Peroral Application of Water-soluble Derivative of Propolis (WSDP) and Its Related Polyphenolic Compounds and Their Influence on Immunological and Antitumour Activity

Polyphenolic compounds are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and display a variety of biological activities, including chemoprevention and growth inhibition of tumours. Propolis contains a conglomerate of polyphenolic compounds. We investigated the effect of propolis and polyphenolic compounds, components of propolis, on the growth and metastatic potential of a transplantable mammary carcinoma (MCa) of the mouse. Metastases in the lung were generated by 2 x 10 tumour cells injected intravenously (i.v.). A water-soluble derivative of propolis (WSDP) and the polyphenolic compounds (caffeic acid (CA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)) were given to mice perorally before or after tumour cell inoculation. WSDP, CA and CAPE reduced the number of metastases in the lung. This implies that the antitumour activities of the compounds used in these studies are mostly related to the immunomodulatory properties of the compounds, their cytotoxicity to tumour cells, and their ability to induce apoptosis and/or necrosis.     

蜂胶、蜂花粉、蜂王浆抗肿瘤效果的比较研究

用蜂胶、蜂花粉水提液和蜂王浆稀释液分别灌胃S180 实体型小鼠 ,15d后解剖称取瘤重 ,计算抑瘤率。结果发现 ,蜂胶、蜂花粉水提液和蜂王浆稀释液的抑瘤率分别达 79 92 %,6 9 0 6 %和 75 83%。     

不同蜂花粉对西方蜜蜂蜂王浆主蛋白基因表达及蜂王浆产量、质量和组成的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蜂花粉对西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)蜂王浆主蛋白基因(mrjps)表达及蜂王浆产量、质量和组成的影响。选取蜂王、群势基本一致的意大利蜜蜂9群,随机分为3个组,每组3群蜜蜂:油菜花粉组,饲喂油菜花粉;土连翘花粉组,饲喂土连翘花粉;对照组,不饲喂花粉,自然采粉(主要为鬼针草花粉)。试验周期为2个月,试验时间为2017年9月中旬至11月中旬。利用凯氏定氮法和水解法分别检测油菜花粉、土连翘花粉和鬼针草花粉粗蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成与含量;每组选3只9日龄工蜂进行mrjp1~mrjp9和黄体基因e3(yellow⁃e3)相对表达量的检测;检测各组蜂王浆产量、质量及水溶性蛋白和氨基酸组成与含量。结果显示:3种蜂花粉粗蛋白质含量、总氨基酸含量均为油菜花粉>土连翘花粉>鬼针草花粉,且组间差异显著(P<0.05),3种蜂花粉单一氨基酸(组氨酸除外)含量也表现为油菜花粉>土连翘花粉>鬼针草花粉,且组间差异显著(P<0.05)。在9日龄工蜂头部,mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp3、mrjp4、mrjp5和mrjp7相对高表达,mrjp6、mrjp8和mrjp9相对低表达,油菜花粉组、土连翘花粉组和对照组mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp3、mrjp4、mrjp5和mrjp7的相对表达量之和分别占mrjps总相对表达量的99.94%、99.94%和98.60%。与对照组相比,饲喂油菜花粉和土连翘花粉显著提高了mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp3、mrjp4、mrjp5、mrjp7和yellow⁃e3的相对表达量(P<0.05),且油菜花粉组上述基因的相对表达量显著高于土连翘花粉组(P<0.05);饲喂油菜花粉和土连翘花粉显著降低了mrjp6、mrjp8、mrjp9的相对表达量(P<0.05)。油菜花粉组蜂王浆产量最高,其次为土连翘花粉组,对照组最低,各组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。油菜花粉组和土连翘花粉组蜂王浆的质量与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。3组蜜蜂所产蜂王浆水溶性蛋白和氨基酸组成基本一致。综上所述,不同粗蛋白质含量的蜂花粉对西方蜜蜂mrjps基因的表达及蜂王浆产量的影响不同,对蜂王浆质量和组成的影响不大。3组蜂群相比,采食油菜花粉组具有营养功能的mrjps基因的相对表达量和蜂王浆产量最高。由此可见,对于西方蜜蜂繁育或蜂王浆生产,油菜花粉可作为一种优质的营养饲料。     

Metastatic immune infiltrates correlate with those of the primary tumour in canine osteosarcoma

