3亿粒泥蚶投放乳山湾

近日，乳山市海洋与渔业局水产技术推广站在“泥蚶种质资源保护区”的乳山湾进行了泥蚶底播增殖，共投放泥蚶苗3亿粒，播种面积133hm^2（2000余亩）.这是该站今年进行的首批泥蚶增殖计划，将对该区域的泥蚶资源起到良好的修复作用。     

闽南沿海泥蚶繁殖习性的初步观察

泥蚶(Arca granosa)在我国从河北至广东海南岛沿海均有分布；为我省海水养殖的“四大贝类”之一。为了解泥蚶的繁殖习性，寻找我省泥蚶人工育苗的新途径，促进泥蚶养殖业的发展，我们于1984-1985年重点对闽南沿海泥蚶的繁殖习性进行了初步观察，现将观察情况报道如下。     

泥蚶人工繁育技术

泥蚶[Tegillarca granosa（Linnaeus）]隶属瓣鳃纲，翼形亚纲，蚶目，蚶科。泥蚶蚶血鲜红，味道鲜美，营养丰富，蚶肉含有丰富的蛋白质和维生素B12；蚶壳可入药，有“消血块，化痰积”之功效，蚶壳的碳酸钙含量较高，除可烧制石灰外，还是陶瓷工业的上好原料。2006年进行了泥蚶室内人工繁育，现将育苗技术要点探讨如下。     

泥蚶人工育苗及滩涂养成技术研究

通过对泥蚶人工育苗及养成技术生产试验，从饵料、水质、幼虫培育、附着变态、技术、管理措施等方面进行了探讨，取得泥蚶人工育苗生产性突破。共繁育泥蚶苗40．7亿粒，填补了泥蚶工厂化育苗省内空白。     

云霄竹塔泥蚶增养殖技术

泥蚶是我省传统的养殖贝类，云霄竹塔海域浪平流畅，海水盐度变幅多在20％。左右，底质适宜，饵料丰富，以及精细养殖技术等优良条件，故泥蚶的肉质细嫩，味道鲜美而成为我省名牌产品。本文就竹塔泥蚶的增养殖技术及生物学特性，生长繁殖规律，蚶苗移植疏养，敌害和灾害防治措施等进行阐述，并根据云霄竹塔海区海洋环境的变化提出今后泥蚶养殖的新措施，为福建云霄竹塔泥蚶这一优质产品的产业化提供科学依据。     

泥蚶人工育苗的几个技术问题

泥蚶（Ｔｅｇｉｌｌａｒｃａ　ｇｒａｎｓａ　Ｌｉｎｎａｅｕｓ），俗称花蚶、蚶子、真蚶，属广温、广盐性贝类，盛产于我国浙江、福建、江苏、山东沿海地区，其味道鲜美，营养丰富，经济价值高。近年来，泥蚶室内工厂化人工育苗技术，在我国得到较快发展。一些常规操作技术日益普及，但是目前泥蚶人工育苗中，还普遍存在着生产不稳定、质量差，甚至失败等问题，在一定程度上影响了泥蚶养殖业的发展。　　　　笔者在多年的育苗生产实践中，总结了泥蚶人工育苗提高幼虫及稚贝成活率的几个主要技术问题。１　育苗设备条件　　　　泥蜡育苗厂育…     

泥蚶苗期饵料培养技术要点浅析

泥蚶苗种生产中，投喂直接培养的新鲜单细胞藻是泥蚶苗期必不可少的最主要的优质饵料，是蚶苗生长和变态的重要因素，直接关系到育苗的成败。     

泥蚶的养殖

泥蚶盛产于山东、浙江、福建、广东等省沿海，是我国四大养殖贝类之一(牡蛎、蛤仔、缢蛏、泥蚶)。因其血液中含有血红素，血液呈红色。泥蚶软体含有大量的蛋白质，并含15种氨基酸和维生素B12、维生素A、维生素B1、B2、C等，营养丰富，鲜美可口。现代泥蚶提取物对葡萄球菌、     

