瘤胃稳定性脂肪对产后奶牛奶产量、牛奶成份和外周血白细胞数量的影响

选择经产、胎次相同和产奶量相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,配对分组设计分为对照组和试验组,每组20头。对照组全程饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮 瘤胃稳定性脂肪。结果:瘤胃稳定性脂肪对奶牛采食量无显著影响(P>0.05);试验组牛产奶量显著升高(P<0.05),乳脂率呈上升趋势(P>0.05),但乳蛋白率未见显著变化(P>0.05);试验组奶牛外周血白细胞总数和淋巴细胞数轻度上升(P>0.05),牛奶SCC呈下降趋势(P>0.05)。结果表明,补充瘤胃稳定性脂肪可提高产奶量,对于改善机体免疫机能有一定的作用。     

不同脂肪酸钙对奶牛血液生化指标的影响

[目的]研究3种不同的植物油脂肪酸钙对奶牛血液生化指标的影响。[方法]选取24头处于泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对分组设计分成4组。分别在基础日粮中添加200 g棕榈油脂肪酸钙、200 g大豆油脂肪酸钙、200 g葵花籽油脂肪酸钙。预饲期15 d,试验期45 d。于正试期分别测定4组奶牛血液各项生化指标。[结果]日粮中添加棕榈油脂肪酸钙后,奶牛血糖含量提高7.15%、血浆尿素氮降低2.09%、血浆β-羟丁酸含量降低16.68%、血清非酯化脂肪酸含量降低20.64%;添加大豆油脂肪酸钙后,奶牛血糖含量降低2.78%、血浆尿素氮含量增加18.17%、血浆β-羟丁酸含量降低15.42%、血清非酯化脂肪酸含量降低5.86%;添加葵花籽油脂肪酸钙后,奶牛血糖含量降低0.98%、血浆尿素氮含量增加4.26%、血浆β-羟丁酸含量降低30.36%、血清非酯化脂肪酸含量提高6.00%。[结论]日粮中添加3种不同的植物油脂肪酸钙,均能降低奶牛脂肪组织的动员,有效缓解奶牛能量负平衡。     

过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和能量代谢的影响

为阐明日粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和能量代谢的影响,选取年龄、胎次和泌乳量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为4组,每组10头。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组每天分别在基础日粮中添加5、10和20g过瘤胃胆碱,Ⅳ组饲喂基础日粮。试验期内(产前14d～产后42d)分别调查和检测奶牛的生产性能(泌乳量和干物质摄入量)、血液生化指标(葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、甘油三酯和胆固醇)和内分泌指标(胰岛素和胰高血糖素)。结果显示:1)围产期奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱能明显提高奶牛泌乳量(MY)和干物质摄入量(DMI),以每头奶牛每天添加10g过瘤胃胆碱效果最好。2)围产期奶牛日粮添加过瘤胃胆碱,能延缓血浆葡萄糖(Glu)水平的下降(P<0.05),显著降低试验奶牛血浆β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA)总胆固醇(TCHO)含量(P<0.05),与对照组相比,血浆甘油三酯(TG)有升高的趋势(P>0.05)。3)添加过瘤胃胆碱,有提高试验奶牛血浆胰岛素(Ins)含量、降低胰高血糖素(Gn)含量的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。上述结果表明围产期奶牛日粮添加过瘤胃胆碱能够提高奶牛的生产性能,改善奶牛体内脂肪代谢,促进体内糖异生作用,缓解围产期和泌乳早期奶牛的能量负平衡。     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳早期奶牛血液生化指标的影响

选取高产荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组各6头。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中每头每天添加200 g、300 g和400 g过瘤胃葡萄糖;Ⅳ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮。饲喂期20 d。在饲喂前、饲喂后10 d和20 d检测试验奶牛血浆葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、尿素氮、总胆固醇和甘油三酯的水平。结果显示：与对照组比较,Ⅱ组血糖浓度极显著升高（P〈0.01）;Ⅲ组血浆β-羟丁酸浓度显著升高（P〈0.05）;游离脂肪酸、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、尿素氮变化均不显著（P〉0.05）。这些结果表明：添加300 g过瘤胃葡萄糖能提高血糖水平,改善奶牛的能量负平衡。     

