马齿苋多糖双酶法提取工艺优化及其抗氧化性研究

以马齿苋多糖得率为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化马齿苋多糖纤维素酶和果胶酶双酶法提取工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行了考察。结果表明,马齿苋多糖最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比25∶1(mL/g),纤维素酶和果胶酶的添加量分别为1.5%和2.0%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间100 min,在该提取工艺下,马齿苋多糖得率为19.83 mg/g DW。体外DPPH·和·OH清除试验表明,马齿苋多糖对两者均有较好的清除作用,体外抗氧化活性强于VC。     

纤维素酶辅助提取牛蒡多糖及牛蒡复合保健茶饮料的研制

以牛蒡为原料,采用纤维素酶辅助提取牛蒡多糖,研究酶解条件对多糖得率的影响,结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:以0.1 mol/L pH 4.8的柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液为提取溶剂,料液比1:25(g/mL),酶添加量3.0％(占牛蒡粉的质量百分比),酶解温度50℃,酶解时间120 min,在此条件下多糖得率为24.68％.以牛蒡多糖提取液为基础,与玫瑰花汁、红茶汁、柠檬酸等进行调配,通过单因素和正交试验优化牛蒡复合保健茶饮料的配方,结果表明,最佳配方为:浓度为10 mg/mL的牛蒡多糖提取液12％、玫瑰花汁25％、红茶汁10％(以上均为体积百分比),柠檬酸0.10％、白砂糖6％、蜂蜜0.5％、β-环状糊精0.25％、黄原胶0.1％(以上均为质量体积百分比).用该配方制得的牛蒡复合保健茶饮料,色淡黄,透明澄清,酸甜适宜,风味协调,营养丰富,感官综合评分94分.     

双酶法提取紫山药原花青素及其抗氧化性研究

为研究紫山药原花青素的最佳提取工艺以及抗氧化活性,以紫山药为试验材料,采用BoxBehnken中心组合试验设计和响应面分析,优化双酶法提取紫山药原花青素的提取工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为纤维素酶加酶量2.19%、果胶酶加酶量2.32%、酶解时间73 min、酶解温度45℃、液料比15 mL:1 g、pH 4.5,此条件下紫山药原花青素得率为93.06 mg/g。体外抗氧化试验结果表明,双酶法提取的紫山药原花青素具有明显的抗氧化性,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)和羟基自由基(·OH)半数抑制率浓度IC50分别为0.165、0.267 mg/mL,清除能力强于维生素C。     

黑松松针多糖的复合酶法提取及其抑菌性研究

为了优化复合酶提取黑松松针多糖的工艺,并考察其抑菌性,根据松针粉的结构特点选取纤维素酶、果胶酶高效提取黑松松针多糖,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验对这两种酶提取松针多糖的条件(液料比、酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间、pH)进行优化。根据优化后的工艺条件,建立了双酶复合提取黑松松针多糖的工艺,且证实分步加酶法提取的多糖得率较高,即:液料比20∶1(mL/g),酶解温度50℃,pH 6.5,先添加2.5%纤维素酶,酶解时间2 h,后添加1.5%果胶酶,酶解时间1.5 h。此条件下得到的黑松松针多糖得率达6.17%,远高于单酶提取效果。松针多糖对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有较好的抑菌效果。该方法简便,可用于提取黑松松针多糖,为松针的开发利用提供技术基础和方法。     

红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的研制

研究一款以红枣和灵芝多糖为主要原料的新型饮料。以超临界CO2萃取灵芝孢子油后所剩的灵芝孢子粉为原料,经水提醇沉技术获得灵芝多糖;通过单因素试验和正交试验等方法对红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的制备及稳定性进行研究。结果表明,红枣汁最佳制备工艺为：红枣清洗去核,以液料比30∶1（mL/mg）的比例加入水,煮沸30 min后,用超声水提处理2次,超声提取70 min,温度70 ℃;灵芝多糖最佳提取条件为：液料比35∶1（mL/mg）,提取温度40 ℃,超声波功率600 W下提取90 min;红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料最佳配方为：红枣汁添加量250 g/L,灵芝多糖添加量50 g/L,柠檬酸添加量15 g/L,木糖醇添加量40 g/L,壳聚糖添加量0.2 g/L。所得产品口感饱满、风味鲜美且稳定性好,是一种新型的集营养与保健于一体的多功能复合饮品。红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的开发满足了目前功能性产品开发趋势的需求,同时,也可为优质功能性红枣产品、灵芝多糖产品的开发提供借鉴。     

