皮埃蒙特和超契安尼娜改良牛肉用潜势测定

选择纯种南阳牛公牛１头，皮埃蒙特杂公牛２头，契安尼娜杂公牛２头，在日粮成份、用量相同（或相似）的情况下进行为期２４４天的育肥，结果南阳牛、皮杂牛和契杂牛平均日增重分别为９０６ｇ／ｄ，９６０ｇ／ｄ和１１７０ｇ／ｄ，屠宰结果；南阳牛、契杂牛和皮杂牛的屠宰率分别为６１．０％、５８．０％和６１．８％；瘦肉率依次为４１．５％、４０．９％和４２．１％；眼肌面积分别为８８．５ｃｍ＾２、９１．７ｃｍ＾２和１４１．     

饲喂秸秆微贮饲料对育肥南阳牛的增重效果试验

选用１８￣２４月龄南阳公牛２０头，随机分为试验和对照组，在精料水平相同情况下，分别喂以微贮和普通麦秸，观测微贮饲料对供试牛的增重效果。经过９０天饲养试验，试验组牛与对照组牛平均头总增重分别为７６．７ｋｇ和６１．２ｋｇ；平均头日增重分别为０．８５２ｋｇ和０．６８０ｋｇ。屠宰结果，试验组牛和对照组牛屠宰率分别为５５．６％和５３．２％；净肉率分别为４５．５％和４２．４％。试验组牛比对照组平均每头多产净肉     

奶公牛与肉用杂种公牛育肥效果对比试验

本试验选１０月龄体重２５０ｋｇ左右的奶公牛和海福特杂种公牛（以英国海福特纯种公牛为父本，与荷斯坦奶牛杂交所产杂一代公牛，以下简称海杂牛）各１０头，经１９０ｄ肥育，出栏月龄为１６月龄，平均体重海杂牛为４９１ｋｇ，奶公牛为４９５ｋｇ；平均日增重海杂牛为１２４２．５ｇ，比奶公牛１２１９．７ｇ高２２．８ｇ。饲料报酬海杂牛高于奶公牛，每千克增重营养消耗，海杂牛与奶公牛相比，干物质低２．８ｋｇ，可消化粗蛋白低     

柴达木黄牛十项肝功能试验指标测定

对青海省９４头柴达木黄牛的十项肝功能试验指标测定结果。ＺｎＴＴ—７．７４±２．８２孔氏单位；ＴＴＴ—１．０２±０．１４麦氏单位；ＧＰＴ活性—１２５．５±５４．０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ；ＧＯＴ—活性３２４．９±１１６．７（ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；血清患蛋白７３．１５±５．９１ｇ／Ｌ；白蛋白４４．７０±６．２０ｇ／Ｌ，球蛋白２８．４５ｇ／Ｌ；血清蛋白质组分白蛋白６１．１３±６．１３％，α１—球蛋白２．９８±１．０６％，α２—球蛋白９．４０±１．９６％，β—球蛋白７．０６±１．３３％，γ—球蛋白１９．７６±４．７９％，Ａ／Ｇ之比—１．６３±０．４３。同时对犊牛、成年牛和公母牛之间的肝功能试验指标测定结果进行比较。     

长×荣杂交猪体蛋白沉积模型及氨基酸需要量的预测

以长×荣二元杂交猪为研究对象，通过饲养试验和屠宰试验，测定了试验猪２０～３５、３５～５０、５０～８０、８０～１００ｋｇ阶段的生产性能和胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数（胴体无脂瘦肉沉积速度）。试验结果表明：试验猪全期日增重平均为７６２ｇ，平均日采食量２１５３ｇ，饲料报酬（Ｆ／Ｇ）２．７８７，各生产性能公母间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；日增重与体重的回归方程为ＡＤＧ（ｇ／ｄ）＝２９３．０３＋１５．１ＢＷ－０．１　０３４ＢＷ２（Ｒ２＝０．９９８８）；试验猪全期胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数为２２７ｇ／ｄ；体蛋白沉积模型Ｙ（ｇ／ｄ）＝７２．２１１－１．５２７５ＢＷ＋０．０６４８ＢＷ２－０．０００５ＢＷ３（Ｒ２＝０．９５５）；真可消化赖氨酸需要模型Ｙ（ｍｇ／ｄ）＝８６６５．４１－１８３．３ＢＷ＋７．７７８８ＢＷ２－０．０６１２ＢＷ３＋３６ＢＷ０．７５，据此模型推算出２０～５０、５０～８０、８０～１００ｋｇ阶段真可消化赖氨酸需要量分别为９．６７、１３．６３和１１．６１ｇ／ｄ，总赖氨酸需要量为１１．１２、１５．７６和１３．４２ｇ／ｄ，真可消化赖氨酸按占风干日粮的百分比表示为０．６１％、０．５６％和０．４１％，总赖氨酸需要量按占风干日粮的百分     