泥蚶养殖技术之三泥蚶人工育苗的几个技术问题探讨

泥蚶（TegillarcagransaLinnaeus）属广温、广盐性贝类，盛产于我国浙江、福建江苏、山东沿海地区，其味道鲜美，营养丰富，经济价值高。近年来，泥蚶室内工厂化人工育苗技术在我国得到较快发展，一些常规操作技术日益普及，但是，目前泥蚶人工育苗中还普遍存在着生产不稳定、质量差等问题，在一定程序上影响了泥蚶养殖业的发展。笔者在多年的育苗生产实践中，总结了泥蚶人工育苗中提高幼虫及稚贝成活率的几个主要技术问题。一、育苗设备条件泥蚶育苗厂育苗设施需保证水、电、气、热的顺利供应，在大批倒池、阴雨天等意外情况发生时，也能…     

三种蚶DNA含量和种间亲缘关系的探讨

根据流式细胞仪对泥蚶,毛蚶魁蚶血细胞测出的ＤＮＡ相对含量（相对鳖血细胞）和前人对该三种蚶染色体核型的研究结果,分析和探讨了它们的种间亲缘关系,认为：三者在进化程度上虽然属相近的三个种,但相比之下泥蚶最高级,毛蚶与魁蚶之间更亲近,结果也从细胞生物学理论上验证了佩尔森纳贝类分类法将泥蚶归属为泥蚶科中的泥蚶属,毛蚶和魁蚶归属为泥蚶科中的毛蚶属的正确性。     

海马齿生态浮床中泥蚶的生物沉积与呼吸排泄研究

为了研究夏季与秋季泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)在海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)生态浮床中生理生态活动,利用生物沉积物捕集器与密闭式代谢瓶,对海马齿生态浮床中不同规格泥蚶的生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率和排磷率进行现场实验。结果表明,不同规格泥蚶生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率和排磷率在夏、秋季有明显变化,相同规格泥蚶夏季均大于秋季,相同季节表现为:大个体组中个体组小个体组。夏季和秋季,泥蚶生物沉积速率变化范围分别为0.31~1.09 g/(ind·d)、0.09~0.65 g/(ind·d),耗氧率变化范围分别10.29~19.10 mg/(ind·d)、6.51~13.56 mg/(ind·d),排氨率变化范围分别为0.76~2.63 mg/(ind·d)、0.06~0.28 mg/(ind·d),排磷率变化范围分0.05~0.18 mg/(ind·d)、0.01~0.03 mg/(ind·d)。方差分析显示,季节、龄期及两者交互作用对泥蚶生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率及排磷率均有显著影响。     

Field and laboratory transmission studies of haemic neoplasia in the soft‐shell clam,Mya arenaria,from Atlantic Canada

A two‐year laboratory and field study was initiated in 2001 in response to mass mortalities associated with haemic neoplasia (HN) in 1999 in Prince Edward Island (PEI) soft‐shell clams, Mya arenaria. A laboratory proximity experiment (cohabitation) and an inoculation challenge were conducted with clams and mussels (Mytilus edulis). Three field exposure experiments were also conducted, in which naive clams were held in sediment (in trays) or out of sediment (in mesh bags) at three high HN prevalence sites on PEI. There was a conversion to HN positive in clams in the proximity experiment and in clams injected with whole blood and cell‐free homogenate, but not at statistically significant levels. No mussels or control clams became HN positive. There was a significant conversion to HN positive in as little as 24 and 58 days after transfer with clams held out of sediment and in sediment, respectively. The laboratory and field experiments’ results suggest that HN‐infected clams are spreading the disease through water from infected clams to naïve individuals and via transplantation from affected to unaffected sites. Some environmental conditions (e.g. abnormally high water temperature and hypoxia‐induced sea lettuce [Ulva lacteus] invasion) may make clams susceptible to infections or exacerbate the proliferation of HN.     

