生育期选择适宜的品种类型,才能充分发挥钵苗机插稻高产、优质、高效的优势。     

南粳9108机插高产关键指标分析与配套栽培技术探讨

南粳9108是农业部认定的超级稻品种,也是食味性、适口性比较好的品种,具有高产优质多抗等优良特性,是高邮市高产栽培大面积主推品种。通过对近几年南粳9108机插试验示范与高产方的研究总结,得出南粳9108机插高产关键指标是,在稳定足够的穗数前提下,通过主攻大穗获得3 000万朵/667 m2以上颖花量,并保持常年的结实率与千粒重。其配套的技术,主要是控制播期实施生育进程与季节进程优化同步,控制播量规范化培育适龄壮秧,精细整地化解麦秸全量还田的不利影响,提高机插质量实施精确定量移栽,推广定量水浆管理与精确定量施肥技术,科学化学除草精准控制病虫草害。     

机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响

目的 机插密度对水稻产量和品质有重要影响,但机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量与群体质量的调控作用尚不清楚。明确优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距可为水稻机械化高产优质栽培提供理论与实践依据。方法 以南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个江苏优质食味水稻品种为材料,在机插行距固定为30 cm的情况下,研究了10、12、14、16和18 cm五种株距对上述水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响。结果 南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个水稻品种的茎蘖成穗率、高效叶面积指数、粒叶比(粒重/叶面积)、抽穗后群体冠层净光合速率和抽穗至成熟干物质积累量均在株距为12 cm时最大。上述水稻品种产量均随株距增加呈现先增加先减少的趋势,产量与株距呈二次曲线关系。依据曲线方程计算出两年中南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46高产最适株距分别为11.6 cm,11.6~12.3 cm和10.8~11.4 cm。结论 机插秧行距固定为30 cm时,11~12 cm的株距有利于改善优质食味水稻的群体质量指标并提高其产量,可作为江苏省代表性优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距。     

淮河下游稻区机插粳稻新品种比较试验研究

通过不同粳稻品种机插种植比较试验研究,结果表明,圣稻16、新稻21全生育期140 d,早熟;宁9213、武运粳24全生育期161 d,偏迟熟;其余品种全生育期为151～154 d,适中;武运粳24、连粳9号、新稻18、南粳9108、武运粳27实收产量均在700 kg/667 m2以上,产量较高,其它品种产量在680.6～697.8 kg/667 m2,差异较小。从产量、生育期和抗性等方面综合分析,武运粳27、中稻1号、淮稻5号、南粳9108、连粳9号适合在淮河下游稻区大面积推广种植,其余品种尚需扩大示范或再示范。     

华浙优1号在武义县机插种植表现及高产栽培技术

2017年在浙江省武义县进行单季稻华浙优1号机插高产攻关示范研究,其平均产量达757.5 kg/667m2。示范研究明确了华浙优1号作单季稻机插750 kg/667 m2的产量构成和技术指标,并提出华浙优1号在武义县的机插高产栽培技术。     

粳(糯)稻品种(系)比较试验

在兴化市大邹镇、邗江区公道镇开展粳稻新品种展示,以进一步筛选出适合里下河地区推广栽培的优质、高产、综合性状佳的粳(糯)稻新品种(系)。结果表明:7个粳(糯)稻新品种(系)中,武育粳35号产量最高,达600.5 kg/667 m2,扬育粳3号、镇糯20号分别排第二、第三,产量分别为585.3 kg/667 m2、578.5 kg/667 m2;每穗粒数最高的品种是扬育粳3号,达123.1粒/穗,镇糯20号与武育粳35号的穗粒数也较高,分别为122.0粒/穗与121.8粒/穗;扬粳糯2号的结实率最高,比排名第二的南粳3908高2.9个百分点;千粒重表现最突出的品种是扬粳103,达31.3 g,武育粳35号与南粳3908次之,分别为30.2 g与29.6 g。综合比较,武育粳35号、扬育粳3号、镇糯20号综合性状较好,产量较高,建议进一步扩大试验示范。     

高邮市水稻优质高产品种展示总结

高邮市在开发区腰圩村开展优质高产新品种展示,以求筛选适应性好、产量潜力大、综合性状优的新品种。结果表明:7个优质高产品种(系)中,南粳52产量最高,达到713.4 kg/667 m~2,其次依次为南粳0212、宁9026、宁9022、南粳9108、宁5837、宁3818。有效穗宁9022最高,为25.85万/667 m~2;每穗粒数南粳52最多,为127.7粒,宁9026第二,127.6粒;结实率南粳9108最高,为93.6%;千粒重南粳0212最高,达28.4 g,宁3818第二,为26.9 g。     

优质稻南粳9108机插高产栽培区域生态适应性分析

研究稻麦两熟制条件下江苏不同生态区机插粳型优质食味水稻南粳9108产量、生育期及温光资源利用差异,为该品种大面积的科学布局和机插推广提供理论依据。以优质超级稻南粳9108为材料,采用毯状小苗机插的方式,比较江苏不同纬度对南粳9108产量、生育期及温光利用和青米率的影响。结果表明,产量和总积温随纬度的升高先增加后减少,成熟度随纬度的升高而降低。全生育期天数随纬度的升高而增加,纬度每升高1°全生育期平均增加3d左右。日照时数表现出和全生育期一样的趋势。该优质稻的产量受积温影响较大。因此,在机插条件下,按大面积650kg/667m2产量目标,南粳9108适宜在北纬32°~34°地区种植(苏中和苏南北部地区),生育期适中,成熟度较好,苏北地区次之。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.