田家沟坝系工程防汛管理的探索与实践

田家沟小流域坝系工程建成投入运行后,泾川县把工程管理放在重要位置来抓,加大宣传力度,提高群众认识,动员全社会齐抓共管,真正把坝系工程管理成保障民生的安全工程,收到了良好效果。在工程管理方面落实了四项措施,提高了工程防御洪水灾害能力和安全性能;健全了四种体系,使淤地坝工程管理有章可循,责任明确;形成了四种模式,凸显了淤地坝工程的开发和管护效益。     

关于淤地坝管护问题的探讨

随着淤地坝建设的大规模开展,加强管护在淤地坝的运行中显得越来越重要。山西省探索出了产权制度改革、“护坝田”制度等行之有效的办法,在一定程度上保障了坝系工程的安全运行和效益的持续发挥。针对淤地坝管护中存在的问题,提出了进一步推向市场、依法管护、深化产权制度改革等建议。     

淤地坝系试点示范建设浅见

通过回顾水土保持淤地坝建设的发展历程，阐述了做好淤地坝建设试点示范的重要意义，揭示了试点示范工作对淤地坝建设的推动作用。围绕淤地坝可研、设计、建设管理和运行管护4个阶段，分析了当前淤地坝试点工程建设应注意的问题，以及开展以支流为单位淤地坝系建设对淤地坝长远发展和水土保持治黄事业的优越性，指出了实施好支流坝系试点示范工程应抓住的关键环节，旨在为广大从事淤地坝建设的同仁们提供参考。     

关于山西淤地坝建设与管理的几点思考

山西省坚持高标准规划、高质量建设、高效率管护 ,精心打造优质坝系生态工程 ,使淤地坝工程建设呈现出强劲的发展势头 ,涌现了不少坝系建设典型。但要把淤地坝工程建设和管理提高到一个新水平 ,必须坚持人与自然和谐发展的思想 ,拓展工程的内涵和外延 ,进一步凝聚社会力量 ,坚持以民为本和效益优先的原则 ,按照规划设计和“三制一报”制度的要求 ,推广“护坝田”工程管护制度     

临汾市淤地坝建设成效与经验

2003年以来,临汾市抓住国家加大水土保持生态环境建设力度的机遇,使淤地坝建设这一亮点工程在全市出现了强劲的发展势头,新建淤地坝425座,其中骨干坝99座,中小型淤地坝326座,先后建成了一批特色坝系工程,加上原有的基础,全市淤地坝累计已达到10891座。其主要经验是：科学规划设计,提高工程质量;集中项目投资,部门协同作战;落实“护坝田”制度,加强工程管护。针对淤地坝工程的建设运行实际,提出了加强防洪保安和充分发挥增产增收效益的建议。     

刘宁副部长赴内蒙古考察黄土高原地区病险淤地坝除险加固工作

<正>2015年4月23日,刘宁副部长率水土保持司有关负责同志赴内蒙古考察黄土高原地区病险淤地坝除险加固工作。刘宁副部长一行实地察看了内蒙古准格尔旗速机沟小流域阴塔骨干坝和西黑岱川掌沟淤地坝,详细了解淤地坝建设管理和安全运行工作开展情况、淤地效益和病险状态,听取了省市县人民政府、水利部门和当地农民群众对淤地坝运行管理和除险加固工作的意见和建议。刘宁充分肯定了内蒙古淤地坝建设管理和安全运行工作取得的成绩。他说,内蒙古淤地坝建设在治理水土流失、改善农业生产条件、推动特色农业发展方面效益明显,工程运行管护机制健全,管护责任到位,得到群众认可。他强调,淤地坝运行管理要遵循客观规律,坚持"沟坡兼     

抓好关键环节 确保淤地坝安全运行

淤地坝建成后,为确保其安全运行,山西省在落实好项目法人制、工程监理制、招投标制等规章制度的基础上,狠抓关键环节、细化关键规程、落实关键措施,从淤地坝建设质量、日常运行管护、病险坝除险加固、落实管理责任主体等几个关键环节入手,确保淤地坝的长久安全运行。     

建立多元化管理机制提高坝系工程效益

隰县地处晋西黄土残塬的壑区，沟壑密度1．54km/km^2，建坝资源丰富，至2002年底，共建骨干坝13座，中小型淤地坝245座，已淤成坝地340hm^2，有5条流域已形成较为完整的坝系，为了管好用好坝系工程，使其充分发挥效益，采用了拍卖制，联村管护制，股份制等多种运行管理方式，收到了良好效果。     

淤地坝“护坝田”制度在临汾市的实践探索

对于已建成的淤地坝工程,如何实现"以坝养坝",是保证安全运行的重要环节。近十多年来,临汾市立足本地实际,从规范化建设、投资体制多元化、工程项目科学管理等方面入手,探索出了一套行之有效的"护坝田"制度,为淤地坝的管护提供了经验。介绍了基本做法与主要经验,提出了相关建议。     

黄土高原小流域淤地坝监测

[目的]为了探索小流域淤地坝监测的内容、指标、方法,分析淤地坝建设效益,更好地为淤地坝规划、建设、运行管理服务。[方法]2005—2010年,在黄土高原不同水土流失类型区选择了12条典型小流域坝系,布设监测点,采用遥感、水沙观测、调查等方法,连续开展淤地坝工程建设动态、拦沙蓄水、坝地利用及增产效益、坝系工程安全等监测。分析了淤地坝建设与坝系配置、坡面治理、拦沙蓄水、坝地利用等之间的关系。[结果]小流域淤地坝坝系在拦截泥沙、蓄洪滞洪、减蚀固沟、增地增收、促进农村生产条件和生态环境改善等方面发挥了显著的生态、社会和经济效益。[结论]建议在淤地坝建设中以小流域为单元,以骨干坝为主体,骨干坝、中型坝、小型淤地坝相结合,形成稳定的淤地坝坝系。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil Collembola and growth of spring wheat

The effects of biochar (maize biochar – MBC, wood biochar – WBC) and unfermented or fermented hydrochar (HTC) on the euedaphic Collembola Protaphorura fimata and on spring wheat were investigated in greenhouse experiments. The impact of char type, amount of fermented HTC, and MBC-Collembola interactions were assessed. Generally, shoot and root biomass as well as abundance of P. fimata were not affected by the different chars. However, with increasing amounts of fermented HTC the abundance of P. fimata declined, whereas shoot biomass of wheat increased. Moreover, MBC altered root morphology and resulted in thicker roots with higher volume. The latter was not apparent when Collembola were present.     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.     

水土流失动态监测与评价研究现状与问题

美国等国家已将遥感、ＧＩＳ技术广泛应用于水土流失动态监测与预报,并开发出基于物理过程的土壤侵蚀预报模型。中国在水土流失地面观测、遥感监测方面已取得许多成果,但在区域土壤侵蚀评价、预报模型开发方面,缺少系列化观测与统计数据,已有的坡面土壤侵蚀模型等在通用性、适用性方面还存在不少问题。当前急需解决的问题是建立水土流失监测与评价指标体系,开发评价模型系统,建立国家水土保持信息系统