宁夏利通区奶牛干奶期钙、磷盈亏状况调查

在对宁夏吴忠市利通区 4个奶牛场和 10户养牛户进行奶牛干奶期钙、磷营养状况调查中 ,分别测定了饲料中钙、磷含量 ,奶牛干奶期血清中钙、磷、羟脯氨酸、碱性磷酸酶、甲状旁腺素、降钙素含量。结果表明 :奶牛饲料中钙含量除小户基本正常 ,大户磷含量明显偏低 ,钙、磷比例失衡 ;散户日粮钙不足 ,小户钙、磷盈亏状况良好。血钙与碱性磷酸酶呈中度负相关 ,与甲状旁腺素呈中度正相关 ,相关系数分别为 - 0 .48(P<0 .0 42 )和 0 .48(P<0 .0 44 )。降钙素处于正常水平范围之内 ,平均值为 7.80± 8.16 pmol/l,95 %的置信区间为 3.75～ 11.86 pmol/l     

宁夏利通区产奶期奶牛钙、磷盈缺状况调查

本项目对宁夏吴忠市利通区4个奶牛场和10户农户进行奶牛产奶期钙磷营养状况调查,分别测定了饲料钙磷含量,奶牛产奶期血清中钙、磷、羟脯氨酸、碱性磷酸酶、甲状旁腺素、降钙素含量。结果表明:散户血液钙、磷含量正常,但羟脯氨酸、碱性磷酸酶、甲状旁腺素明显升高,日粮钙、磷不足,处于钙、磷缺乏亚临床状态。小户血液钙、磷及相关生化指标基本正常,它们的含量分别为:碱性磷酸酶2.10±0.11-3.23±1.08mg/100ml、羟脯氨酸1.41±1.00-2.84±0.65μg/mL、甲状旁腺素104.24±68.25-58.91±30.51pmol/l、降钙素20.93±26.36-10.27±5.56pmol/l,各被调查户产奶牛血液的降钙素的水平处于正常范围之内,血液降钙素平均水平为9.4686±10.9042pmol/l,95％的置信区间为6.5208-12.4164pmol/l。     

肉牛不同饲养阶段血清Ca、P水平及调节相关的酶、激素含量变化分析

为探讨肉牛不同饲养阶段血清中Ca、P水平变化以及与其调节相关的酶、激素含量变化分析,试验选取石河子某集约化牛场不同生产阶段的安格斯肉牛40头,分析不同生产阶段的肉牛血清Ca、P水平及血清碱性磷酸酶、羟脯氨酸酶、甲状旁腺激素、降钙素的变化情况;结果显示:不同生产阶段的肉牛血清磷、碱性磷酸酶、羟脯氨酸、降钙素含量差异不显著(P0.05),肉牛围产期阶段血清钙、甲状旁腺激素含量与其他生产阶段肉牛比较差异显著(P0.05),说明围产期肉牛血清钙偏低,建议改善肉牛围产期饲养日粮中钙水平。     

过瘤胃维生素D对围产期奶牛低血钙症的影响

为了阐明日粮添加过瘤胃维生素D对围产期奶牛低钙血症的调控机制,在某集约化奶牛场选取40头奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组(C)饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别于产前10d至分娩后10d在日粮中每天添加1.5、3.0、6.0g/头过瘤胃维生素D。对4组试验奶牛围产期(分别于产前10、7、3、0d和产后3、7、10d)血清维生素D3(1,25-(OH)2D3)、钙、羟脯氨酸、甲状旁腺素和降钙素水平进行检测。结果表明,围产期奶牛血钙水平分娩时达最低,产后逐渐上升,且产前7d至产后10d对照组奶牛血钙浓度显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);分娩当天试验Ⅰ组奶牛血浆中1,25-(OH)2D3、羟脯氨酸和降钙素水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),甲状旁腺素水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。提示,日粮中每天添加1.5g/头过瘤胃维生素D能调节甲状旁腺素和降钙素等激素的分泌,促进肠道对钙的吸收,动员骨钙,从而防止奶牛产后低钙血的发生,且围产期奶牛低血钙症与机体血钙稳态调节作用密切关联。     

奶牛围产期低血钙发生状况及其调节作用

为了解奶牛围产期低血钙发生状况及其调节作用,本试验选取围产期经产的健康奶牛20头,分别对其产前21d、14d、7d、产后7d、14d、21d及分娩当天血中钙(Ca)、磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、羟脯氨酸(HYP)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、骨钙素(BGP)、降钙素(CT)浓度进行测定.按血钙水平将试验奶牛按上述时间点均分为对照组(血钙正常)和低血钙组.结果显示:奶牛在产前21d至产后21d低血钙发生率分别为:0%、45%、20%、80%、25%、15%、10%.对照组奶牛血浆Ca、BGP的浓度产前14d到产后21d显著高于低血钙组(P<0.05),ALP、HYP在产前7d到产后21d显著高于低血钙组(P<0.05).两组奶牛血浆P浓度在围产期无显著差异(P>0.05).对照组血浆CT浓度在产前7d和分娩当天显著低于低血钙组(P<0.05),其他时间点差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组血浆PTH浓度在产前7d到产后21d时显著低于低血钙组(P<0.05).结论:奶牛围产期易发生低血钙,以分娩时发生率最高.奶牛围产期易发低血钙与钙代谢调节激素未能发挥其动员骨钙的调节作用有关.     