Our lack of understanding of the immune microenvironment in canine osteosarcoma (cOSA) has limited the identification of potential immunotherapeutic targets. In particular, our ability to utilize readily available tissue from a dog's primary tumour to predict the type and extent of immune response in their pulmonary metastatic lesions is unknown. We, therefore, collected 21 matched pairs of primary tumours and pulmonary metastatic lesions from dogs with OSA and performed immunohistochemistry to quantify T‐lymphocyte (CD3), FOXP3+ cell, B‐lymphocyte (Pax‐5), and CD204+ macrophage infiltration. We found that T‐lymphocytes and FOXP3+ infiltrates in primary tumours positively correlated with that of metastatic lesions (ρ = 0.512, P = 0.038 and ρ = 0.698, P = 0.007, respectively), while a strong trend existed for CD204+ infiltrates (ρ = 0.404, P = 0.087). We also observed T‐ and B‐lymphocytes, and CD204+ macrophages to be significantly higher in a dog's pulmonary metastasis compared to their primary tumour (P = 0.018, P = 0.018, P = 0.016, respectively), while FOXP3+ cells were only significantly higher in metastases when all primary tumour and metastasis lesions were compared without pairing (P = 0.036). Together, these findings suggest that the metastatic immune microenvironment may be influenced by that of the primary cOSA, and that primary tumour immune biomarkers could potentially be applied to predict immunotherapeutic responses in gross metastatic disease. We, therefore, provide a rationale for the treatment of cOSA pulmonary metastases with immunotherapeutics that enhance the anti‐tumour activity of these immune cells, particularly in dogs with moderate to high immune cell infiltration in their primary tumours.     

优良浆意蜂DNA分子特异标记(W316bp)的鉴定研究

第一部分分离提取三品系意蜂 (浙农大、萧山、平湖 )的DNA ,使用紫外分光光度计 ,波长 2 6 0nm鉴定DNA纯度 ;第二部分以W (5′ -CGGCCCCGGT - 3′)为随机引物进行PCR ,扩增 ,电泳 ,获得DNA多态性图谱 ;第三部分比较三品系意蜂工蜂与雄蜂的DNA多态性图谱。结果凡是三品系意蜂的工蜂均出现一高产浆特异标记W316pb条带 ,但三品系意蜂的雄蜂均无W316bp条带。则进一步鉴定了W316bp是高产浆意工蜂DNA分子的特异标记     

以随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术筛选意大利蜜蜂重要农艺性状遗传标记

为了获得意大利蜜蜂重要农艺性状的分子遗传标记 ,本研究以 30种RAPD随机引物对平湖浆蜂、美意、澳意、苏意等 4个在产浆、采蜜和抗病性上存在较大差异的意蜂品系的基因组DNA进行RAPD_PCR扩增筛选。试验结果显示 ,随机引物W 1 8(5′_CGGACGGCGG_3′)和W2 3(5′_GTACCGCCCG_3′)的扩增图谱呈多态性。其中 ,在引物W 1 8所扩增出的 9条片断中 ,2 35 2bp和 36 4bp条带为美意所特有 ,表明可将之用于鉴别美意 ;2 0 92bp条带仅出现于蜂蜜高产的美意和澳意中 ,意味着该条带为一个蜂蜜高产性状的遗传标记 ;而 6 32bp条带在王浆高产品系平湖浆蜂中出现的频率 (0 91 )显著高于 (P <0 0 1 )美意(0 0 4 )、澳意 (0 0 2 )和苏意 (0 0 0 ) ,说明 6 32bp条带可能为王浆高产性状的一个遗传标记。在W2 3引物扩增条带中 ,6 5 1bp条带为澳意所特有 ,可用于澳意鉴别     

蜂产品抗氧化糖尿病治本新证

以中医平衡医学的理论为指导,以蜂蜜、蜂皇浆、蜂胶、蜂花粉等蜂产品配制的“蜂宝康”对糖尿病患者进行治疗和调理,取得了意想不到的效果。近十年来,太泉蜂疗保健康复中心,在治疗、调理数百计的糖尿病患者的过程中,细心观察病情,反复探索病因,不断研究用“药”效果,终于积累了详实可靠的资料,找到了攻克糖尿病的途径,并提出了糖尿病治本新证,糖尿病并不是永远无法痊愈的终身病,天然、绿色的蜂产品完全可以对糖尿病进行有效的标本兼治,以期收到理想的效果,特提出以下理论供同道们参鉴。、     

A retrospective review of treatment and response of high‐risk mast cell tumours in dogs