添加不同浓度过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产后MUN、NEFA、BHBA及繁殖的影响

通过对产后高产奶牛添加不同浓度的过瘤胃脂肪,研究过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产后MUN、NEFA、BHBA及繁殖的影响.结果表明,添加200 g和400 g过瘤胃脂肪都能在一定程度上降低产后泌乳高峰期MUN、NEFA、BHBA的浓度,与空白对照组比较差异显著,后者略好于前者;另外添加400 g过瘤胃脂肪组奶牛产后平均配种次数显著低于对照组(1.4±0.35 VS 2.1±0.28),奶牛空怀间隔也显著低于对照组(102±22.5 VS 126±23.6),产后情期受胎率和100 d受胎率明显高于对照组.可见,添加一定量的过瘤胃脂肪在一定程度能够降低高产奶牛产后MUN、NEFA、BHBA的浓度,提高了产后奶牛的繁殖性能.     

繁奶康对产后奶牛体况和血液生化指标的影响

选择20头荷斯坦高产奶牛,采用配对分组设计.对照组和试验组每组各10头.对照组使用原日粮,试验组产前21 d每天在日粮中添加繁奶康125 g,于分娩当天添加量增至300 g直到产后配种受胎,探讨繁奶康时奶牛产后生理机能及其血液生化指标的影响.结果表明:补充繁奶康,奶牛泌乳早期体况分高于对照组;血液尿素氮试验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白质、低密度脂蛋白质和过氧化氢酶试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血糖、总蛋白、白蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶及过氧化物歧化酶两组无显著差异(P0.05).总之,高产奶牛补充繁奶康对其泌乳早期健康状况有较好的改善作用.     

高水平的瘤胃降解蛋白对奶牛瘤胃pH和组胺浓度的影响

试验旨在研究添加粗蛋白质(CP)对奶牛瘤胃和组胺浓度的影响。试验选取装有瘤胃瘘管、非怀孕的干奶期奶牛6头,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验饲粮中CP、高瘤胃非降解蛋白(RUP)和瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)的含量分别为112、259和266g·kg^(-1)干物质。奶牛饲喂浓缩料7.7kg和稻杆2.7kg。结果表明,日粮中高浓度RDP可显著增加氨、瘤胃液中的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和组胺浓度(P<0.05),但添加高RUP和高RDP对瘤胃液pH影响都不显著(P>0.05)。饲喂高RDP和高RUP组血浆尿素氮浓度高于饲喂低蛋白日粮组。瘤胃中组胺浓度的上升从生理上说是和日粮CP水平不相关的,因为补充CP对瘤胃pH并没有影响。因此,CP、瘤胃pH和瘤胃组胺浓度的关系尚需进一步研究。     

山楂和黄芪对围产期奶牛血液生化指标和免疫指标的影响

为研究山楂和黄芪对围产期奶牛能量负平衡和免疫功能的影响,测定了日粮中添加不同剂量的山楂和黄芪后奶牛血液生化指标和免疫指标的变化。选择2～4胎次健康围产期(产前21 d—产后21 d)荷斯坦奶牛45头,随机分成A组、B组和C组。A组饲喂基础日粮,B组和C组分别在基础日粮中添加100 g/(头·d)和300g/(头·d)山楂和黄芪(山楂与黄芪1∶1)。分别在产前21 d(-21 d)、产前7 d(-7 d)、分娩当天(0 d)、产后7 d(+7 d)和产后21 d(+21 d)尾静脉采血,制备血浆,测定各组奶牛血液生化指标和免疫指标的变化。结果显示,与A组相比,蛋白质指标方面,+21 d时,B组总蛋白含量极显著升高44.10%,球蛋白含量极显著升高66.16%;钙磷指标方面,+7 d时,B组钙含量极显著升高47.28%,+21 d时,钙含量显著升高41.67%、磷含量极显著升高33.57%;脂肪指标方面,+7 d时,C组非酯化脂肪酸含量显著下降27.16%,+21 d时,B组极显著下降34.38%;能量指标方面,0 d时,B组和C组葡萄糖含量分别显著升高24.49%和23.72%,+21 d时,B组酮体含量显著下降25.93%;免疫指标方面,-7 d、0 d、+7 d和+21 d时,B组和C组免疫球蛋白G含量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),B组肿瘤坏死因子α含量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01)。综上,围产期奶牛日粮中添加100 g/(头·d)山楂和黄芪(1∶1)时能调节产后奶牛脂类、蛋白质和钙磷代谢,减轻产后能量负平衡,降低产后酮体水平,提高奶牛的免疫力。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯对奶牛产奶性能和血清生化指标的影响