以氨化麦秸为基础的肉牛高效育肥技术研究

本试验将秸秆氨化技术与增重剂联合应用，配合以专用复合添加剂，选用３０头２岁以下的夏黄杂一代公牛进行了为期１００天的肥育饲养试验，试验Ｉ，Ⅱ组和对照组平均日增重分别为１２１０ｇ，１０５０ｇ和８７５ｇ，试验Ｉ，Ⅱ组均极显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），试验Ｉ组级显著高于试验Ⅱ组（Ｐ〈０．０１），平均屠宰率为５８．０％，净肉率为４８．６％，眼肌面积为８７．５ｃｍ＾２，肉质良好，达到了优质肉牛的标准。     

奶牛饲养头日的计算方法

设（年初头数＋年末头数）÷２×３６５为理论饲养头日，ａ、ｂ分别为补充率和更新率，ｃ_２、ｄ_１分别为下半年补充比和上半年更新比，实际饲养头日（Ｇ）与理论饲养头日（Ｎ）的差距［Ｓ＝（Ｇ－Ｎ）÷Ｎ］可按以下公式计算：当ａ＝ｂ、ｃ_２＝ｄ_１时，Ｓ＝０．５_ａ－２ｃ_２＝０．５ｂ－ｂｄ_１；当ａ≠ｂ、ｃ_２≠ｄ_１时，Ｓ＝［０．５（ａ＋ｂ）－ａｃｗ－ａｃ_２－ｂｄ_１］÷（２－ａ－ｂ）。实际饲养头日可按以下公式计算：Ｇ＝Ｎ±ＳＮ。     

大约克猪世代选育研究

大约克猪经过五个世代选育，选育指标－日增重、背膘厚和选种指数值均获得提高。公猪分别由５７２．９１±７．３６ｇ提高到８６１．５０±７．２５ｇ，由２．１４±０．５５ｃｍ下降到１．６２±０．１１ｃｍ与由１００分上升到１３１．６１±２．１１（分）。母猪分别由５０１．２９±８．４９ｇ提高到６３４．２２±７．４１ｇ，由２．４９±０．３４ｃｍ下降到１．７７±０．２３ｃｍ与由１００分上升到１２８．１１±２．３５分     

氟罗沙星对禽败血霉形体（Mycoplasma gallisepticum）病的药效研究

体外抑菌试验测得氟罗沙星（Ｆｌｅｒｏｘａｃｉｎ）对禽败血霉形体（Ｍｙｃｏｐｌａｓｍａｇａｌｉｓｅｐｔｉｃｕｍ）的最小抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）为０．０１５ｍｇ／Ｌ。体内药效试验表明,氟罗沙星以２５、５０、１００ｍｇ／Ｌ饮水给药和以５、１０、１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ肌注给药（１次／ｄ）,连续用药５ｄ,对人工气囊接种禽败血霉形体培养液（０．２ｍＬ,约含１０８ｃｆｕ）的雏鸡,保护率均为１００％（３０／３０）,而感染不给药组雏鸡存活率为９３．３％（２８／３０）;相对增重率分别为９０．８％、９１．５％、９２．３％和９１．５％、９１．８％、９２．９％,显著高于感染不给药组（７３．２％）;气囊损伤分分别为２．９３、２．６２、０．９３和１．８、１．１、１．０,而感染不给药组为６．５７,差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;血清玻板凝集试验阳性率分别为２０％（２／１０）、１０％（１／１０）、０（０／１０）和３０％（３／１０）、１０％（１／１０）、１０％（１／１０）,均极显著低于感染不给药组１００％（１０／１０）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。氟罗沙星不同给药途径及不同剂量间药效差异不显著。     

不同猪种四肢骨骼坚强度的研究

试验对五种肥育猪（安庆猪、淮猪、大安、长大安、大长淮各１０头）的肱骨和股骨作了坚强度测定。试验结果表明本地猪肱骨的骨重相对弯矩（安庆猪１１．４±１．５ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ，淮猪１１．９±１．２ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ）显高于杂交猪相应的弯矩（大安８．９±２．６ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ，长大安８．９±１．８ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ，大长淮９．３±２．１ｋｇ．ｃｍ／ｇ）。不同品种股骨的相对弯矩无显差异。     