This retrospective case series evaluates survival outcome of 94 dogs with high metastatic risk mast cell tumours (MCT). Patients were treated with a cytotoxic chemotherapy protocol or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib, in the presence of gross disease or as an adjunct to surgical resection of the primary tumour. In patients presenting with metastatic disease, surgical resection of the primary tumour with adjunctive therapy with any chemotherapy incurred a significant survival advantage [median survival time (MST): 278 days] compared to patients receiving chemotherapy without surgical excision of the primary tumour (MST: 91 days, P < 0.0001). Patients with a surgically excised Patnaik grade II tumour and high Ki‐67 in the absence of metastatic disease treated with vinblastine and prednisolone showed a significantly longer survival (MST: 1946 days) than those treated with masitinib (MST: 369 days, P = 0.0037). Further prospective case‐controlled clinical trials of high‐risk MCTs are required to make precise evidence‐based treatment decisions for individual patients.     

平湖浆蜂与苏王1号遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

利用6对微卫星DNA标记对平湖浆蜂与苏王1号两个蜜蜂品种进行遗传多样性分析，评估品种内的遗传变异和品种间的遗传分化。结果表明：共检测到40个等位基因，每个位点的等位基因数从4~10不等，所有位点平均的期望杂合度和多态信息含量值分别为0.5078和0.4708。平湖浆蜂和苏王1号6个微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数分别为5.67和5.17，平均基因杂合度为0.4981和0.5007，群体分化系数为3.7％，2个品种间的Reynolds’遗传距离和Nm分别为0.03770和6.507。2个蜜蜂品种均表现出较高的群体杂合度和丰富的遗传多样性。     

纳米技术在蜂产品中的应用前景

阐述了纳米技术在蜂胶、蜂毒和蜂蜡等蜂产品中的研究进展和应用前景,并简述了纳米技术在蜂产品应用中的潜在危害。     

Hepatic endogenous defense potential of propolis after mercury intoxication

Exposure to mercuric chloride (HgCl₂; 5 mg kg^?1 body weight; i.p.) induced oxidative stress in mice and substantially increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, decreased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and various antioxidant enzymes in liver and also increased the activities of liver marker enzymes in serum. Therapy with propolis extract, a resinous wax‐like beehive product (200 mg kg^?1 orally, after mercury administration), for 3 days inhibited LPO and the formation of GSSG and increased the level of GSH in the liver. Release of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly restored after propolis treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, that is, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, were also concomitantly restored towards normal levels after propolis administration. These observations clearly demonstrate that propolis treatment augments antioxidant defense against mercury‐induced toxicity and provide evidence that propolis has therapeutic potential as a hepatoprotective agent.     

"九州意蜂"品系选育及生产性能试验的研究

以安徽本地意蜂为育种素材,通过系统选育与定向选育,采用闭锁集团繁育与蜜蜂人工授精技术,选育出九州意蜂品种配套系,该品种配套系蜂王日有效产卵量高,春繁速度快,群势强,越夏越冬效果好,适应安徽地区生态环境和蜜粉源条件,具有蜂蜜高产、蜂王浆高产、蜂蜜和蜂王浆双高产的生产性能。其“中九州1号”(Eg1)属于蜂蜜高产型优良蜂种,同一花期蜂蜜产量明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),“九州2号”(Eg2)属于王浆高产型优良蜂种,同一花期王浆产量明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),10-HDA含量最高达2.14;水分、蛋白质、酸度基本接近,“九州3号”(Eg3)属于蜂蜜、王浆双高产型优良蜂种,同一花期蜂蜜、王浆产量均明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),适应于现代养蜂生产。     

The value of molecular expression of KIT and KIT ligand analysed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry as a prognostic indicator for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours

This study investigated the correlation between KIT gene expression determined by immunohistochemistry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and the rate of tumour recurrence and tumour‐related deaths in dogs affected with mast cell tumour (MCT). Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed to compare tumour recurrence and tumour‐related death between patients. The log‐rank test was used to check for significant differences between curves. KIT‐I, KIT‐II and KIT‐III staining patterns were observed in 9 (11.11%), 50 (61.73%) and 22 (27.16%) tumours, respectively. Tumour recurrence rates and tumour‐related deaths were not associated with KIT staining patterns (P = 0278, P > 0.05), KIT (P = 0.289, P > 0.05) or KIT ligand (P = 0.106, P > 0.05) gene expression. Despite the lack of association between KIT staining pattern and patient survival time, the results suggest a correlation between aberrant KIT localization and increased proliferative activity of MCTs. RT‐PCR seems to be a sensible method for quantitative detection of KIT gene expression in canine MCT, although expressions levels are not correlated with prognosis.     