呼和浩特地区奶牛产后钙磷代谢障碍相关血液指标分析

试验对内蒙古呼和浩特地区某牛场健康奶牛(对照组)与另一牛场的产后10d之内的奶牛(试验组)进行各项血液指标调查。分别测定了血清钙(Ca)、磷(P)、镁(Mg)、钾(K)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)等与钙、磷代谢障碍有关的各项生化指标。结果表明,试验组与对照组奶牛各项指标差异均极显著(P<0.01)。其中,对照组血清钙、磷含量分别为(10.62±)1.68mg/dL、(5.62±)1.08mg/dL,试验组钙、磷含量分别为(7.27±)2.17mg/dL、(8.07±)mg/dL,试验组与对照组0.20差异极显著(P<0.01);对照组血清镁、钾含量分别为(2.46±)0.12mg/dL、(17.30±)mg/2.67dL,试验组镁、钾含量分别为(5.62±)mg/1.47dL、(13.00±)mg/dL,试验组与对照组差2.87异极显著(P<0.01);对照组碱性磷酸酶、羟脯氨酸含量分别为(3.680±2.076)金氏单位、(1.555±0.595)μg/mL,试验组碱性磷酸酶和羟脯氨酸含量分别为(16.198±8.253)金氏单位、(2.210±1.233)μg/mL,试验组与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

围产前期不同钙水平日粮对奶牛血钙水平及钙代谢的影响

为了使奶牛产后维持较高钙水平,减少奶牛产后低血钙病的发生,本研究按照配对试验设计原则,选择体重、胎次相近,体况评分3.5以上,机能状态、生产性能良好,无任何临床症状,即将入围产期的荷斯坦奶牛16头,分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复1头奶牛,分别饲喂不同钙水平的日粮,通过测量奶牛在产前3 d到产后3 d的血清中的钙、无机磷、镁、甲状旁腺激素、骨钙素、降钙素水平以及碱性磷酸酶活力等指标数量变化。结果表明:与其它钙水平相比,在0.36%钙含量的产前低钙日粮条件下,产前第2 d和第3 d奶牛的CT(降钙素)水平显著降低(P0.05),BGP(骨钙素)水平显著提高(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,产前日粮中添加0.36%钙含量可使奶牛产后维持较高的钙水平。     

不同季节牧草钙磷含量对放牧绵羊血清降钙素的影响

研究了不同季节牧草钙、磷含量对放牧绵羊血清降钙素、碱性磷酸酶、血清钙、无机磷、血清钙磷比和血清钙磷乘积的影响,发现这些血清指标随季节变化明显。血清降钙素夏季时的含量为(184.627±117.224)ng/L,极显著的低于秋季时的含量(571.317±254.337)ng/L(P<0.01),但是与冬春季的含量(345.583±311.591)ng/L差异不显著(P>0.05),并且冬春季血清降钙素含量与秋季含量差异也不显著。从相关分析得出,降钙素与牧草钙,磷和钙磷比呈负相关,相关系数为-0.147,-0.234和-0.106,但是相关性不强。该地区在3季内,牧草能够满足放牧绵羊对钙的需要,但是不能满足对磷的需要(除夏季外),因此,引起钙、磷从骨骼中动员,使得血清降钙素、碱性磷酸酶等血液指标发生变化。应为该地区加强补饲,避免由钙磷缺乏引起的生产力下降。     

壳聚糖对奶牛血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸含量的影响

选择40头中国荷斯坦奶牛，随机分为对照组和试验1、2、3四个组。每头每天分别在各组日粮中加入0g、2g、4g和6g壳聚糖，连续饲喂35d。每周测定一次血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸的含量。结果奶牛血清钙和羟脯氨酸的含量差异不显著(P＞0．05)，添加6g/d壳聚糖，血清磷在4周后显著升高(P＜0．05)。表明：壳聚糖不影响奶牛血清钙和血清羟脯氨酸的含量。在日粮中添加6g/d壳聚糖4周以后，有利于促进机体对磷的吸收。     

西宁市某奶牛场青年荷斯坦奶牛骨营养状况的调查

调查了西宁某奶牛场33头10－22月龄荷斯坦奶牛的骨营养状况，结果表明所有牛的血清羟脯氨酸、血清钙、血清无机磷的含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性均在正常范围，33头荷期坦奶牛骨营养状况良好。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。