微波和湿法消解测定菜籽油中总砷含量的对比研究

通过使用微波消解、湿法消解两种不同的样品前处理方法,采用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定菜籽油中总砷的含量,实验表明两种前处理方法得到的检测结果无显著性差异。其中,湿法消解的回收率略低于微波消解法,其测定值精密度也略低于微波消解法。从实验成本、效率、安全、环保等方面考虑,建议有条件的实验室可优先选择微波消解方法进行样品前处理。     

淀粉及其制品中铅含量测定及方法比较

为探究不同前处理、检测方法对淀粉及其制品中铅含量测定结果的影响,选取淀粉和淀粉制品样品,分别经湿法消解和微波消解处理后,采用国家标准中石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GFAAS）、电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）和火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）测定铅含量,从方法的回收率、精密度、经济性等方面评估不同前处理、检测方法的推广使用价值。结果表明：两种前处理方法回收率均较好,微波消解法比湿法消解精密度更好;ICP-MS测定的铅含量值显著高于GFAAS（P＜0.05）,ICP-MS的精密度、回收率较GFAAS更优,样品中的铅含量低于FAAS的检测限,均无法测定;各种淀粉制品中的铅含量普遍高于淀粉。除FFAS外,两种检测方法以及两种前处理方法均符合此类样品的检测要求,可根据精密度要求、实验室条件等选择最佳前处理和检测方法。     

火焰原子吸收法测定唐鱼饲料中镍含量的研究

为了建立唐鱼饲料中镍含量的测定方法。采用火焰原子吸收光谱仪建立简便、快速、准确的饲料中镍含量的测定方法,通过微波消解、干法消解和湿法消解3种前处理方法结合火焰原子吸收法测定饲料中镍的含量,比较分析建立了镍的最佳测定条件,并对各种干扰因素进行了综合考虑。结果表明：火焰原子吸收光谱法测定镍的标准曲线r为0.9999,方法检出限为0.012 μg/mL;TritonX-100-乙醇作为基体改进剂;采用微波消解、干法消解和湿法消解处理唐鱼饲料样品后,测得的镍平均含量为6.05、5.76、5.98 mg/kg,3种前处理方法测定镍含量无显著性差异;精密度试验的相对标准偏差分别为3.30%、4.86%、4.96%,相对标准偏差均小于5%;3种前处理方法平均回收率分别为98.3%、94.4%、97.1%,回收率的相对标准偏差均在3.3%以下。3种方法简便、快速、准确,测定结果令人满意,均可用于饲料中镍含量的测定。     

婴幼儿配方奶粉中8种常微量元素分析方法的研究

采用湿法消解(电热板消解法)、干式消解法(灰发化)和微波消解法对婴幼儿乳粉样品进行前处理,建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)同时测定待测样品中8种常微量元素的方法。结果表明,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪测定婴幼儿乳粉样品中8种常微量元素的方法各元素的平均含量较高,相对标准偏差(RSD)最小,且小于2.05%。该方法对质控样品中各元素的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于2%,回收率在84.6%～103.5%。     

分析不同的消解方法对原子荧光光谱法测定小麦粉中砷含量的影响

为分析湿法消解和微波消解对原子荧光光谱法测定小麦粉盲样中砷含量的影响，依据原子荧光光谱法，在同等仪器条件下，同时对采用湿法消解与微波消解的小麦粉试样进行检测。结果显示：两种消解方法的线性范围均为（0～10）μg/L，相关系数r为0.999 9；检出限分别为湿法消解0.08μg/L，微波消解0.01μg/L；微波消解的试样RSD在5%以下，而湿法消解的试样RSD均在10%左右；砷的含量湿法消解为0.089 mg/kg，微波消解为0.045 mg/kg。试验结果表明，盲样中砷的标准值为（0.05±0.005）mg/kg，微波消解的测定结果在目标范围内，湿法消解的测定结果远远超出目标值。微波消解具有高效快捷、消解液澄清透明、环境友好、省时省力、安全可靠等优点，其处理试样测得结果的重复性、准确度、精密度均优于湿法消解。     

微波消解-分光光度法测定面制品中铝含量的研究

为建立一种方便、快速、准确、安全的面制品中铝含量的检测方法,采用微波消化对面制品进行前处理,用分光光度法测定面制品中的铝含量,建立微波消解-分光光度法测定面制品中铝的方法。结果表明,微波消解条件为微波功率1 000 W,爬坡时间15 min,持续时间30 min,冷却时间10 min,赶酸温度150℃时,消解易控制,所有样品消解完全;反应体系最大吸收波长为636 nm,最适pH值为5.5,缓冲液加入量为8 mL,显色时间为25 min。该方法准确度和灵敏度高、精密度好,在0~6μg内,呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R为0.999 6,样品的平均加标回收率为94%,RSD为1.53%;分光光度法检测面粉和月饼所得结果分别较ICP-MS检测结果高8.8%和10.3%。微波消解法有效缩短了前处理时间、减少了强酸给人体带来的损害,适合面制品中铝的测定。     

微波消解—原子荧光光谱法测定黑米中汞的研究

采用微波消解—原子荧光光谱法,探寻一种检测黑米中汞的简便、准确的方法,优化了仪器的最佳工作条件,最佳载流浓度和还原剂浓度。结果表明:测定汞的检出限为0.001 8 ng/mL,加标回收率为90.2%～110.8%。该方法简单、省时、灵敏度高,适合于黑米中汞含量的测定。     

原子荧光法测定食品中砷含量前处理的研究进展

砷是一种有毒有害的重金属元素。近年来,食品中砷污染情况较为严重。当前,原子荧光法(AFS)在测定食品中砷含量已经有十分广泛的应用。主要综述了在AFS中,湿法消解法、微波消解法、高压罐消解法和悬浮液进样法4种前处理方法,并对测砷的前处理方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

微波消解——凯式定氮法在大豆蛋白质含量测定中的应用

介绍微波消解-凯式定氮法测定大豆中蛋白质含量的方法,采用密闭微波消解样品,优化微波消解条件。方法的相对标准偏差为1.75%,回收率在99.2%~102.2%之间。分析结构与国标对照无显著性差异。该法具有消化时间短、环境污染小等特点,为快速测定大豆蛋白含量以及改善操作人员工作环境,提供了参考。     

原子吸收光谱法测定烟叶中铅铬和镉的研究

用微波消解法处理烟叶样品,并用原子吸收法测定烟叶中的Pb,Cr和Cd的含量。结果表明,原子吸收光谱法具有灵敏度高、干扰少和检测快捷的优点,该方法的回收率为96%￣99%,相对标准偏差小于5.0%,对试验样品的测定结果满意。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.