不同蜜粉源植物蜂王浆抗菌作用的初步研究

采用抑菌圈实验方法测定不同蜜粉源植物蜂王浆对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌作用。试验用蜂王浆分别是产浆型意蜂和产蜜型意蜂所产的油菜蜂王浆和荆条蜂王浆;受试菌株包括革兰氏阳性细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)和革兰氏阴性细菌(沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌)。研究结果显示:油菜蜂王浆对革兰氏阳性菌有明显的抗菌作用,且产浆型意蜂所产的油菜蜂王浆对受试细菌的抑菌效果优于产蜜型意蜂品系所产油菜蜂王浆,两种意大利蜂所产的油菜蜂王浆对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用优于枯草芽孢杆菌;油菜蜂王浆对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌作用也较强,两种蜂王浆对沙门氏菌的抑菌效果优于大肠杆菌;产浆型意蜂所产的荆条蜂王浆对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果均高于产蜜型意蜂所产的荆条蜂王浆,然而,二者的抑菌效果弱于油菜蜂王浆。研究表明,不同蜜粉源植物的蜂王浆抗菌效果不同,油菜蜂王浆对受试革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌效果均比荆条蜂王浆强,产浆型意蜂所产的蜂王浆对受试菌的抗菌效果优于产蜜型意蜂所产的蜂王浆。     

Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen (CA 15‐3) in bitches with tumours on mammary gland: preliminary report

The aim of this work was to determine levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen (CA 15‐3) in the blood serum of 45 bitches. A modified procedure was used to determine the CEA and CA 15‐3 markers with the human kits using the radioimmunoassay method. Samples collected from extirpated tumour of mammary glands were histologically processed and classified as per WHO guidelines. The average age of animals with tumour was 10.00 ± 2.2 years; for healthy bitches average age was 4.2 ± 3.2 years. Values of CEA and CA 15‐3 were considered positive, if they exceeded 0.23 ng mL^?1 and 7 IU mL^?1, respectively. Average levels of CEA in the tumour group were 0.25 ± 0.06 versus 0.20 ± 0.03 in healthy bitches (P = 0.0001). The average CA 15‐3 value in bitches with tumour was 8.58 ± 1.27 versus 5.14 ± 1.34 in healthy animals (P < 0.0001).     

Consumption of bee pollen affects rat ovarian functions

The aim of this study was to examine possible effects of bee pollen added to the feed mixture (FM) on rat ovarian functions (secretion activity and apoptosis). We evaluated the bee pollen effect on the release of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and steroid hormones (progesterone and estradiol), as well as on the expression of markers of apoptosis (Bcl‐2, Bax and caspase‐3) in rat ovarian fragments. Female rats (n = 15) were fed during 90 days by FM without or with rape seed bee pollen in dose either 3 kg/1000 kg FM or 5 kg/1000 kg FM. Fragments of ovaries isolated from rats of each group (totally 72 pieces) were incubated for 24 h. Hormonal secretion into the culture medium was detected by RIA. The markers of apoptosis were evaluated by Western blotting. It was observed that IGF‐I release by rat ovarian fragments was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased; on the other hand, progesterone and estradiol secretion was increased after bee pollen treatment at dose 5 kg/1000 kg FM but not at 3 kg/1000 FM. Accumulation of Bcl‐2 was increased by bee pollen added at 3 kg/1000 kg FM, but not at higher dose. Accumulation of Bax was increased in ovaries of rats fed by bee pollen at doses either 3 or 5 kg/1000 kg FM, whilst accumulation of caspase‐3 increased after feeding with bee pollen at dose 5 kg/1000 kg FM, but not at 3 kg/1000 kg FM. Our results contribute to new insights regarding the effect of bee pollen on both secretion activity (release of growth factor IGF‐I and steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol) and apoptosis (anti‐ and pro‐apoptotic markers Bcl‐2, Bax and caspase‐3). Bee pollen is shown to be a potent regulator of rat ovarian functions.     

Quantification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in canine mammary tumours by ELISA assay: clinical and prognostic implications

The involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is well established in human breast cancer, however, in canine mammary tumours (CMT), including inflammatory mammary carcinomas (IMC), still needs to be clarified. Enzyme immune assay techniques were used for EGFR determinations in tumour tissue from 45 bitches with CMT and in normal mammary glands from eight control dogs. Higher tissue EGFR levels were found in CMT compared with controls (P < 0.05). In malignant CMT, tissue EGFR elevated concentrations were statistically significantly associated with tumour relapse and/or distant metastasis during follow‐up and with reduced disease‐free and overall survival times. The IMC cases had the highest tissue EGFR levels compared with other malignant non‐IMC tumours (P < 0.001). The results support the hypothesis that EGFR levels influence prognosis in malignant CMT, suggesting that EGFR may represent a therapeutic target in cases of high histological aggressiveness and especially in cases of metastatic phenotype and poor prognosis.     