牡蛎疱疹病毒对魁蚶的致病性

为探明牡蛎疱疹病毒(Os HV-1)对魁蚶的致病性,本研究使用发病魁蚶组织制作病毒悬液进行感染实验。感染实验分为空白组、阴性悬液注射组和病毒悬液注射组,并使用实时定量PCR法对感染后魁蚶体内病毒的时空分布进行检测。实验结果显示,空白组和阴性悬液组魁蚶感染后未检测到病毒粒子,病毒悬液注射组魁蚶经人工感染后,各部位病毒含量均呈先上升再下降随后又上升的趋势,最终达到106拷贝/ng DNA左右。通过电镜观察,在感染魁蚶的鳃、肝胰腺、外套膜中出现染色质边缘化甚至消失,细胞核肿胀、溶解,核仁消失,核膜扩张、不清晰,线粒体肿大,脊崩解,核糖体脱落等一系列细胞病理变化。在其细胞核和细胞质中均能发现大量直径为90~110 nm球形病毒粒子,该病毒粒子具囊膜,囊膜内可见均匀高电子密度的核衣壳,与自然发病魁蚶负染电镜中的病毒粒子形态相同。研究结果表明,Os HV-1可以感染魁蚶并与魁蚶大规模死亡有直接相关关系;魁蚶感染Os HV-1后机体产生应激反应,对Os HV-1有一定抑制作用,但其作用机制还有待进一步实验验证。     

The Economic Impact of the Florida Cultured Hard Clam Industry

Abstract

The objective of this study was to estimate the economic impact on the Florida economy generated by the cultured hard clam industry. Florida certified shellfish wholesalers that handle Florida cultured hard clams were interviewed by telephone survey to determine the number and value of clams that they process, the sources of their clams, prices received, and the marketing channels (wholesale, retail, restaurant, and consumer) where they sell their clams. Of the three regions in the state, northwest Florida handled two-thirds of clams cultured in Florida. Firms obtained their clams from within their own region as well as from the other two regions in Florida. The Florida cultured hard clam wholesale and processing industry had $21.8 million in sales in 1999. Around 43 percent of these sales were within the state and 57 percent of them were to out-of-state locations, including international destinations. Regardless of the geographic destination of the cultured clams sold by clam firms, the majority was sold to other wholesalers. The total economic impact of the clam industry on Florida, after accounting for direct, indirect, and induced impacts, was $33.9 million in output, $9.0 million in labor income, and $12.1 million in value added.     

泥蚶34个EST-SSR标记的开发及在格粗饰蚶中的通用性检测

利用泥蚶转录组高通量测序、拼接获得的大量EST序列开发SSR标记,在1123条EST序列里筛查到73条含有SSR位点的EST序列,其中54个位点适合设计引物,在位点两侧设计引物并进行PCR扩增.结果显示,46对引物获得稳定扩增的位点,引物在泥蚶奉化群体的多态性检测中发现,有34对引物表现出多态性,共扩增出122个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数Na为2～7个,平均每个位点产生3.59个等位基因,观测杂合度Ho、期望杂合度He、多态信息含量PIC范围分别为0.000 ～ 0.600、0.078 ～0.771、0.106～0.718;Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测显示,13个位点偏离了平衡状态;用Nr和Swiss-Prot蛋白质数据库对含有多态性SSR的EST进行了基因注释,25个SSR位点来自注释基因序列.将34对泥蚶多态性SSR引物在格粗饰蚶中进行了通用性检测,结果有1 1对成功扩增,8对表现为多态,通用率为23.53％,这些通用引物可用于两种蚶的遗传多样性评价、系统进化分析、比较作图和基因发掘等研究.     

三角帆蚌瘟病的生态学防治

采用石灰超细微颗粒悬浮法为主控制池塘生态环境,中草药针剂注射为辅的方法,成功的控制了由嵌砂样病毒（Ａｒｅｎａｖｉｒｕｓ）引起的暴发性三角帆蚌瘟病。７０００只育珠蚌两周年成活率９７３％,药物费用仅占产珠成本的二十分之一。结果表明,提高生态环境的ｐＨ并增加其钙浓度可以抑制蚌瘟病。后来应用此法控制鱼、贝类病毒病,推广面积达１２００公倾。     