选择24头健康荷斯坦奶牛进行配对,随机分为两组,每组12头.对照组仅饲喂基础日粮,试验组在饲喂基础日粮的同时,从产前21 d开始在日粮中添加20 g·d-1蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯(HMBi),产后添加量根据配方设定为30 g·d-1.结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组奶牛每天的产奶量提高了6.83 kg(P0.05),牛奶中的乳蛋白率升高了0.14个百分点(P0.05),体细胞数下降了26.80万个·m L-1(P0.01).产前14 d时,试验组奶牛血清中的球蛋白含量和尿素氮浓度升高,免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量降低(P0.05);产后14 d时,试验组血清中的总胆固醇浓度降低(P0.01);产后70 d时,试验组奶牛血清中的总胆固醇浓度也降低(P0.05).结论:在日粮中添加HMBi可以提高奶牛的产奶量,改善血清生化指标,促进机体的脂代谢;同时提高牛奶的乳蛋白含量,有效降低体细胞数.     

瘤胃维生素丸缓释多种维生素对高热条件下哺乳期高产奶牛生产繁殖性能的影响

试验旨在探索高温条件下,饲粮中添加瘤胃维生素丸,缓释多种维生素对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛血液代谢物和生产繁殖性能的影响。试验期间,最高温湿指数(THI)达到77.7。50头高产奶牛随机分到两个试验组中:1组为试验组,饲粮中补充维生素丸;2组为空白对照组,饲粮中无添加。每个维生素丸含有矿物质(铜16.2 g、硒0.251 g、钴0.236 g、碘0.497 g、锰8.28 g、锌13.32 g)和维生素(维生素A 545.6×103U、维生素D3 109.1×106U、维生素E 1 092 U)。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加维生素丸可使奶牛产奶量有增加趋势(P=0.07),显著提高乳脂肪含量(P=0.03),极显著增加乳蛋白含量和非脂乳固体(SNF)含量(P0.001)。饲喂维生素丸可使产后期奶牛血浆中未酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量降低,但与对照组相比差异不显著(P=0.09)。饲喂维生素丸可使空怀期(产犊后时期)显著缩短(P=0.02),在第5次人工授精时引发的妊娠反应显著增强(P=0.01)。试验结果表明,补充缓释矿物质和维生素超过NRC推荐标准时,显著提高了高温环境下的高产奶牛生育和生产性能。     

Effects of supplemental energy sources and <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-10, <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-12 conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on milk yield and composition in lactating Holstein cows

The effects of supplemental energy sources (corn or saturated fatty acids) and trans-10, cis-12CLA on milk yield and composition were investigated in the present study. Four multiparous Holstein cows (560±31 kg BW, 98±10.5 DIM) were designated to a 2×2 factorial 4×4 Latin Square experiment. Treatments were isoenergetic supplementation of corn or calcium salt of saturated fatty acids (CaFA) with or without calcium salt of CLA. Both milk yield and composition were affected by sources of supplemental energy. Compared to CaFA supplementation, corn supplementation increased the milk yield, the lactose yield, and the content and yield of milk protein but decreased the yield and content of milk fat. Plasma insulin was higher, plasma glucose tended to be higher, and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) was lower when corn rather than CaFA was supplemented. CaCLA supplementation did not affect milk yield and the yield of measured milk components, but increased the content of milk protein and decreased the content of total solids. Plasma glucose was decreased by CaCLA supplementation. Content and yield of short and medium chain fatty acids (⩽16 carbon atoms) in milk fat increased or remained unchanged while those of long chain fatty acids (> 16 carbon atoms) decreased or remained unchanged by corn supplementation. CaCLA supplementation failed to increase the content and yield of trans-10, cis-12CLA in milk fat, which explained the unobserved depression of milk fat synthesis by CaCLA supplementation. Yields of de novo synthesized fatty acids in the mammary gland were increased rather than decreased by corn supplementation. The decreased milk fat yield by corn supplementation could be exclusively attributed to reductions in preformed fatty acids, which might be a result of depressed lipolysis by stimulated insulin secretion.     