Prognostic value of somatic focal amplifications on chromosome 30 in canine oral melanoma

Canine oral melanoma is the first malignancy of the oral cavity in dogs and is characterized by a local invasiveness and a high metastatic propensity. A better knowledge of genetic alterations is expected to improve management of this tumour. Copy number alterations are known characteristics of mucosal melanomas both in dogs and humans. The goal of this study was to explore the prognostic value of somatic focal amplifications on chromosomes (Canis Familiaris [CFA]) 10 and 30 in canine oral melanoma. The cohort included 73 dogs with oral melanoma confirmed by histology, removed surgically without adjuvant therapy and with a minimal follow‐up of 6 months. Epidemiological, clinical and histological data were collected and quantitative‐PCR were performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples to identify specific focal amplifications. The 73 dogs included in the study had a median survival time of 220 days. Focal amplifications on CFA 10 and 30 were recurrent (49.3% and 50.7% of cases, respectively) and CFA 30 amplification was significantly associated with the amelanotic phenotype (P = .046) and high mitotic index (MI; P = .0039). CFA 30 amplification was also linked to poor prognosis (P = .0005). Other negative prognostic factors included gingiva location (P = .003), lymphadenomegaly (P = .026), tumour ulceration at diagnosis (P = .003), MI superior to 6 mitoses over 10 fields (P = .001) and amelanotic tumour (P = .029). In multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression, CFA 30 amplification (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.08; P = .011), tumour location (HR = 2.20; P = .005) and histological pigmentation (HR = 1.87; P = .036) were significantly associated with shorter survival time. Focal amplification of CFA 30 is linked to an aggressive subset and constitutes a new prognostic factor.     

Development of a two-antibody model for the evaluation of copper-64 radioimmunotherapy

Copper‐64 emits β⁺ and β^– particles suitable for positron emission tomography and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of cancer. Copper‐64‐labelled antibodies have caused complete responses in laboratory animal RIT studies at far lower radiation doses than traditionally prescribed. The intracellular localization of copper radioisotopes may lead to cytotoxic effects by mechanisms beyond ionizing radiation damage. The purpose of this research was to develop a model using both internalizing and non‐internalizing antibodies for direct comparison in future RIT studies using the same animal model of cancer. The monoclonal antibodies, cBR96 and cT84.66, were conjugated with N‐hydroxysulfosuccinimidyl DOTA. All conjugates retained high immunoreactivity and labelled efficiently with ⁶⁴Cu with high specific activity and radiochemical purity. Twenty‐four hour biodistributions determined in LS174T tumour‐bearing nude mice demonstrated low organ and high tumour uptakes for both monoclonal antibodies. This model constitutes a promising system for elucidating whether internalization of ⁶⁴Cu is responsible for an enhanced tumour cytotoxicity in vivo.     

High COX‐2 expression is associated with increased angiogenesis,proliferation and tumoural inflammatory infiltrate in canine malignant mammary tumours: a multivariate survival study

COX‐2 expression affects mammary tumourigenesis by promoting angiogenesis and cell proliferation, encouraging metastatic spread and tumour‐associated inflammation. Samples of canine mammary tumours (n = 109) were submitted to immunohistochemistry to detect COX‐2, CD31, VEGF, Ki‐67, CD3 and MAC387 expression. Concurrent high expression of COX‐2/CD31, COX‐2/VEGF, COX‐2/Ki‐67, COX‐2/CD3 and COX‐2/MAC was associated with elevated grade of malignancy, presence of intravascular emboli and presence of lymph node metastasis. Tumours with high COX‐2 (P < 0.001) and tumours with concurrent expression of high COX‐2 and high CD31 (P = 0.008); high VEGF (P < 0.001); high Ki‐67 (P < 0.001); high CD3+ T‐lymphocytes (P = 0.002) and elevated MAC387 macrophages (P = 0.024) were associated with shorter overall survival (OS) time. Interestingly the groups with high COX‐2/CD31 and high COX‐2/VEGF retained their significance after multivariate analysis arising as independent predictors of OS. Present data highlight the importance of COX‐2 in canine mammary tumourigenesis.