黑龙江省大豆品种球蛋白含量比较及其豆腐产品的研究初报

从省内各地区收集53个栽培大豆品种,按Appu Rao和Narasinga Rao的方法,分离鉴定各品种种子蛋白中球蛋白的数量。结果表明,黑龙江省栽培大豆品种种子球蛋白含量占种子蛋白质含量的34.54—80.77％,含量的变幅较大,表明品种间有明显的差异。其中球蛋白含量在60％以上的有11个品种,占品种总数的20.75％,含量在50％以上的品种有22个,占41.51％,还有20个品种其含量低于50％,占品种总数的32.1％。 大豆种子蛋白中的球蛋白占绝大部份。各品种球蛋白含量明显影响豆腐产品的数量。品种的球蛋白与豆腐湿重呈显著正相关,回归分析表明,豆腐湿重对球蛋白存在着线性关系。豆腐干重与球蛋白组分7S/11S值达显著水平,回归分析表明,豆腐干重对7S/11S的回归分析存在着线性关系。     

大豆种子贮存蛋白组成及其相关分析

1988年选用14个,1989年选用15个蛋白质含量差异较大的主要为江淮地区的大豆品种,进行随机区组试验。大豆种子中球蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶谷蛋白以及谷蛋白的品种间平均分别为28.56％、7.50％、1.81％和5.71％,品种间变幅分别为6.08％、10.25％、1.03％和6.51％。清蛋白含量与全蛋白含量。谷蛋白含量与全蛋白含量之间显著正相关,清蛋白含量对种子全蛋白含量品种间差异的相对贡献最大,而球蛋白含量对品种间全蛋白含量差异的相对贡献最小。球蛋白含量与株高、分枝数和单株粒重存在显著的正相关;但株高和清蛋白含量、单株荚数及单株粒数和谷蛋白含量有显著负相关。     

黄淮海南部地区大豆成熟至收获期气象条件对种子发芽率的影响

发芽率低一直是黄淮海南部地区大豆种子生产中的突出问题。本研究分别于2017年和2018年,收集黄淮海南组国家大豆品种区域试验9个试验点、31个(次)参试品种的种子,进行室内发芽率测试,并收集相关地点大豆成熟至收获期的气象资料,分析气象因子与大豆发芽率的关系。结果表明,不同地点大豆种子发芽率差异极显著,品种间也有显著差异。大豆种子发芽率与成熟至收获期的降雨量、降雨天数呈极显著负相关,与日平均温度呈显著负相关,与日照时数呈极显著正相关。本研究的结果对黄淮地区大豆种子生产具有一定指导意义。     

包衣对大豆生长发育和产量的影响

通过用三种包衣剂对大豆种子包衣的研究,结果表明：大豆种子包衣后,种子的发芽势、发芽率、活力指数均优于不包衣种子,但包衣与不包衣种子的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数差异均未达显著水平。三种包衣剂都能协调大豆的营养生长和生殖生长的关系,增加百粒重,提高产量,其中2号包衣刺产量增加15．51％,差异达极显著水平,1号包衣刺产量增加1.31％,差异不显著,3号包衣剂增产4、49％,差异不显著。     

地理环境对大豆种子异黄酮积累的影响趋势

以７个异黄酮含量显著不同的大豆品种或品系分别在７个地区种植，利用ＨＰＬＣ技术分析所收种子中的异黄酮含量。以期获得种子中的异黄酮积累与地理环境之间的相互关系。结果显示，在７个地区中各品种异黄酮平均含量显著不同，山西最高（２４９２．３μｇ／ｇ＿，湖北最低（７６３．４μｇ／ｇ）。同一品种在不同地区其变异系数也不同，吉林３号变异系数最高（４９．４％）；张 家口黑豆最低（３３．５％）。７个大豆品种异黄酮含量     

大豆连作减产主要障碍因素的研究 Ⅰ.连作大豆根系腐解物的障碍效应

通过恒温腐解大豆根系所得到的腐解液处理大豆种子表明,腐解１个月的大豆根系腐解液可抑制大豆种子萌发生长,抑制率为１８％－２２％,经４个或６个月腐解的大豆根系腐解液对大豆种子萌发的影响差异不显著,大豆根系表面水浸液对大豆种子萌发不产生显著影响。通过大豆根拌土盆栽试验表明：大豆根系对下茬大豆生长有显著影响,正茬土拌大豆根系较不拌大豆根系的处理减产６％－２４％,并且随着加入根系量的增多,减产幅度增加,大豆根系拌土腐解一年后再种植大豆,对产量和生育期各阶段生物量不产生影响。根系腐解液和大豆根系拌土盆栽试验证明了生产上大豆根对下茬大豆从种子萌发开始,就发生抑制,随时间的延长,抑制作用减弱,生产上约经两年左右,抑制作用彻底消失,由此表明了大豆根系腐解中间产物是大豆连作主要障碍之一。     

