不同澄清剂对椪柑酒澄清效果研究

利用壳聚糖、明胶、蛋清液、琼脂及壳聚糖-明胶复合澄清剂对椪柑发酵原酒进行澄清处理,测定椪柑酒的吸光度、透光率,并观察沉淀和椪柑酒颜色的变化情况。结果表明,5种澄清剂的澄清效果优劣顺序依次为壳聚糖琼脂壳聚糖-明胶复合澄清剂明胶蛋清液,最佳澄清方式为椪柑酒中添加4%的壳聚糖溶液(1%),透光率达到96%,形成沉淀较为紧实,所得椪柑酒澄清透亮,酒体为金黄色。     

正交试验优化慈姑甘蔗汁澄清工艺

为探究慈姑甘蔗汁的澄清工艺,以透光率为指标,选取瓜尔豆胶、明胶、羧甲基纤维素钠及壳聚糖,通过单因素试验结合正交试验,研究澄清剂对慈姑甘蔗汁澄清度的影响。结果表明,慈姑甘蔗复合饮料澄清的最佳工艺条件为瓜尔豆胶添加量0.04%,明胶添加量0.20%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.25%,壳聚糖添加量0.03%,具有较好的澄清效果。     

苹果梨果汁澄清工艺研究

以透光率为考察指标,采用超声波协同壳聚糖、活性炭澄清处理苹果梨果汁,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选苹果梨果汁最佳澄清工艺。结果表明,苹果梨果汁澄清最佳工艺为:壳聚糖添加量0.3%,活性炭添加量4%,超声功率600 W,处理温度35℃,超声时间40 min,在此条件下,苹果梨果汁澄清效果最佳,透光率可达93%。     

山楂利口酒最佳澄清工艺研究

山楂利口酒是一种新型的山楂酒精饮料,为提高山楂利口酒澄清度及稳定性,采用3种澄清剂(壳聚糖、皂土、明胶)对山楂利口酒进行下胶稳定试验。先选取时间梯度12,24,36,48,60 h,质量浓度梯度为0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8 g/L。以透光率、吸光值、总酚、黄酮的量来进行衡量比较,选出最佳的山楂利口酒澄清剂。结果表明,壳聚糖为最佳澄清剂,最佳澄清时间48 h,质量浓度0.5 g/L,此时透光率达到最大,为95.5%,吸光度0.02。澄清后的山楂利口酒澄清透明、酒体丰满,有浓郁的山楂气味。     

响应面法优化改性凹凸棒石澄清黄酒工艺的研究

通过单因素试验研究经硫酸改性的凹凸棒石添加量、澄清温度、澄清时间对黄酒澄清度和蛋白质含量的影响,采用响应面法优化改性凹凸棒石对黄酒的澄清工艺。结果表明,添加改性凹凸棒石可以降低黄酒中蛋白质的含量,提高黄酒的澄清度,凹凸棒石添加量、澄清温度、澄清时间是影响黄酒澄清度和蛋白质含量的主要因素;通过响应面法确定黄酒的最佳澄清工艺条件为:改性凹凸棒石添加量5.0 g/L、澄清时间11 h、温度30℃,黄酒的澄清度为94.15%;采用该法澄清的黄酒稳定性好于壳聚糖和皂土澄清法。凹凸棒石价格低廉,可作为一种安全的新型天然吸附剂。     

柠檬酒的澄清研究

采用常用的6种澄清剂对柠檬原酒进行了澄清试验。测定澄清处理后柠檬酒的透光度,并对其进行感官评价。结果表明,皂土是最佳的澄清剂,当用量为0.15%,静止澄清8h后,柠檬酒的透光率可达96.7%,而且对柠檬酒的理化指标和感官品质影响较小。     

黄桃酒澄清工艺研究

以黄桃果实为原料，破碎榨汁后发酵成黄桃酒，通过不同果胶酶、复合澄清剂澄清处理以及黄桃酒与杏酒、鸭梨酒两种果酒的不同比例混合后再用澄清剂处理的方式，探讨不同处理方式对酒体澄清及稳定性的影响。结果表明，经800 mg/L诺奥果胶酶处理后混合30%鸭梨酒，再用400 mg/L PVPP和800 mg/L皂土进行澄清处理，能使黄桃酒快速澄清且酒体稳定性好。     

蜂蜜菊芋酒发酵工艺的研究

以菊芋为主要原料,蜂蜜补充糖源,对蜂蜜菊芋酒发酵条件进行研究。结果表明,三种不同加糖方式中,采用初始糖度20%(还原糖含量184.2 g·L~(-1)),糖度降为10%(还原糖含量92.90 g·L~(-1))后蜂蜜补糖至15%(还原糖含量146.3 g·L~(-1))的加糖方式进行酒精发酵,可明显提高酒体酒精度,降低残糖量;主发酵结束后酒精度为14.4%(V/V),还原糖含量降至8.00 g·L~(-1)。筛选出蜂蜜菊芋酒的发酵条件为:酵母菌接种量0.8 g·L~(-1),发酵温度26℃,初始p H 4,装液量70%,在此发酵条件下,酒体酒精度为14.0%(V/V),还原糖含量10.4 g·L~(-1),总酸含量6.90 g·L~(-1),按此工艺得到蜂蜜菊芋酒色泽金黄,香气浓郁,口感柔和。     

不同澄清剂对黄酒澄清效果及产品品质影响的研究

分别采用壳聚糖、明胶、皂土、果胶、硅藻土和单宁对黄酒进行澄清,并对澄清前后的黄酒从透光率、色度、滋味、总氮及隆丁区分指数、稳定性及理化性质进行研究。结果表明,6种澄清剂处理均提高了黄酒的透光度,其中以皂土和果胶效果最好;用电子舌对澄清后的黄酒进行滋味评价,结果显示单宁澄清处理影响了黄酒的滋味;总氮及隆丁区分指数测定结果发现,皂土和硅藻土主要吸附黄酒B区和C区的蛋白质,这种吸附效果不仅不会提高黄酒的非生物稳定性,反而会影响黄酒的风味;热处理、乙醇-浊度试验和强制老化试验分析发现,以皂土和果胶澄清处理后黄酒的稳定性最好;澄清前后的黄酒理化性质除非糖固形物外其他指标无显著变化。综合比较壳聚糖、明胶、皂土、果胶、硅藻土和单宁的澄清效果和品质评价,以果胶澄清处理黄酒效果最佳。     

不同澄清剂对黄酒澄清效果及产品品质影响的研究

分别采用壳聚糖、明胶、皂土、果胶、硅藻土和单宁对黄酒进行澄清,并对澄清前后的黄酒从透光率、色度、滋味、总氮及隆丁区分指数、稳定性及理化性质进行研究。结果表明,6种澄清剂处理均提高了黄酒的透光度,其中以皂土和果胶效果最好;用电子舌对澄清后的黄酒进行滋味评价,结果显示单宁澄清处理影响了黄酒的滋味;总氮及隆丁区分指数测定结果发现,皂土和硅藻土主要吸附黄酒B区和C区的蛋白质,这种吸附效果不仅不会提高黄酒的非生物稳定性,反而会影响黄酒的风味;热处理、乙醇-浊度试验和强制老化试验分析发现,以皂土和果胶澄清处理后黄酒的稳定性最好;澄清前后的黄酒理化性质除非糖固形物外其他指标无显著变化。综合比较壳聚糖、明胶、皂土、果胶、硅藻土和单宁的澄清效果和品质评价,以果胶澄清处理黄酒效果最佳。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...