禽传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因毕赤酵母表达载体的构建

本试验根据已公布的IBV株S1基因序列及pPIC9K表达载体序列，去掉由18个氨基酸构成的信号肽后，设计一对IBV S1基因表达片段的PCR引物，利用RT—PCR扩增得到了IBV四川分离株的S1基因片段，将该片段克隆到PMD18-T载体上，通过对所得到的重组质粒进行酶切分析、菌落PCR鉴定，证明得到了含有目的基因片段的阳性重组质粒，测序分析片段长为1566bp，已经成功切除了由18个氨基酸构成的信号肽序列。将该基因亚克隆到毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K的SnaBⅠ和NotⅠ酶切位点，并通过菌落PCR、双酶切鉴定了该重组质粒的正确性，IBV S1基因毕赤酵母表达载体的构建为进一步利用毕赤酵母表达IBV S1蛋白提供了基础材料，并对表达产物的免疫原性和禽传染性支气管炎基因亚单位疫苗及特异性诊断抗原的研究打下了基础。     

禽传染性支气管炎病毒M基因在毕赤酵母中表达与蛋白反应活性检测

将禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)M基因克隆到毕赤巴斯德表达载体pPIC9K中,构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-M,电击转化毕赤巴斯德酵母GS115,经MD和MM平板筛选和PCR鉴定后,采用G418抗性梯度筛选得到高拷贝重组菌株GS115/pPIC9K-M His~+Mut~+,重组菌株用1%的甲醇诱导分泌表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE、Western-blot分析.结果表明,IBV M基因在毕赤酵母中成功获得了表达,表达蛋白的相对分子质量约为33 000,能与IBV阳性血清特异性结合.将表达蛋白初步纯化后作为包被抗原,ELISA检测结果显示表达蛋白与特异性抗体反应良好,表明表达的M蛋白生物学活性良好.本研究表达的IBV M蛋白可作为制备IB诊断抗原的基础材料,对IB的防治有重要理论和实用价值.     

牛朊蛋白27-30基因的克隆与表达

利用PCR技术，从含有牛朊蛋白（Prion protein，PrP）基因Prnp的开放阅读框的克隆质粒BoPrnp—T中扩增出约420bp的目的基因（PrP猢基因）。将PrP^27-30基因和载体pPIC9K分别用限制性核酸内切酶EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ进行双酶切，T4DNA连接酶作用后，转化至E．coli JM109中，构建重组表达载体pPIC9K-boPrP^27-30。pPIC9K-boPrP^27-30经限制性核酸内切酶SalⅠ线性化后电转至毕赤酵母GS115中，经G418筛选后得到高拷贝的重组菌株GS115／pPIC9K-boPrP^27-30。GS115／pPIC9K-boPrP^27-30经1．0％甲醇诱导后，表达产物用SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析，结果表明牛PrP^27-30基因在毕赤酵母细胞中获得表达，表达产物的分子量约为27Ku，能够被单克隆抗体SAF-70识别。     

鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因在毕赤酵母GS115中的表达

为了利用酵母表达技术制备鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白,试验采用基因工程技术,将编码鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因亚克隆至含有分泌信号肽序列的毕赤酵母表达载体中,构建成分泌型重组表达载体pPIC9K-Mx;用电转化法将线性化的pPIC9K-Mx转化至毕赤酵母菌株GS115中,G418梯度筛选转化菌;再经MM与MD平板对比生长试验筛选,PCR鉴定目的片段,筛选出高拷贝重组子,该高拷贝菌株分别经0.5%、1%甲醇诱导,表达产物再经SDS-PAGE检测。结果表明:成功构建了鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因的毕赤酵母表达载体,经G418抗性筛选得到高拷贝菌株;在甲醇含量维持在1%时,鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白在毕赤酵母GS115中获得良好表达,表达产物大小约为75ku;表达蛋白约占表达上清液的39.2%。     

猪带绦虫未知基因SLC10在毕赤酵母中的表达

SLC10是以反式剪切引导序列为基础,通过RT-PCR从猪囊尾蚴中克隆到的一个未知基因。将猪囊尾蚴SLC10基因从重组克隆载体pGEM-SLC10扩增并酶切后,与相应酶切处理的毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPIC9K相连接,构建重组表达载体pPIC9K-SLC10,转化大肠杆菌JM109,经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定,基因序列完全正确。纯化的重组质粒pPIC9K—SLC10用内切酶Sac I线性化,电转化毕赤酵母,使重组表达载体与酵母染色体发生同源整合;采用G418抗性梯度法筛选多拷贝重组菌株,用甲醇进行诱导表达;通过SDS-PAGE和Western—blot分析表达产物,结果表明目的蛋白得到了表达,但不具有免疫反应性。     