PEG对大豆(Glycine. max)种子萌发影响及幼苗生长抑制的研究 1.PEG对不同抗旱类型大豆种子萌发的影响

不同抗旱类型大豆(G. max),在种子吸胀和萌发时期对水分的要求不同,萌发吸水速率不同。研究抗旱类型大豆品种“呼80—1001”和敏感型大豆品种“绥农四号”的吸水速率,结果表明:抗旱类型大豆品种在种子吸水后30分钟内吸水速度快;敏感型大豆品种在吸水后30分钟内较慢。这是种子的重要适旱特性,也是区别不同抗旱类型大豆种子的依据。 高渗溶剂聚乙二醇(PEG 600),在45％浓度下对吸水4—4.5小时的不同抗旱类型大豆品种的萌发率、胚根长、胚根重都有影响。抗旱类型大豆品种萌发率高,胚根生长速度快;敏感型大豆品种萌发率低,胚根生长慢。试验结果表明:PEG在45％浓度下可作为筛选不同抗旱类型大豆种子的适合浓度。     

黑龙江省主栽大豆品种脂肪、脂肪酸组份的测定及其相关性的分析

本文对１９８８～１９９４年间，黑龙江省７个地区，６０个县市主栽的２２个大豆品种的脂肪，脂肪酸组份进行了测定，并进行了相关性的分析。结果表明：黑龙江省主栽的大豆品种脂肪含量较高。９２个品种脂肪平均含量为２０．７３％。不同大豆品种亚麻酸含量变异系数大，表明黑龙江省大豆品种间亚麻酸含量存在着较大的差异。９２个大豆品种脂肪含量与亚麻酸含量呈负相关趋势，油酸与亚油酸，亚麻酸是极显著的负相关，亚油酸与亚麻酸是显著的正相关。     

包衣种子在重茬大豆田中的应用效果试验

由于大豆孢囊线虫病、根腐病、根潜蝇等三种病虫害的危害，造成土壤中养分缺乏和肥力下降，这是重茬大豆减产的主要原因。针对以上原因，我们连续三年在重茬大豆地块进行包衣大豆种子应用的试验、示范。结果包衣种子比不包衣种子保苗率提高9．6％，大豆孢囊线虫病指数少5．2％，相对防效较其它药剂处理提高10．2％；根潜蝇危害株率减少39．7％；地下害虫危害株率减少7．2％，平均增主10．5％，经方差分析，差异均达显著水平。     

大豆不同品种的酰脲和酰脲相对丰度比较

大豆幼茎段酰脲和酰脲相对丰度(URA)之间里显著正相关,品种间幼茎段酰脲与荚皮酰脲之间呈显著正相关。大豆品种间酰脲含量和酰脲相对丰度存在着明显差异,多数新品种或高产品种明显高于老品种。幼茎段酰脲相对丰度与种子蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,而幼茎段硝酸盐含量与种子蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。     

行距对大豆竞争有限资源的影响

不同行距引起大豆生长竞争.当某一因子的直接供应不能满足群体生长的需要而成为限制因子时,竞争便开始.本文主要从基因型、光、水、养分和杂草等5方面综述过去40年行距变化对大豆竞争资源的影响.研究表明,不同品种对行距变化的反映不同,其依赖于季节降雨和灌溉.有限结荚习性类型可获得较高产量,抗倒伏的大豆品种适于窄行种植.无限结荚习性大豆在一定的行距条件下也可获得最佳产量.与宽行大豆种植相比,窄行大豆栽培增加光截获(LI),其原因在于LAI、消光系数的增加及分枝类型品种的选择.水分利用效率和蒸发蒸腾作用不受行距影响,但在灌溉条件下产量增加.行距变化对养分吸收影响较大,随着行距的减小,植株产量和N、P、K的吸收均增加,且增加幅度受施肥水平制约.行距不影响N素的固定.行距不影响杂草密度、萌发高峰及持续时期,但在窄行栽培条件下可减少杂草的数量及干重,再配以适量的除草剂可获得良好的除草效果.不同行距条件下的大豆生理反应、养分和水分的吸收及转运,不同冠层的光能利用以及土壤环境的变化仍需进一步深入研究.     