Body composition and muscle glycogen contents of piglets of sows fed diets differing in fatty acids profile and contents

To study the influence of sow dietary fat on piglet body characteristics, multiparous sows were allocated to one of four different dietary treatments: a conventional low fat (3%) diet (LF) and three high fat (6%) diets; high fat saturated (HFS), high fat oats (HFO), and high fat linseed (HFL). All sows were fed the allocated diet from weaning of the preceding litter until the day after farrowing. At farrowing, one liveborn piglet per litter (NB), was sacrificed and dissected immediately after birth. The heaviest (H) and the lightest (L) piglets in the litter were killed and dissected in the same manner at one day of age. Measurement of body length and circumference, organ weight, body chemical composition and muscle glycogen content were determined. Body measurements were adjusted to the mean body weight (1.67 kg). Dietary treatment did not have any significant influence on body components or carcass traits except for lung weight, being lower in HFO and HFL than in LF piglets. Piglet category affected almost all parameters considered, showing the lowest values for NB piglets, except for lung and circumference that were higher in NB than in L and H piglets; and length which was lower in NB than in L piglets. NB piglets had the highest amount of muscle glycogen content, no difference was found between H and L piglets. Dietary treatments influenced piglet chemical composition, showing the highest overall values of dry matter (DM), protein, and fat for the HFL piglets' carcasses. The present data provide additional information on the depletion of energy reserves; it would appear that sow dietary fat has relatively little effect on progeny since only body chemical composition was significantly influenced by HFL diet.     

新疆褐牛产肉性能分析

试验选择新疆褐牛30头,育肥4个月后进行屠宰,分析新疆褐牛综合生产性能,为新疆褐牛生产相关标准的制定提供依据.结果表明,短期育肥后的新疆褐牛具有较高的产肉性能,屠宰率55.42％,肉骨比4.47∶1,高档肉占净肉重的17.24％,优质肉占净肉重的27.76％,并对胴体产肉性状指标进行了相关性研究,建立了以体尺测定指标、屠宰测定指标预测新疆褐牛生产性能相关指标线的性回归方程.发现眼肌面积与高档肉产量、高档肉比例具有相关性,可作为新疆褐牛胴体产肉量评定的参考指标,但仅适合在比较重量不同的胴体间使用,对相同重量的胴体,眼肌面积不能作为胴体产肉量评定参考指标.     

Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) increases size and proportion of fast-glycolytic muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle of creep-fed steers

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on muscle fiber histology and histochemistry in creep-fed beef steers. Crossbred steer calves were assigned to one of two treatment groups: control (sham-injected; n = 12) or rbST-injected (0.09 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1); n = 12). Calves were injected every 14 d starting at d 28 of age until weaning at 205 d of age. Biopsies of the semitendinosus muscle were performed on d 100, and slaughter samples of semitendinosus muscle were collected for muscle fiber analyses on d 206. The rbST-treated calves had larger (P = 0.045) fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) fibers [2,564 +/- 10 vs 2,351 +/- 11 microm2 cross-sectional area, respectively] than controls. No differences (P = 0.36) between rbST-treated and control steers in cross-sectional area were detected for slow-twitch-oxidative (SO) [1,192 +/- 20 vs 1,148 +/- 22 microm2, respectively] or fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers [1,484 +/- 35 vs 1,403 +/- 38 microm2, respectively]. The percentage distribution for FOG fibers was greater for control calves than for the rbST-treated calves (38.4 vs 34.9 +/- 0.1%, respectively; P = 0.014), whereas the percentage distribution for FG fibers was greater in the rbST-treated calves than for control calves (53.5 vs 48.4 +/- 0.2%, respectively; P = 0.03). The percentage distribution for SO fibers tended to be greater for the control calves than for the rbST-treated calves (13.1 vs 11.7 +/- 0.1%, respectively; P = 0.07). The percentage of FG fibers increased with age (45.4 vs 56.6 +/- 0.8%, respectively; P = 0.001), whereas the percentage distribution of SO (14.3 vs 10.5 +/- 0.5%, respectively) and FOG fibers (40.3 vs 32.9 +/- 0.7%, respectively) decreased (P = 0.001) from d 100 to d 206. The increased longissimus muscle area and dissectable lean tissue in rbST-treated calves are associated with a greater percentage of FG fibers, which possess larger cross-sectional areas than the other fibers.     