Response of lactating cows to supplemental rumen protected methionine and Niacin

Eight Chinese Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of rumen protected methionine (RPMet) and Niacin on milk yield and milk composition of lactating cows with 14 d adaptation and 6-d sampling periods. The cows were fed the control diet or the control diet plus RPMet (25 g·⁻¹), niacin (6 g·⁻¹), or RPMet (25 g·⁻¹) + niacin (6 g·⁻¹). The results showed that RPMet supplementation in the diet increased 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield (P < 0.05) and milk fat percentage (P < 0.05). However, supplemental RPMet had no effect on the solid non fat (SNF) (P > 0.05) and lactose percentage (P > 0.05). Dietary niacin supplementation increased milk yield (P < 0.05), milk protein percentage (P < 0.05) and lactose percentage (P < 0.05), but had no effect on milk fat percentage (P > 0.05) and SNF (P > 0.05). RPMet supplementation in the diet of lactating cows significantly decreased serum urea nitrogen (P < 0.01) and glucose contents (P < 0.05), but had no effects on nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), total cholesterol and triglyceride (P > 0.05). Niacin supplementation influenced the contents of glucose and NEFA in serum, but had no effects on the urea nitrogen, total cholesterol and triglyceride (P > 0.05).     

南京地区奶牛亚临床酮病的研究

南京农业大学实习牧场1983年9月至1984年1月发生的奶牛亚临床酮病是由于饲料中无氮浸出物比例偏低,能量和蛋白质比例不当,导致能量物质尤其是生糖先质相对缺乏,而使母牛体内发生能量负平衡所致。在该场35头血,乳采样母牛中,先后有13头发生亚临床酮病。其生化特征为酮血症,乳丙酮水平升高,伴有血糖浓度轻度降低,血清游离脂肪酸、血清总蛋白浓度有升高趋势。亚临床酮病在产犊后10—30天发病率最高。早期诊断亚临床酮病应着重考虑母牛的发病时间、饲养病史,泌乳量以及血、乳生化分析的结果。为防治此病,可在饲料配方中添加高能饲料如玉米等。     

Effect of Bospro on High and Mid-to-Low Milk Yielding Chinese-Holstein Cow

A total of 90 cows from two farms (farm A 30 cows, farm B 60 cows) were used to study the effect of Bospro on milk production, milk quality and subclinical mastitis incidence. The cows in the test group were supplied with 20 g of Bospro per head per day and meanwhile, the percentage of milk fat, protein and lactose and moisture of the milk samples were analysed. The results showed that the milk yield of both high production and mid-to-low milk producting cows increased by 3.3% to 5.3% respectively compared with their control group of cows, but there was no changes on the milk content between the treated and the control cows. The treated cows also showed an increased body weight (P>0.05) and significantly reduced incidence of mastitis, as Compared with that of the control group. The experiment dcmonstrats that Bospro can increase milk yield, but not at the expense of milk quality and body weight.     

Effect of Hypoglycemia on Performances, Metabolites, and Hormones in Periparturient Dairy Cows