不同水稻品种抑制杂草的差异性研究

 选择江苏主栽水稻品种5个,以及具有化感特性的PI312777和华抗草78为试验材料,通过田间小区试验对比各水稻品种与稗草、莎草科杂草和阔叶杂草的生态竞争关系。结果表明,扬稻6号和PI312777对杂草发生株数的抑制率达70%~80%,扬稻6号、徐稻4号和PI312777对杂草干质量抑制率超过80%,具有良好的抑制杂草萌发、生长和干物质积累的作用。 同时,供试水稻品种对稗草地下部的抑制效果显著优于对稗草地上部的抑制效果,对稗草整株干质量的抑制率与对稗草地上部干质量抑制率呈相同趋势。     

薯-豆套作模式下作物对种间竞争与补偿作用的响应

以马铃薯-大豆套作模式为研究对象,通过2年的大田试验,分析不同熟期大豆品种与马铃薯组合后系统内作物干物质和养分积累的特性与种间竞争补偿的相互关系,阐明间套作系统种间竞争力弱化和恢复补偿能力提高的作用机理,为实现间套作可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明:套作马铃薯干物质及养分积累无显著变化,而套作大豆变化显著。出苗60 d内套作大豆干物质积累量是同期单作的43.74%,出苗后80～100 d,晚熟品种干物质积累量相对于中熟和早熟提高的幅度分别为35.54%～59.22%和65.56%～70.81%,大豆收获时,晚熟品种干物质积累接近单作,两者间差异不显著。共生期,套作大豆N、P、K积累量较同期单作降低的幅度分别为31.43%～41.44%、21.17%～25.36%和23.23%～35.6%,晚熟品种与中熟、早熟品种间差异达到显著水平。共生期结束后,套作大豆养分吸收量较单作显著增加,收获时,晚熟品种N、P、K养分积累量接近单作,两者间差异不显著。综上,在该群体中,马铃薯是核心作物,共生期处于竞争优势(A_PS>0、CR_PS>0),而大豆处于竞争弱势(A_PS<0、CR_PS<0),选择晚熟大豆品种与马铃薯组合可弱化种间竞争力和营养竞争比率,还有利于马铃薯收获后恢复补偿能力的发挥。     

Critical competition period of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) in maize

For minimizing yield losses due to infestation of a weed, it is essential to know about its critical period of competition in a specific crop. The yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to different competition periods (0, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after crop emergence (DAE), and competition throughout growing season) of the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. was tested during autumn seasons of two consecutive years 2012 and 2013. Increasing parthenium competition period increased its dry weight up to 448% and relative competition index up to 52%. The corresponding increases in the uptake of N (up to 581%), P (up to 700%) and K (up to 669%) were also recorded. Parthenium weed competition period of 35 DAE decreased grain yield and harvest index of maize. However, number of grains and grain weight per cob, and 100-grain weight of maize were reduced at parthenium weed competition period beyond 42 and 56 DAE, respectively. Maize grain yield losses varied between 21 and 53% with parthenium competition period ranging from 35 DAE to full growing season. Maximum N, P, and K uptake by parthenium was 18.4, 2.4 and 17.7 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. A three parameter logistic model was fitted to yield data in response to increasing durations of weed infestation. The critical timing of parthenium weed removal to avoid 5% and 10% maize grain yield loss was 8 and 17, and 13 and 23 DAE during year 2012 and 2013, respectively. Relatively shorter critical period of parthenium weed competition in maize crop suggested this weed to be highly allelopathic in addition to its competitive behavior.     

Reduction in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) occurrence in Iowa cropland from 1999 to 2009

The role of common milkweed in the lifecycle of the monarch butterfly has increased interest in the presence of this weed in the north central United States. An initial survey conducted in 1999 found that low densities of common milkweed occurred in approximately 50% of Iowa corn and soybean fields. In 2009, common milkweed was present in only 8% of surveyed fields, and the area within infested fields occupied by common milkweed was reduced by approximately 90% compared to 1999. The widespread adoption of glyphosate resistant corn and soybean cultivars and the reliance on post-emergence applications of glyphosate for weed control in crop fields likely has contributed to the decline in common milkweed in agricultural fields.     

国家大豆试验品种（系）生育期组归属研究

为明确国家大豆试验参试品种的生育期组类型，2019-2020年以分属MGⅠ~MGⅦ的24份北美大豆生育期组标准品种为参照，分别将当年长江流域夏大豆晚熟组、鲜食大豆夏播组的区域试验和联合鉴定试验中的品种（系）在南充进行夏播种植。以北美标准品种的生育日数和相对生育期组值（RMG）建立线性回归方程，通过回归分析法对参试大豆品种（系）进行生育期组鉴定。结果表明：北美大豆生育期组标准品种从MGⅠ~MGⅦ组间生育日数呈不断递增趋势，但MGⅡ和MGⅢ之间、MGIV和MGV之间界限不明显。两年共鉴定47个品种（系），归属于MGII、MGⅢ、MGIV、MGV的品种（系）分别为4、4、11、5个，分别占总数的8.5%、8.5%、23.4%、10.6%；归属于MGⅥ~MGⅦ的品种共22个，占总数的46.8%。试验结果表明长江流域夏大豆晚熟组、鲜食大豆夏播组试验中的大多数品种生育期组为MGIV~MGⅦ。结果可为四川大豆品种选育和推广提供参考，为国内不同区域间大豆引种提供依据。     