肌糖原含量与猪生产性能、胴体品质及肉质性状间的关系

试验比较2个不同基因型猪肌糖原含量、生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的差异,并分析肌糖原含量与生长性能、胴体品质及肉质之间的相关关系。将7头纯种汉普夏阉公猪体重为(19.48±1.1)kg和6头长撒公猪体重为(20.5±1.5)kg在相同条件下进行单圈饲养,到体重达100kg左右时屠宰,并测定肌糖原、胴体品质和肉质。结果表明:汉普夏猪比长撒猪有较高的日增重(P>0.05),较高的肌糖原含量(P<0.05);长撒猪有较高的背膘厚(P<0.01),较低的屠宰率(P<0.05)、眼肌面积和瘦肉率(P<0.01);汉普夏猪有较低的pH2(P<0.05)、剪切力(P<0.05)和b值(P<0.01),但滴水损失和失水率(P<0.05)高于长撒猪。相关分析结果表明:肌糖原含量与眼肌面积和瘦肉率呈正相关,与剪切力、滴水损失、平均日增重、b值、pH1和pH2呈负相关,而与平均日增重、屠宰率和胴体长相关性不大。这表明肌糖原含量是影响猪胴体品质和肉质的一个重要因素。     

Effects of an 'enrichment feeder' on behavior and feather conditions of caged laying hens

The objective of this study was to compare the behaviors and feather conditions of caged laying hens fed by two different types of feeders. Seven tennis balls were placed on the feed trough to hide the feed for each of 6 experimental cages (treatment B). The same feed troughs without balls were used for 6 control cages (treatment NB). Forty-eight commercial white leghorn type hens were housed as 4 birds per cage (474 cm² per bird). The experimental period was from 22 to 32 weeks of age. At 28 weeks of age, the hens spent more time feeding in treatment NB (35%) than in B (27%). On the other hand, prefeeding behavior (extension of the neck over the trough or pecking at the balls) occupied more time in B (14%) than in NB (6%). The birds in B spent more time thrusting (thrusting other birds aside and trying to eat) than did the birds in NB (2 vs 0%). At 32 weeks of age, the mean proportion of hens feeding and prefeeding behavior in both treatments was similar to those at 28 weeks of age; however, differences of the behavior between the B and NB were relatively small. Feather damage on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 15 (denuded) increased with age, and the scores in B were less than those in NB at 27 weeks (0.75 vs 1.37), although not at 32 weeks. Egg production in the two treatments was the same, and the type of feeder used did not affect body weight. This device might provide hens with a more attractive environment than the conventional feeders; however, the enrichment feeder might need more improvement for the welfare of caged laying hens.     

萨福克杂交组合F_1代羔羊屠宰性能测定

为测定不同杂交组合F1代羔羊屠宰性能,利用引进的国外优质肉用萨福克羊与本地绵羊进行杂交,对杂交羔羊屠宰性能进行测定。结果表明,萨土杂交一代羔羊的宰前活重（49.50 kg）、胴体重（23.20 kg）、屠宰率（59.04%）、肉骨比（3.89）,眼肌面积（15.50 cm2）显著高于本地土种羊（P〈0.05）;萨细组合宰前活重（45.4 kg）、胴体重（22.8 kg）、屠宰率（57.09%）、肉骨比（3.03）、眼肌面积（13.50 cm2）显著高于本地细毛羊（P〈0.05）。故利用萨福克羊杂交改良本地绵羊,在提高屠宰性能方面取得了较好的效果。     

沙乌头猪二元杂种猪活体背膘厚与眼肌面积的研究

为比较沙乌头猪二元杂种猪不同体重阶段背膘厚和眼肌面积,试验通过B超测定两种二元猪80~100 kg活体背膘厚和眼肌面积。结果表明,沙乌头猪二元杂种猪背膘厚和眼肌面积随体重增加而增加。鲁莱黑猪×沙乌头猪(LS)组背膘厚在80~90 kg极显著增加(P<0.01),眼肌面积在80~90 kg缓慢增加(P>0.05)。杜洛克猪×沙乌头猪(DS)组背膘厚在80~100 kg显著增加(P<0.05),眼肌面积在80~90 kg缓慢增加(P>0.05),90 kg后显著增加(P<0.05)。沙乌头猪二元杂种猪背膘厚和眼肌面积因杂交组合方式(地方猪血统比例)不同而异。DS组80~90 kg背膘厚均极显著低于LS组(P<0.01),而其80~90 kg眼肌面积均极显著高于LS组(P<0.01)。相关性分析结果显示,沙乌头猪二元杂种猪活体背膘厚、眼肌面积与体重均呈正相关。综上,在考虑活体背膘厚和眼肌面积方面,DS组优于LS组。研究为沙乌头猪的开发利用提供相关理论及数据支持。     

