马铃薯新品种‘兴佳2号’在湖南的引种表现及配套栽培技术

主栽品种单一、生产效益偏低,一直是湖南省马铃薯产业发展面对的难题。2013年‘兴佳2号’在湖南常德引种试种成功,为测试其适应性及稳定性、探索其配套栽培技术,2015～2016年在湖南省5个试点开展试验,2017年进行覆盖模式试验及肥料配比试验。结果表明,‘兴佳2号’在湖南冬春季种植生育期82 d,属于中早熟品种,生长势强,小区产量明显高于对照‘中薯5号’,并高抗晚疫病;‘兴佳2号’2年多点试验田间表现稳定一致,较对照‘中薯5号’平均增产15.9%;‘兴佳2号’黑膜覆盖栽培、肥料NPK用量为100 kg/667m2、比例为20:10:16时产量最高。     

37份马铃薯品种对枯萎病的抗性鉴定

马铃薯营养价值丰富,是中国主要的粮食作物之一。由尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)引起的马铃薯枯萎病在中国的各马铃薯种植区均有不同程度的发生,已成为马铃薯产业发展的重要限制因素。利用室内灌根接种和田间麦麸接菌相结合的方法对37份马铃薯进行抗性鉴定,以明确不同马铃薯品种对枯萎病的抗性水平,从而更好地为防治马铃薯枯萎病奠定基础。鉴定结果表明,高感品种共6份,中感品种共4份,中抗及以上品种共有12份,其中‘中薯10号’、‘801’、‘兴佳2号’、‘荷兰14’、‘底西芮’、‘冀张薯12号’和‘中薯13号’经鉴定为中抗品种.‘中薯14号’、‘中薯18号’、‘中薯19号’、‘中薯21号’和‘冀张薯8号’经鉴定为高抗品种     

扎兰屯马铃薯品种比较试验

马铃薯是中国的主要粮食作物之一,优良的品种又是保证其高产稳产的先决条件,为筛选适合扎兰屯市种植的马铃薯品种,以当地选育品种‘蒙薯19号’作为对照,进行5个(包括对照)不同马铃薯品种的比较试验。结果表明,参试品种均可在扎兰屯市正常生长发育成熟,产量除‘中薯5号’外均显著高于对照,产量最高的品种为‘兴佳2号’,产量2 357 kg/667m~2,‘延薯4号’次之,产量2 155 kg/667m~2,再次是品种‘尤金’,产量2 069 kg/667m~2,均高于对照的1 654 kg/667m~2。这3个品种的商品薯率也都较高,在85.28%~93.28%,淀粉含量在13.54%~15.65%,块茎特性表现较好,可在扎兰屯市推广种植。     

灰色系统理论在马铃薯新品种综合评价中的应用

采用灰色系统理论分析法对引进的12个马铃薯新品种的7个性状进行综合评价。‘云薯506’和‘兴佳2号’的关联度值均大于0.7，综合性状表现最优，适合在广西种植；‘冀张薯12号’和‘中薯5号’的关联度值均大于0.6小于0.7，综合性状表现一般，有待进一步试验观察；‘中薯17号’和‘云薯401’的关联度值均小于0.5，综合表现较差。品种评价结果与试验地实际表现基本一致，灰色系统理论分析法可用于综合评价马铃薯新品种的优劣。     

不同生态区马铃薯品种（系）营养品质的灰色关联度分析

灰色关联分析是灰色系统理论的一种分析方法,以其独到之处被广泛应用于各研究领域。为筛选出适宜甘肃中部半干旱区、陇东半干旱区、高寒阴湿区、河西绿洲灌区4个不同生态区栽培的优质马铃薯品种(系),以甘肃省主栽的13个马铃薯品种(系)为研究对象,根据灰色关联度理论,对4个不同生态区薯块的干物质、淀粉、还原糖、蛋白质和维生素C含量5个主要营养品质指标在2016、2017和2018年的平均值进行分析。结果表明,‘陇薯8号’‘陇薯9号’‘L1039-6’‘天薯11号’和‘L1036-34’在中部半干旱定西产区,综合营养品质表现优异;‘陇薯8号’‘L1039-6’‘LY08104-12’‘天薯11号’和‘陇薯7号’在高寒阴湿渭源产区,综合营养品质表现优异;‘陇薯8号’‘L1039-6’‘天薯11号’‘L1036-34’和‘陇薯9号’在陇东半干旱庆阳产区,综合营养品质表现优异;‘L1039-6’‘陇薯8号’‘天薯11号’‘陇薯7号’和‘L1036-34’在河西绿洲灌区张掖产区,综合营养品质表现优异。灰色关联度分析能科学合理地评价马铃薯的品质,可为甘肃省各区域马铃薯品种科学合理布局及利用提供理论依据。     

