日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产奶量和乳汁成分的影响

为了解过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产奶量和乳汁成分的影响,选取24头试验奶牛,分为4组,每组6头。3个处理组每头每天的过瘤胃脂肪添加量分别为：Ⅰ组200g,Ⅱ组300g,III组400g,IV组为对照组。结果表明,Ⅲ组产奶量提高了21.9%,显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;乳脂率未见显著变化（P〉0.05）;乳蛋白含量有下降的趋势,与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）。这表明,泌乳早期添加过瘤胃脂肪能提高奶牛产奶量,对奶牛乳汁成分的影响不显著。     

不同饱和度脂肪酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加含有不同饱和度脂肪酸的过瘤胃脂肪对泌乳早期高产奶牛生产性能和乳成分的影响。选用泌乳期、胎次、产奶量、体重相似的荷斯坦奶牛105头,采用完全随机分组原则,分成3组,每组35头。试验期为90d,分别在试验期的27、48、69和90d采集奶样,每周测定1次产奶量。结果表明,高饱和度脂肪酸组(High Saturated Fatty Acid,HSFA)能够显著提高产奶量(P<0.05)、4%乳脂校正乳产量,显著(P<0.05)提高乳脂率、改善乳蛋白率。低饱和度脂肪酸组(Low Saturated Fatty Acid,LSFA)能够提高产奶量、4%乳脂校正乳产量,差异不显著;LSFA与对照组相比乳脂率和DMI降低。     

氯化铵对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵特性及营养物质表观消化率影响

试验一采用增量灌注2×2交叉试验设计,选用4头装有瘤胃瘘管中国荷斯坦奶牛,每期试验持续4周,期间试验组2头牛接受氯化铵增量灌注(0、150、300、450 g·d-1),每个剂量灌注1周,对照组2头牛只灌注清水;试验二采用完全随机设计,将48头泌乳日龄、体重、胎次及产奶量相近中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组12头,氯化铵添加量分别为每头牛0(对照组)、150、300和450 g·d-1。预试验14 d,正式试验56 d。结果表明,(1)氯化铵能显著提高瘤胃氨氮浓度(P0.05);瘤胃p H随氯化铵灌注或添加量增加有线性降低趋势(P=0.084,P=0.060);氯化铵对瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等挥发性脂肪酸浓度影响不显著(P0.05)。(2)试验一,随氯化铵灌注量增加,干物质(P=0.022)、有机物(P=0.041)消化率呈二次曲线升高;粗脂肪(P=0.019)消化率线性升高。氯化铵在泌乳奶牛生产中添加量不宜超过300 g·d-1。     

提高泌乳盛期奶牛乳脂率与乳蛋白含量的营养调控研究

为研究提高奶牛乳脂率与乳蛋白含量的营养调控技术,选择体况、胎次、产犊时间、产奶量相近的泌乳盛期中国荷斯坦奶牛27头,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,进行了中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、小肠可消化蛋白(IDCP)、添加过瘤胃保护脂肪酸(RPFA)、过瘤胃保护氨基酸(RPAA)对泌乳盛期奶牛乳脂率与乳蛋白含量的影响试验.结果表明,日粮干物质(DM)中NDF41%、IDCP按我国<奶牛饲养标准>推荐量92%、脂肪酸钙150g/d、过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸8g/d+过瘤胃保护赖氨酸32g/d,可有效提高奶牛泌乳盛期的乳脂率与乳蛋白含量.     

过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和能量代谢的影响

为阐明日粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和能量代谢的影响,选取年龄、胎次和泌乳量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为4组,每组10头。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组每天分别在基础日粮中添加5、10和20g过瘤胃胆碱,Ⅳ组饲喂基础日粮。试验期内(产前14d～产后42d)分别调查和检测奶牛的生产性能(泌乳量和干物质摄入量)、血液生化指标(葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、甘油三酯和胆固醇)和内分泌指标(胰岛素和胰高血糖素)。结果显示:1)围产期奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱能明显提高奶牛泌乳量(MY)和干物质摄入量(DMI),以每头奶牛每天添加10g过瘤胃胆碱效果最好。2)围产期奶牛日粮添加过瘤胃胆碱,能延缓血浆葡萄糖(Glu)水平的下降(P<0.05),显著降低试验奶牛血浆β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA)总胆固醇(TCHO)含量(P<0.05),与对照组相比,血浆甘油三酯(TG)有升高的趋势(P>0.05)。3)添加过瘤胃胆碱,有提高试验奶牛血浆胰岛素(Ins)含量、降低胰高血糖素(Gn)含量的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。上述结果表明围产期奶牛日粮添加过瘤胃胆碱能够提高奶牛的生产性能,改善奶牛体内脂肪代谢,促进体内糖异生作用,缓解围产期和泌乳早期奶牛的能量负平衡。     

添加"五类物质"提高牛奶产量与品质

一、添加脂肪类物质 1、脂肪酸钙:奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙300克/天·头,能使奶牛产奶量提高,乳脂率提高13.16%;奶中悬脂、亚油酸、钙分别增加18.20%、25.55%、17.25%. 2、脂肪:每头奶牛每天添加364克脂肪,能提高产奶量,乳脂率提高13～18%.     