黄秋葵多糖超声波辅助提取工艺优化及其对·OH体外抗氧化活性研究

以黄秋葵干果荚为原料,选用超声辅助手段对提取其多糖工艺进行优化。采用单因素试验探讨了超声温度、超声时间、液料比和超声功率对黄秋葵干果荚多糖提取得率的影响,在此基础上进行正交试验以确定最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明,提取黄秋葵干果荚多糖的最佳工艺条件为超声温度60℃,超声时间25 min,液料比40:1(mL:g),超声功率90 W,在此条件下提取的黄秋葵干果荚多糖平均得率为3.53%(m/m);制得的RPS对·OH的清除率随着其质量浓度的增加而增大,IC_(50)值为2.41±0.07 mg/mL,表现出较好的体外抗氧化活性。     

辣木提取物的抗氧化性研究及辣木百香果复合饮料的研制

以抗氧化能力为评价指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定辣木叶提取液的最优提取工艺,并以辣木叶提取液、百香果汁为主要原料,通过单因素试验及正交试验方法确定辣木百香果饮料的最佳配方。结果表明,辣木叶提取液的最优浸提工艺为提取温度60℃,提取时间50 min,料液比1∶10,乙醇体积分数60%,在该条件下得到的提取液总抗氧化值为69.067 U/mL;辣木百香果饮料的最佳配方为复配比(辣木叶提取液∶百香果汁) 7∶3,复配液添加量30%,柠檬酸添加量0.05%,白砂糖添加量10%,总抗氧化值为19.733 U/mL,较市售5种饮料高。所得饮料具有抗氧化功能、独特辣木风味和百香果层次口感。     

菊芋叶多酚的超声辅助提取及抗氧化活性研究

以菊芋叶为原料,以料液比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率为考察因素,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面设计优化菊芋叶多酚的提取工艺,并探究菊芋叶多酚的体外抗氧化活性.结果表明,菊芋叶多酚的最佳提取条件为:料液比1:20(g/mL),乙醇浓度50％,超声时间50 min,超声波功率500 W,在该条件下多酚得率为31.923 mg/g.抗氧化试验表明:菊芋叶多酚具有明显的抗氧化活性,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)有较好的清除能力;与VC的抗氧化活性相比,菊芋叶多酚对O2·的清除作用明显高于VC.     

果胶酶辅助提取蓝莓多糖的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以蓝莓为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化果胶酶辅助提取蓝莓多糖工艺,并研究了所提取蓝莓多糖的抗氧化能力。结果表明,正交试验优化蓝莓多糖最佳提取工艺为:果胶酶添加量0.5%,pH 4.0,提取温度60℃,提取时间1.5 h,获得的多糖得率为2.721%;采用果胶酶辅助提取的蓝莓多糖具有抗氧化活性,清除超氧阴离子、羟自由基的能力较强,清除率分别为52.54%和42.60%,对DPPH自由基也有一定的清除力,清除率为13.49%。     

越橘原花青素的提取及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以越橘干果为原料,采用超声波辅助双酶酶解法提取越橘原花青素,以越橘原花青素得率作为评价指标,研究料液比、纤维素酶与果胶酶质量比、酶解pH、酶解时间和超声时间对越橘原花青素得率的影响。单因素试验和响应面法优化获得越橘原花青素提取条件为：料液比1∶30(g/mL),纤维素酶与果胶酶质量比为1∶1.2,酶解pH 5.0,酶解时间90 min,超声时间50 min,该条件下提取的越橘原花青素得率为9.38%;越橘原花青素具有较强的抗氧化活性,其对羟自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的最高清除率分别为97.84%、96.47%和94.47%,半数抑制浓度IC50分别为0.354、0.394、0.387 mg/L,对三者的清除能力均高于抗坏血酸。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.