山羊痘病毒P32基因真核表达载体的构建及表达

从重组克隆栽体pMD18-P32中扩增出山羊痘病毒P32基因,与毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPICgK相连接,构建重组表达载体pPIC9K-P32.重组质粒pPIC9K-P32用SaIⅠ线性化后,与毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115混合后电转化,使重组表达载体与酵母染色体发生同源重组.采用G418抗性梯度筛选法得到高拷贝重组菌株,甲醇诱导目的基因表达.SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析结果表明,用酵母成功表达出了31 000的重组蛋白,该蛋白具有生物学活性,能被山羊痘阳性血清识别.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF7基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中表达

用RT-PCR扩增猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重庆分离株C14-2的ORF7基因(384 bp),构建克隆质粒pMD19-T-ORF7,经EcoR Ⅰ /Not Ⅰ双酶切回收ORF7基因插入酵母表达载体pPIC9K,构建了重组表达质粒pPIC9K-ORF7,进行PCR鉴定和双酶切鉴定.鉴定的pPIC9K-ORF7经Sac Ⅰ线性化后电转化毕赤酵母宿主菌GS115,筛选获得阳性重组菌GS115(pPIC9K-ORF7),再经G-418/YPD筛选获得高拷贝重组菌,重组子经表型鉴定为Mut.重组菌GS115(pPIC9K-ORF7)经甲醇诱导表达,在96 h表达的N蛋白量最大,N蛋白经SDS-PAGE鉴定大小约为15 000;Western blot表明N蛋白能与美洲型PRRSV阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的反应活性.本研究为开展PRRSV ORF7基因在毕赤酵母中表达及应用奠定基础.     

巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因的克隆与真核表达

为了克隆巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因并表达该蛋白,本试验从巴什拜羊肺脏组织中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR方法扩增出SPLUNC1基因开放阅读框序列,将该基因片段插入到真核表达质粒pPIC9K中构建pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒,然后将pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒线性化并电击转化入毕赤酵母GS115中,经甲醇诱导蛋白表达后用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析鉴定目的蛋白。结果表明,经RT-PCR扩增成功获得大小为748 bp的SPLUNC1基因;构建的pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒经PCR、酶切及测序鉴定与预期结果一致;SDS-PAGE及Western blotting检测鉴定结果表明获得大小为25.53 ku的SPLUNC1蛋白。本试验结果为进一步研究巴什拜羊SPLUNC1蛋白的生物学活性奠定基础。     

β-1,3-1,4葡聚糖酶基因双拷贝工程菌株的构建与发酵研究

本试验旨在研究β-1,3-1,4葡聚糖酶双拷贝基因毕赤酵母工程菌株的构建及发酵。首先,通过对质粒pGAP-glu-opt进行PCR扩增获得密码子优化的β-1,3-1,4葡聚糖酶基因glu-opt,用EcoR I和Not I双酶切后与毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,获得重组质粒p9K-glu-opt。该重组质粒经Sac I线性化后转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株,利用不含组氨酸的MDS平板和摇瓶培养,筛选重组菌株,命名为GS115/9K-glu-opt。制备GS115/9K-glu-opt感受态细胞,再用线性化的重组质粒pPIC-glu-opt二次转化,在含有抗生素Zeocin的YPDS平板上筛选glu-opt基因双拷贝重组菌株GS115/2xglu-opt。双拷贝重组菌在10 L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵培养及甲醇诱导表达,β-1,3-1,4葡聚糖酶最高酶活达到21 600 U/mL,约为单拷贝工程菌株X33/pPIC-glu-opt发酵活力的1.44倍;蛋白表达量达8.4 g/L,约为X33/pPIC-glu-opt的1.68倍。     

土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫磷酸丙糖异构酶基因的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

利用RT-PCR技术从土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（Orientobilharzia turkestanicum）成虫总RNA中扩增磷酸丙糖异构酶基因（TPI），鉴定后将目的片段与毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9k连接，构建重组表达质粒pPIC9k-TPI，并将其电击转化到毕赤酵母GS115中，重组菌株经甲醇诱导后表达的TPI蛋白，经SDS-PAGE、Western-blotting检测，并利用葡聚糖凝胶层析柱纯化。结果显示，成功地克隆了土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫TPI；重组毕赤酵母表达了分子质量为43ku的TPI蛋白；葡聚糖凝胶层析过滤得到单一的TPI蛋白。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.