氢化脂肪对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选择年龄、胎次、体重相近的健康且日平均泌乳量为33kg处于泌乳早期的奶牛200头,随机分为两组,一组为对照组100头,一组为试验组100头,分群饲养管理;按DHI采样的要求采样,产奶量通过榨乳机的自动计量设施计量,乳脂率采用Babeoek法测定,乳蛋白采用凯氏定氮法测定。在不同的泌乳期使试验组奶牛在对照组奶牛的基础日粮上添加定量的氢化脂肪,其中泌乳前期添加500g,泌乳中期添加250g。观察泌乳奶牛生产性能的变化。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,氢化脂肪的添加使奶牛的产奶量提高20.64%,差异显著(P0.05);乳脂率和乳蛋白含量的变化差异不显著(P0.05)。     

柴胡提取物对热应激奶牛营养物质表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

为研究添加不同水平的柴胡提取物对热应激条件下泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛营养物质表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响,采用随机区组设计,按照产奶量、泌乳天数及胎次相同的原则将48头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组12头,各组在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.5、2.5和5.0g/kg柴胡提取物(干物质基础),试验期9周。结果表明:热应激条件下,柴胡提取物对瘤胃pH,氨氮含量,丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度,乙酸/丙酸及营养物质表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05);0.5g/kg组的菌体蛋白含量显著高于2.5和5.0g/kg添加组(P0.05),添加5.0g/kg柴胡提取物降低瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(P=0.05)和乙酸浓度(P=0.06),不利于瘤胃发酵。因此,柴胡提取物推荐添加剂量不宜超过5.0g/kg。     

小肽制剂和过瘤胃产品对奶牛产奶性能及奶品质的影响

为了研究过瘤胃脂肪、过瘤胃蛋氨酸和小肽制剂对奶牛产奶性能及奶品质的影响,选取20头中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组,每组5头,其中对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验组Ⅰ每天饲喂基础日粮 过瘤胃脂肪(450g/头);试验组Ⅱ每天饲喂基础日粮 过瘤胃蛋氨酸(15 g/头);试验组Ⅲ每天饲喂基础日粮 小肽制剂(21g/头)。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组产奶量较对照组分别提高31.90%、12.19%和15.17%;乳脂率和乳蛋白率均较对照发生改变,但乳脂率改变幅度更大。     

过瘤胃保护氨基酸提高泌乳盛期奶牛乳蛋白含量的营养调控研究

选择体况、胎次、产犊时间、产奶量相近的泌乳盛期中国荷斯坦奶牛27头,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,研究过瘤胃保护氨基酸(RPAA)、小肠可消化蛋白(IDCP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)对提高泌乳盛期奶牛乳蛋白含量的营养调控效果。结果表明:3因子的最优水平组合可比习用日粮提高乳蛋白率0.19个百分点(P<0.05),提高乳蛋白量121.34 g/d(P<0.05)。试验结果说明,在NDF 41%/DM日粮中,IDCP按我国《奶牛饲养标准》推荐量92%组合添加过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸(RPMet)8 g/d+过瘤胃保护赖氨酸(RPLys)32 g/d,可有效提高奶牛泌乳盛期的乳蛋白含量与产量。     

Effects of supplemental energy sources and <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-10, <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-12 conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on milk yield and composition in lactating Holstein cows

The effects of supplemental energy sources (corn or saturated fatty acids) and trans-10, cis-12CLA on milk yield and composition were investigated in the present study. Four multiparous Holstein cows (560±31 kg BW, 98±10.5 DIM) were designated to a 2×2 factorial 4×4 Latin Square experiment. Treatments were isoenergetic supplementation of corn or calcium salt of saturated fatty acids (CaFA) with or without calcium salt of CLA. Both milk yield and composition were affected by sources of supplemental energy. Compared to CaFA supplementation, corn supplementation increased the milk yield, the lactose yield, and the content and yield of milk protein but decreased the yield and content of milk fat. Plasma insulin was higher, plasma glucose tended to be higher, and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) was lower when corn rather than CaFA was supplemented. CaCLA supplementation did not affect milk yield and the yield of measured milk components, but increased the content of milk protein and decreased the content of total solids. Plasma glucose was decreased by CaCLA supplementation. Content and yield of short and medium chain fatty acids (⩽16 carbon atoms) in milk fat increased or remained unchanged while those of long chain fatty acids (> 16 carbon atoms) decreased or remained unchanged by corn supplementation. CaCLA supplementation failed to increase the content and yield of trans-10, cis-12CLA in milk fat, which explained the unobserved depression of milk fat synthesis by CaCLA supplementation. Yields of de novo synthesized fatty acids in the mammary gland were increased rather than decreased by corn supplementation. The decreased milk fat yield by corn supplementation could be exclusively attributed to reductions in preformed fatty acids, which might be a result of depressed lipolysis by stimulated insulin secretion.     

