大豆异黄酮提取条件和大豆蛋白质分离工艺研究

以豆粕为原料,以总大豆异黄酮为目标产物,用正交试验设计研究了用乙醇提取大豆异黄酮的较优条件,70%(V/V)乙醇,固液比(豆粕:溶剂)1:10(W/V),70℃下提取3次,每次回流时间1.5h.在室温下,采用盐析和等电点沉淀工艺分离除去提取液中的大豆蛋白质.试验表明,pH值在4.1±0.1下,加入3.0%(m/v)的ZnCl2,大豆蛋白质的分离除去率最高.     

大豆与大豆芽中异黄酮提取工艺研究

以乙醇为溶剂,分别以大豆、大豆芽为原料,研究了异黄酮的提取工艺,并在最佳工艺条件下探讨了两者中异黄酮的得率,试图寻找提取大豆异黄酮的最佳原料和工艺方法.结果表明温度、乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间等'因素对异黄酮的提取均产生不同程度的影响,大豆芽中异黄酮含量比大豆中高.通过正交试验得出从大豆、大豆芽中提取异黄酮的最佳工艺条件分别为温度80℃,乙醇浓度70%,料液比120,时间2 h;温度80℃,乙醇浓度70%,料液比114,芽长6 mm,在此条件下异黄酮的提取率分别为1854、2105 μg·g-1.     

淡豆豉中异黄酮提取工艺的优化研究

采用单因素和正交试验相结合的方法,以淡豆豉总异黄酮和染料木素的提取量为评价指标,优选淡豆豉中异黄酮的提取工艺.结果表明淡豆豉中提取异黄酮的最佳工艺为:淡豆豉药材8倍量70%乙醇回流提取3次,每次2h.     

微波辅助乙醇提取大豆异黄酮的研究

以乙醇作为萃取剂,采用微波法从大豆中提取异黄酮,分别考察了微波功率、乙醇的体积分数、料液比和微波辐射时间对异黄酮提取量的影响.结果表明:从大豆中提取异黄酮的最佳工艺条件:微波功率400 w、乙醇的体积分数50%、料液比1:4、微波辐射时间5 min.在最佳工艺条件下,异黄酮的提取量1.3205 mg.g-1.与传统溶剂...     

响应面优化超声辅助提取大豆异黄酮联产分离蛋白和低聚糖

设计了一条绿色高效地提取纯化大豆异黄酮,并联产制备大豆分离蛋白和低聚糖的工艺。首先通过单因素实验和响应面(RSM)优化,确定了超声辅助提取大豆异黄酮的工艺条件:超声功率250 W,70%乙醇,提取温度70℃,提取时间120 min,大豆异黄酮提取量为2 104.25μg.g-1,提取率85.34%;并通过三步简单的分离纯化从豆粉中得到1 838.00μg.g-1、纯度为62.09%的异黄酮,最终收率74.54%;最后以提取异黄酮后的剩余豆渣为原料,联产制备了大豆分离蛋白(216.25 mg.g-1)和低聚糖(73.75 mg.g-1),全过程无废液废渣排出。     

超声波法提取豆渣中大豆异黄酮的工艺研究

以乙醇为溶剂,采用超声波提取法,对豆渣中大豆异黄酮的提取工艺进行研究.结果表明:乙醇浓度、提取温度、超声提取时间、料液比对豆渣中大豆异黄酮的提取均有影响;豆渣中大豆异黄酮的提取工艺为:乙醇浓度80％,提取温度50～60℃,超声提取时间30 ～40 min,料液比1∶8～1∶12.     

微波助提大豆异黄酮研究

以乙醇为溶剂,研究了大豆异黄酮的微波助提工艺.通过单因素和正交试验,得到微波助提的优化参数条件为:80目大豆粉,微波功率240 W、60%乙醇、微波辐射90 s、液同比10:1、提取2次.在此提取条件下大豆异黄酮得率2.72%.与常规浸提相比,微波助提工艺具有省时、节约溶剂、提取得率高等优势.     

大豆异黄酮提取工艺优化及其活性研究

研究大豆异黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件及其活性.在单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验的基础上,确定乙醇-水体系提取大豆异黄酮的最佳工艺条件:乙醇浓度80%,液料比(溶剂∶原料)24∶1,提取温度50℃.对异黄酮分别进行清除自由基和抑菌的活性研究,结果表明:大豆异黄酮有良好的清除羟基自由基和超氧自由基的能力;对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及米根霉的生长有明显的抑制作用.     

紫外辐射对大豆异黄酮含量变化的影响

研究了UV-B强度增加对大豆异黄酮含量变化的影响,建立高效液相色谱检测方法用于大豆异黄酮的检测.大豆植株经不同辐照度UV-B辐射后,收获成熟籽粒,超声波振荡法提取大豆异黄酮,采用BDS Hypersil C18柱,以含甲醇:0.4%磷酸(30:70,v/v)洗脱,DAD254 nm检测,内标法定量.结果显示大豆在180 mw·m-2UV-B处理后出现了不同程度的伤害,大豆异黄酮含量明显降低,其中Daidzin、Glycitin、Genistin和Daidzein含量分别比对照降低4.5%、8.6%、1.1%和11.4%,且具有较好的相关性.     

黑豆豆芽中大豆异黄酮微波提取工艺研究

以黑豆为原料,按照一定条件萌发处理。利用微波辅助提取法,通过对料液比、乙醇浓度、微波处理时间、微波功率进行单因素和正交试验,探讨黑豆豆芽中大豆异黄酮提取率的影响因素,并优化筛选其最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:影响大豆异黄酮提取率的因素顺序为:微波处理时间料液比微波功率乙醇浓度。黑豆豆芽中大豆异黄酮的最佳微波提取工艺为:料液比1∶25、乙醇浓度50%、微波处理4 min、微波功率为450 W。在此条件下,黑豆豆芽中大豆异黄酮的提取率为0.595%。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.