瘦肉型猪组合配套杂交效果研究

为探索瘦肉型猪组合配套杂交方法和效果而进行试验。试验采用HN121（温氏杜洛克猪）、HN212（法系皮特兰♂×温氏杜洛克♀）为父本,以HN204（温氏大白♂×美系长白♀）为母本,对HN323（HN121×HN204）和HN424（HN212×HN204）两个组合配套进行研究。结果表明,HN424组合与HN323组合相比母猪的窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、仔猪初生窝重、21日龄仔猪成活率、21日龄窝重等繁殖性状差异不显著（P>0.05）;HN424组合仔猪的体重、背膘厚降低5.63%（P<0.05）,瘦肉率提高4.95%（P<0.05）,眼肌面积增大33.08%（P<0.01）,肉色评分降低7.19%（P<0.05）,大理石纹评分降低11.30%（P<0.01）,滴水损失率提高10.63%（P<0.01）,其他遗传性状差异不显著;HN424组合与HN204二元母系相比,日增重提高9.26%（P<0.05）,背膘厚减少16.41%（P<0.01）,料肉比减少8.02%（P<0.05）;HN323组合与HN204二元杂交母系相比,日增重提高7.20%（P<0.05）,背膘厚减少11.43%（P<0.01）,料肉比降低5.35%（P<0.05）。说明采取四元杂组合和三元杂交组合均对“大×长”（HN204）二元杂交有显著的遗传改良作用,“皮×杜×长×大”四元杂组合可显著提高猪的瘦肉率、眼肌面积,但肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失率等肉质指标变差,建议在“皮×杜×长×大”四系组合配套杂交中加入能改良肉质基因的猪种。     

Estimation of beef marbling in the Longissimus muscle with computer image analysis of ultrasonic pictures of the Iliocostalis muscle area

This study investigated an objective method for estimating beef marbling using ultrasonic images of the Iliocostalis muscle and the Lomgissimus muscle area sections. Thirty‐one Japanese Black cattle steers were used in this study. The end of the left side shoulder blade bone was scanned using an ultrasonic device. Ultrasonic images were captured of the Longissimus muscle area and that around the Iliocostalis muscle area. Twenty items were measured in the two images using computer image analysis software. The level of beef marbling was measured according to the Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) for carcass grading, and the percentage of ether‐extractable fat content in the Longissimus muscle (EE). The difference in the gray level between the Iliocostalis muscle and intermuscular fat (X10) was used to estimate the BMS and the EE, which were highly correlated (r² = 67.72% and 61.30%). An equation was developed using four parameters from the two ultrasonic images, which could estimate the BMS (r² = 85.88%). This equation could also estimate the EE (r² = 68.98%). The equations used to estimate beef marbling were based on one to four parameters that included X10. Thus, ultrasonic images of the Iliocostalis muscle area section are important for estimating beef marbling.     

饲粮中金针菇菌渣水平对山羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中金针菇菌渣水平对山羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。试验选用28只体重为(23.35±2.45)kg的波杂羊(波尔山羊×徐淮山羊),随机分成4组(每组7只),分别饲喂含0(A组,作为对照组)、15%(B组)、25%(C组)、40%金针菇菌渣(D组)的试验饲粮。试验羊单独饲喂,在试验结束时(饲喂45 d后)进行屠宰,分别测定山羊的屠宰率、眼肌面积以及背最长肌的pH、色度、剪切力、蒸煮损失率和滴水损失率。结果表明:1)C组的屠宰率与B组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于A和D组(P0.05);C组的屠宰率分别比A、B和D组提高了2.46%、1.35%和8.32%。B和C组的眼肌面积与A组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于D组(P0.05)。2)C组山羊的背最长肌的滴水损失率与B和D组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著低于A组(P0.05);与A、B和D组相比,C组山羊的背最长肌的蒸煮损失率显著降低(P0.05);B、C和D组的剪切力差异不显著(P0.05),但均显著低于A组(P0.05)。饲粮中添加不同水平的金针菇菌渣对山羊背最长肌宰后45 min pH(pH_(45 min))、宰后24 h pH(pH_(24 h))、红度(a~*)值和黄度(b~*)值无显著影响(P0.05),但能显著降低背最长肌亮度(L~*)值。由此可见,饲粮中添加不同水平的金针菇菌渣对山羊的屠宰性能以及肉品质产生不同程度的影响,饲粮中金针菇菌渣水平为25%时对提高山羊的屠宰性能以及改善肉品质方面具有较好的效果。