In this research work, 24 multiparous holstein cows were used to evaluate the effect of hypoglycemia on periparturient metabolism and lactation performance. The cows were arranged into two groups of hypoglycemia （L） and normal plasma glucose （N） based on plasma glucose level. The same diets were fed ad libitum from 28 days before expected calving date to 28 days after calving. The parameters relative to energy balance, such as dry matter intake （DMI）, body weight （BW）, milk yield （MY）, and concentrations of plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids （NEFA）, β-hydroxybutyric acid （BHBA）, insulin （INS）, glucagons （GLN）, leptin （LP）, neuropeptide Y （NPY） in plasma were measured at regular intervals. Incidence of hypoglycemia was higher prepartum than that of postpartum （88% vs. 50%）, and the recurrence of hypoglycemia was reversed （31% vs. 100%）. Hypoglycemia did not affect feed intake before and after calving. With the increase of postpartum feed intake, incidence of hypoglycemia decreased rapidly, even disappeared at 28 days of postpartum. Hypoglycemia had no impact on prepartum BW, but BW in L group was lower than that of cows in N group at 1 day and 14 days of postpartum （P〈0.05）. Milk yield was not affected by hypoglycemia. Cows in L group had higher plasma NEFA concentration than cows in N group. It reached a peak （1442 μmol L^-1 vs. 1052 μmol L^-1） at day 1 of postpartum （P〈0.05）. Plasma BHBA concentration of cows in L group was higher than that in N group, which reached a peak （2.01 mmol L^-1 vs. 1.34 mmol L^-1） at 14 days of postpartum （P〈0.05）. Plasma concentration of INS and GLN was unaffected by treatment, but postpartum plasma GLN concentration obviously increased, especially in L group. Plasma concentration of LP and NPY before calving was unaffected by treatment, but postpartum LP level in L group was slightly lower than that in N group, and NPY level in L group was significantly higher than that in N group （P〈0.05）. Overall, periparturient dairy cows are easy to develop hypoglycemia, which stimulates lipid metabolism. Adaptive changes of some metabolites and hormones, such as NEFA, BHBA, INS, GLN, LP, NPY are of benefit to increase feed intake and recovery of NEB in periparturient period, but there still are some issues on interaction of those endocrine factors in the energy balance of periparturient cows to be understood further.     

高产奶牛泌乳初期能量需要的研究

试验研究高产奶牛泌乳初期能量的需要。选取体重、胎次、泌乳日龄和产奶量基本相同的健康荷斯坦奶牛20头,随机分成5组,每组4头,每组分4个重复,每个重复1头。A组为添加脂肪300 g;B组为添加脂肪450 g;C组为添加脂肪600 g;D组为添加自制脂肪450 g;E组为对照组。预饲期17 d,试验期3 d。加300 g脂肪酸钙的A组增奶效果差异显著(P<0.05)。加300g脂肪酸钙的试验组增加产奶量12.5%(P<0.05)。添加玉米油脂肪酸钙450 g增加产奶量16%(P<0.05)。结果表明,玉米油的性能优于其他脂肪酸钙。添加过瘤胃脂肪使乳脂率显著提高12.5%￣16.28%(P>0.05)。随着添加过瘤胃脂肪量的增多,乳蛋白有升高的趋势(P>0.05)。     

保护性蛋氨酸对中国荷斯坦奶牛血浆代谢产物及生产性能的影响

选择25头中国荷斯坦奶牛,分成对照组,试验一组(添加30 g DL-蛋氨酸),试验二组(添加45 g保护性蛋氨酸),试验三组(添加30 g DL-蛋氨酸+50 g L-赖氨酸)和试验四组(添加45 g保护性蛋氨酸+50 g L-赖氨酸)进行饲养试验。试验表明:试验四组和试验二组产奶量显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,分别提高6.31 %和6.73 %,其他组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验四组和试验二组乳脂率显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,分别提高6.25 %和6.55 %;并且试验四组和试验二组乳脂率也显著(P<0.05)高于试验一组。乳蛋白、体细胞数、全脂固形物和非脂固形物各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验四组和试验二组血浆白蛋白和总蛋白显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其它各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验二组血浆尿素氮(PUN)显著低于对照组和试验一组(P<0.05),其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。血浆游离脂肪酸和总氨基酸浓度各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此得出结论:一方面,保护性蛋氨酸(RPMet)的一部分能避免瘤胃微生物的降解,以保护性Met的形式提供给瘤胃后Met;另一方面,保护性蛋氨酸的降解部分改善了瘤胃的发酵,促进瘤胃微生物的合成,这两方面的作用提高了奶牛的产奶量和乳成分。