盐度和光照对泥蚶耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为了解盐度对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)生理活动的影响,探究其昼夜活动节律,在室内实验条件下,控制水温25℃,采用静水养殖法,以耗氧率和排氨率分别作为呼吸和排泄的生理指标,研究了20、24、28、30、32共计5个盐度梯度下泥蚶的呼吸和排泄强度,同时对泥蚶在光照条件和暗处理下的呼吸与排泄强度进行了测定。结果发现,泥蚶耗氧率和排氨率随着盐度的升高均先上升、后下降,耗氧率为0.33～0.48 mg/（g?h）,排氨率为0.044～0.067 mg/(g?h);泥蚶在盐度28的环境下呼吸和排泄强度最高,且不同盐度下耗氧率之间、排氨率之间差异显著（P<0.05）。暗处理下泥蚶的耗氧率在0.42～0.53 mg/(g?h),排氨率在0.049～0.057 mg/(g?h);光照条件下泥蚶的耗氧率在0.40～0.44 mg/(g?h),排氨率为0.042～0.051 mg/(g?h);暗处理条件下呼吸与排泄强度比光照条件下的更高,但2种状态下耗氧率、排氨率差异均不显著（P>0.05）;表明实验条件下泥蚶对光照和暗处理反应不明显,即泥蚶不存在明显的昼夜节律现象。     

Village-based farming of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas (L.), for the aquarium market: initial trials in Solomon Islands

Between 1989 and 1992, small-scale grow-out trials of cultured Tridacna gigas (L.) were established at 40 coastal villages in Solomon Islands. The juvenile giant clams were delivered to village participants at a mean size of 34.6 mm shell length (SL) and a mean age of 380 days. The clams were grown in cages of wire mesh placed on trestles in shallow, subtidal, coral reef habitats. After a mean grow-out period of 297 days, the clams were a mean size of 77.6 mm SL, a suitable size for sale to the aquarium market. Mean growth rate was 4.1 mm month^?1. In 32 of the 53 cages involved in the trials, all clams were removed completely from the cage every 3 months for cleaning. The mean survival rate of these clams was 54%. The clams in the remaining 21 cages were not removed for cleaning and their survival was significantly lower (22%). The growth rate of clams removed for cleaning (3.7 mm month^?1) was, however, significantly lower than the growth rate of undisturbed clams (4.8 mm month^?1). At current prices for juvenile T. gigas in the aquarium trade, farmers who regularly cleaned clams would have netted a minimum of US$180 for a cage initially stocked with 390 clams. Fanners who did not clean their clams would have netted only US$40 per cage due to poorer survival.     

Recruitment and movement of the hard clam Meretrix lusoria in a tidal river of northern Kyushu,Japan

Size-frequency distributions of Meretrix lusoria, a commercially important bivalve in Japan, were compared among 6 sites in tidal flats of a small river in Kafuri Bay, northern Kyushu, Japan during 2006–2008. In Kafuri Bay, the hard clam resource is strictly managed and mean biomass of this species on the fishing ground (about 1.5 km²) exceeded 1.5 kg m^?2 in 2008. Small clams (<5 mm in shell length, SL) were most abundant in the border area between the river and the sea, while large clams (>40 mm SL) were rare there. In contrast, in the lower site of the marine area (site L), most clams were >30 mm SL. These results indicate that small clams move from riverine to marine areas with growth (post-settlement movement). Year-round, very small clams (<1 mm SL) were present and clams that were 2–5 mm SL were very rare, although the spawning season is thought to occur in summer. Probably, the early growth of many new recruits is very slow and most may even be <1 mm SL in the next spring, although some clams grow to >5 mm SL in a short period of time.     

胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的生长和死亡特性

2004年5月至2005年4月对胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔（Rudimpes philippinarum）底播增殖区进行了逐月定点采样，将样品带回放于实验室内水族箱暂养，每站随机取样，共对3269个个体进行了基本生物学特性测定，研究了移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的生长、死亡等渔业生物学特性。结果表明，底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔苗种的平均个体质量0．26g、平均壳长11．1mm；底播蛤仔与野生蛤仔在生长规律上基本一致，春末至秋初（4～9月）是其主要生长期；1～3龄期间个体生长速度较快，1～2龄、2～3龄，个体质量分别增长3．88g和4．02g；1～2龄生物量增长最快，2～3龄由于死亡率增大，其生物量增长缓慢；1～3龄蛤仔软体部的生长速度快于贝壳，5～6月是菲律宾蛤仔的繁殖肥育期。根据个体生长特性，3龄为最佳采捕年龄；根据目前的养殖状况，2龄蛤仔已达到商品规格，从生物量上分析，采捕2龄蛤仔收益最高；6月是最佳的捕获时期。蛤仔生长具有明显的季节变化，水温是影响菲律宾蛤仔生长的主要环境因子。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：642—649]