云南省马铃薯主要品种晚疫病抗性评价

为了解云南省马铃薯主要品种的晚疫病抗性,利用云南省马铃薯晚疫病菌优势生理小种(1.2.3.4.6.7.9.10.11)和超级生理小种(1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11)对云南省马铃薯主要品种进行抗性评价。结果表明,在供试的20个品种中,没有对2个供试生理小种表现高抗的品种;对优势生理小种,‘云薯304’、‘云薯401’、‘镇薯1号’和‘紫云1号’4个品种表现抗病,‘合作88’和‘云薯505’表现中抗;对超级生理小种,仅‘云薯304’和‘云薯401’分别表现抗病和中抗。云南省种植的马铃薯主要品种中‘会-2’、‘丽薯6号’、‘宣薯2号’和‘青薯9号’对优势小种均已丧失抗性,‘合作88’仅表现中抗。生产上迫切需要晚疫病抗性强且抗性持久的马铃薯新品种,以减少晚疫病造成的产量和经济损失。     

雾培马铃薯不同品种生长及微型薯产量比较

雾培法生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯是一项新型的无土栽培技术。甘肃省马铃薯微型薯雾培法生产中存在品种数量较少、多样性程度较低的问题,阻碍当地马铃薯产业化发展。为筛选出适宜雾培法生产微型薯的马铃薯新品种,促进甘肃省马铃薯产业的发展,选用4个马铃薯品种,以当地雾培主栽品种‘庄薯3号’为对照,采用马铃薯微型薯雾培法进行品种比较试验,对不同马铃薯品种的形态指标、生理指标及微型薯产量进行比较研究。结果表明,不同品种在株高、茎粗、根长、叶面积、叶绿素SPAD值、匍匐茎数量和微型薯产量方面存在差异。从单株结薯数来看,‘庄薯3号’(CK)微型薯产量最高,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’次之,‘陇薯10号’和‘冀张薯8号’产量最低。通过比较研究,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’品种生长性状好、微型薯产量高,适合雾培繁育微型薯。     

彩色马铃薯新品种的引进与筛选

萧山区马铃薯主栽品种皮肉均为黄色,经济效益一般,彩色马铃薯尚未发展。为筛选出适合萧山区种植的优质彩色马铃薯新品种,以‘兴佳2号’为对照品种,对引进的彩色马铃薯新品种进行比较试验。结果表明,‘D613’产量虽然低于对照品种‘兴佳2号’,但与‘夏坡蒂’和‘荷兰15号’没有极显著差异,且田间抗晚疫病和疮痂病,块茎性状表现也较好。因此,该品种可作为高档特色蔬菜和保健产品进行研究开发。     

马铃薯新品种‘兴佳3号’的选育

‘兴佳3号’是大兴安岭地区农业林业科学研究院以‘早大白’为母本,‘中薯1号’为父本,经有性杂交选育而成的鲜食马铃薯新品种。该品种中晚熟,生育期86 d左右,薯块椭圆形,白皮白肉,芽眼浅,商品薯率86%以上,区域试验平均产量32 288 kg/hm~2。干物质含量15.30%,淀粉含量12.49%,维生素C含量12.10 mg/100g鲜薯,粗蛋白含量1.53%。中抗轻花叶病毒病(PVX)和重花叶病毒病(PVY),中抗晚疫病。‘兴佳3号’适宜在黑龙江省和吉林省推广种植。     

四川省冬马铃薯不同生态区品种引进与筛选

为筛选出适宜四川省不同生态区域的冬马铃薯品种,四川马铃薯创新团队在6个不同生态区域开展冬马铃薯品种引进与筛选多年多点试验。结果表明,在成都平原,‘川凉薯9号’和‘凉薯97’表现突出;在川中丘陵区,‘川芋10号’产量最高;在川东地区,产量较高的品种除对照‘费乌瑞它’外,‘中薯2号’和‘中薯3号’产量表现也较高;在川东北山区,引进的新品种‘鄂薯4号’增产显著;龙门山脉地区‘中薯2号’和‘坝薯10号’产量较高;而凉山州安宁河谷地区则以‘青薯9号’高抗晚疫病,产量表现最突出。由此可见,不同生态区域适宜的冬马铃薯品种差异较大,新品种引进与筛选工作应长期坚持。     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。