美国东北菜用大豆品种(品系)的农艺表现

菜用大豆是一种特殊的大豆,它是在植株生育处于R6或R7时进行采摘,作为食用的大豆.尽管菜用大豆的研究在美国已进行了多年,但仍然只有少数菜用大豆品种可用于商业生产.试验在美国麻省大学作物研究和教育中心对12个菜用大豆品种(品系)的田间的生育表现及销售产量的潜力进行了评价.试验采用随机区组4次重复.研究表明:12个品种中,7个品种(品系)是绿色种皮.品种间始花期,最佳可食期及种子成熟收获期存在明显差异.从50%以上开花期到最佳可食期及种子成熟收获期变化范围为20～45 d.晚枝豆的销售产量最高为7 971kg·ha-1,早枝豆的销售产量最低为3 122 ks·ha-1.高的销售产量的获得主要是瘪荚率低,籽粒大及2粒荚的比率高.     

大豆品种(系)钾响应度的基因型差异

针对我国土壤钾素资源短缺,大豆种质资源丰富的特点,以东北三省72份大豆品种(系)为试材,采用田间试验的方法,设低钾和对照2个处理,通过3 a的试验,以产量、钾响应度为指标评价大豆对低钾胁迫的基因型差异.结果表明:不同大豆品种(系)的产量、钾响应度的差异十分明显,根据低钾条件下大豆的产量和钾响应度,将供试品种(系)划分为...     

Broadleaved weed control in wide-row soybean (Glycine max) using conventional and glyphosate herbicide programmes

A field study was conducted in 2001 and 2002 at Blackville, SC, to evaluate broadleaved weed control and economics of conventional and glyphosate-containing herbicide programmes in glyphosate-resistant soybean planted in 97-cm-wide rows. Treatments included chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone or chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied pre-emergence followed by post-emergence applications of lactofen or glyphosate 4 wk after soybean emergence (WAE). Other treatments were glyphosate applied 4 WAE, sequential applications of low dose glyphosate applied 2 and 4 WAE, and a non-treated control. Pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate, controlled Ipomoea lacunosa L. 8 WAE. I. hederacea var. integriuscula Gray control with pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate was 100% with similar control from chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone followed by lactofen, whereas control following the single glyphosate application was 84%. Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. control 9 WAE was 100% following single or sequential glyphosate applications, while control ranged from 76% to 96% with pre-emergence herbicides followed by lactofen. However, early season weed interference when a single application of glyphosate was delayed until 4 WAE reduced soybean yields an average of 389 kg/ha compared to pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate. Based on mean contrasts, pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate had greater gross profit margins than a single glyphosate application alone, but were similar to sequential glyphosate applications. Gross profit margins from pre-emergence herbicides followed by lactofen were not different from glyphosate alone.     

Relations of rice seeding rates to crop and weed growth in aerobic rice

Aerobic rice describes a management adaptation to reduced irrigation water supplies but, due to reduced intervals of flooding in this system, this requires revised weed management approaches to reduce costs and provide effective weed control. One approach is to make the crop more competitive and reduce the effects of weeds on the crop by using higher rice seeding rates. A study was conducted in the Philippines and India in 2008 and 2009 to assess the relations of seeding rates (15-125 kg ha⁻¹) of hybrid and inbred varieties to crop and weed growth in aerobic rice. Plant densities, tillers, and biomass of rice increased linearly with increased in seeding rates under both weedy and weed free environments. Weed biomass decreased linearly with increasing seeding rates from 15 to 125 kg ha⁻¹. Panicles and grain yields of rice in competition with weeds increased in a quadratic relation with increased seeding rates at both locations; however, the response was flat in the weed free plots. A quadratic model predicted that seeding rates of 48-80 kg ha⁻¹ for the inbred varieties and 47-67 kg ha⁻¹ for the hybrid varieties were needed to achieve maximum grain yield when grown in the absence of weeds, while rates of 95-125 kg seed ha⁻¹ for the inbred varieties and 83-92 kg seed ha⁻¹ for the hybrid varieties were needed to achieve maximum yields in competition with weeds. On the basis of these results, seeding rates greater than 80 kg ha⁻¹ are advisable where there are risks of severe weed competition. Such high seeding rates may be prohibitive when using expensive seed, and maximum yields are not the only consideration for developing recommendations for optimizing economic returns for farmers. Results of the present study do suggest however that increasing seeding rates of aerobic rice does suppress weed growth and reduce grain yield losses from weed competition. This information could be incorporated in integrated crop management packages to manage weeds more effectively.