饲料中添加烟酸对夏季奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择9头泌乳早期处于热应激的荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方设计,分别饲喂5、10 g/d烟酸,研究其对奶牛生产性能的影响.结果表明:添加5、10 g/d烟酸可使产奶量分别提高13.20%、9.39%;而4%标准乳量无显著差异(P＞0.05);添加烟酸不影响乳蛋白含量和乳脂率.     

不同油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆脂肪酸组成及乳脂CLA含量的影响

 【目的】研究不同脂肪酸构成的油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃液和血浆中脂肪酸的组成及乳脂CLA含量的影响,初步探讨乳脂CLA合成机制,为改善牛奶脂肪酸构成,提高乳脂中CLA含量寻找合适途径。【方法】以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的经产荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,在日粮中添加不同油料籽实（葵花籽、亚麻籽、菜籽）,3种日粮的粗脂肪含量基本相同,测定采食后不同时间点瘤胃液、血浆及乳脂中脂肪酸含量。【结果】葵花籽组奶牛乳脂中CLA、t11-C18﹕1、PUFA及LCFA比例均显著高于菜籽组和亚麻籽组（P＜0.05）;葵花籽组奶牛血浆中t11-C18﹕1的比例显著高于菜籽组和亚麻籽组（P＜0.05）;瘤胃液中各种脂肪酸含量在3组之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,随采食后时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少,不同时间点瘤胃液中CLA的比例均较低;瘤胃液、血浆中的t11-C18﹕1含量对乳脂中CLA含量的决定系数（R2）分别为0.841和0.766。【结论】富含亚油酸的葵花籽在优化奶牛乳脂肪酸构成、提高CLA含量方面效果最好。     

盐藻粉对奶牛生产性能的影响研究

[目的]为盐藻粉在反刍动物中的应用提供理论依据。[方法]选择40头中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,分为对照组(基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅲ组,分别在基础日粮的基础上添加4.5、9和13.5 g/d盐藻粉,研究其对奶牛生产性能的影响。[结果]试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组奶牛产奶量比对照组分别提高了2.98%、5.24%和6.59%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖、非脂乳固形物含量与对照组差异均不显著(P>0.05);3个试验组牛奶中的体细胞数分别比对照组降低了15.7%、29.4%和33.5%。[结论]添加盐藻粉有提高奶牛产奶量、降低牛奶中的体细胞数和改善乳品质量的趋势。     

The Effects of Graded Abomasal Glucose Infusion on Milk Yield and Composition in Lactating Goats

Four non-pregnant multiparous lactating goats were used in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment in the present study. The four treatments were abomasal infusion of 0, 50, 100, and 150 g d^-1 glucose. The results showed that graded glucose infusion increased milk yield （P 〈 0.01）. The highest milk yield was observed when 50 g d^-1 glucose was infused. An infusion of glucose at 100 or 150 g d^-1 failed to increase milk yield further and milk yield of the 100 g d ^-1 glucose infusion treatment was even significantly lower than that of the 50 g d^-1 treatment （P 〈 0.01）. Though milk fat content was gradually decreased by graded glucose infusions and milk fat yield of the 100 and 150 g d 1 treatments were lower than that of the control （P 〈 0.01）; milk fat yield of the 50 g d i treatment was not depressed and was higher than that of the control （P 〈 0.01）. Graded glucose infusion did not change the contents of milk protein and non-fatty solids. Yields of milk protein （P 〈 0.05）, lactose （P 〈 0.01）, non-fat solids （P 〈 0.01）, and lactose content （P 〈 0.01） of the 50 g d^-1 treatment were higher than those of the control but had no difference among the other three treatments. Contents of those de novo synthesized fatty acids in milk fat remained unchanged or increased and those preformed fatty acids remained unchanged or decreased by graded glucose infusion. Glucose infusion decreased the total yields of C16 ＋ C16：1 and 〉 C16 fatty acids and had no influence on the yield of C4-C14：1 fatty acids （P 〈 0.05）. Results of the present study implied that increased glucose supply had positive effects on the production of milk, milk protein, milk fat, and lactose only when glucose was a limiting factor for milk synthesis. Excessive glucose supply had no further beneficial effects and might depress milk fat synthesis.     

日粮添加屎肠球菌制剂对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳和消化性能的影响

[目的]研究饲粮中添加屎肠球菌制剂对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳量和表观消化率的影响。[方法]选取24头体重、胎次、泌乳量、泌乳期、体况等基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组:对照组、低剂量组(30 g/d屎肠球菌)、高剂量组(60 g/d屎肠球菌),测定泌乳量和第0、14、28天的表观消化率。[结果]泌乳量在时间上无显著差异(P0.05);高剂量组泌乳量最高,且显著高于低剂量组(P0.05),并高于对照组8.00%。高剂量屎肠球菌组干物质采食量显著低于低剂量屎肠球菌组(P0.05)。第28天,奶牛粗蛋白消化率显著低于第14天(P0.05),但粗脂肪消化率显著高于第14天(P0.05)。此外,高剂量屎肠球菌组粗脂肪消化率显著高于低剂量屎肠球菌组。[结论]奶牛泌乳中期饲粮中添加60 g/d屎肠球菌制剂能够提高泌乳量及饲料粗脂肪的表观消化率,有利于饲料的转化和利用。     

Effects of Rumen Protected Methionine on Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Earlier Lactating Cow

A total of 12 mature healthy Holstein dairy cows of the nearly body weight （580±30） kg, milk yield （22.5±2.8） kg in the early stages of lactation were selected in this experiment. The cows were randomly divided into 2 groups, every group had 6 cows, every group had 6 repeats, and every repeat had 1 cow. Added 20 g protected methionine in earlier lactating cow food every day. The results showed that protected methionine increased milk yield by 10.83%, testing group milk yield was significantly different than that of control （P〈0.05）; protected methionine increased milk fat by 5.98%, testing group milk fat was significantly different than that of control （P〈0.05）; Milk protein increased by 2.15%, but bad insignificantly different （P〉0.05）; dry matter of milk had the tendency of decrease, but had insignificant difference （P〉0.05）.     

丙二醇对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能和血液代谢产物的影响

 【目的】研究丙二醇对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能、体重变化、能量平衡、血液代谢产物和尿酮浓度的影响。【方法】选取32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上一泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,分别在基础日粮中添加1,2-丙二醇0、150、300和450 ml?d-1,测定采食量、产奶量、乳成分、体重、血糖和尿酮等浓度的变化。【结果】日粮添加丙二醇对奶牛的采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和饲料转化效率无显著影响,450 ml?d-1组乳脂率显著低于0和150 ml?d-1组（P＜0.05）。添加丙二醇后,300、450 ml?d-1组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于0组（P＜0.05）,而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于0组（P＜0.05）;300、450 ml?d-1组尿酮浓度显著低于0和150 ml?d-1组（P＜0.05）。添加丙二醇300、450 ml?d-1显著改善泌乳早期奶牛能量负平衡,减少了体重下降。【结论】日粮添加丙二醇有益于改善泌乳早期奶牛能量平衡状况,适宜添加量为300 ml?d-1。     

十二指肠灌注α-亚麻酸对奶牛养分消化率及生产性能的影响

为观察泌乳奶牛十二指肠灌注游离亚麻酸(LNA)对干物质采食量、养分表观消化率和乳成分的影响,选用4头安装有十二指肠和瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛,用灌注游离α-亚麻酸(LNA)处理和空白对照交叉试验设计,每期试验持续5周;期间2头牛进行LNA增量灌注(0、30、60、90和120g/d),每个剂量灌注1周,另外2头奶牛只灌注乳化载体。结果表明:灌注LNA对奶牛干物质采食量和养分表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);随LNA灌注剂量的增加(0、30、60、90和120g/d)乳产量趋于降低(18.54、17.17、16.94、15.93和16.28kg/d(P=0.08));但4%(质量分数)脂肪校正乳产量无降低趋势;乳脂肪含量随LNA灌注剂量的增加呈线性升高趋势(4.01、4.12、3.96、4.32和4.41g/100g(P=0.09)),乳脂产量无变化;乳糖含量(4.56、4.60、4.68、4.59和4.57g/100g)和乳产量(0.85、0.79、0.79、0.73和0.74kg/d)随LNA灌注量的增加呈现二次式降低(P<0.05),乳蛋白含量和产量无变化。结果显示,增加泌乳奶牛小肠游离亚麻酸的供给量...