蝉新型抗菌肽Cryptonin在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及活性鉴定

根据毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)密码子的偏嗜性,通过SOEing法合成改造后的Cryptonin基因片段。基因克隆到pPICZα-C质粒中,获得分泌型重组酵母表达载体pPICZα-C-Cryptonin。pPICZα-C-Cryptonin通过限制性内切酶SacⅠ酶切线性化后,经电穿孔法转入毕赤酵母细胞X-33内。PCR检测Cryptonin基因与毕赤酵母染色体稳定结合,Zeocin抗性筛选,得到高拷贝转化子。在AOX(醇氧化酶)启动子调控下,Cryptonin蛋白获得分泌表达,其相对分子质量约为2700。表达产物耐热性强,在100℃条件下10min内抗菌活性不变,煮沸30min以上仍具有活性。琼脂糖孔穴扩散法检测显示表达产物对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌都具有很好的抑菌活性。     

共表达MEL和Ec-cLYZ重组表达质粒的构建及其重组蛋白的抑菌效果评价

为了表达一种高效低毒的广谱抑菌蛋白，试验通过T2A连接肽连接蜂毒肽(MEL)与斜带石斑鱼c型溶菌酶(Ec-cLYZ)基因，并克隆至pPICZαA质粒上构建重组表达质粒；将鉴定正确的重组表达质粒用限制性内切酶SacⅠ线性化后电转化至毕赤酵母表达菌株GS115感受态细胞中，构建毕赤酵母表达菌株；利用0.5%甲醇诱导表达，收集上清液进行冻干浓缩并纯化，采用Western-blot法检测重组蛋白的表达情况，BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定重组蛋白浓度，试管二倍稀释法分别检测不同浓度重组蛋白对兔红细胞的溶血活性，牛津杯法评价重组蛋白的抑菌效果。结果表明：成功构建出重组表达质粒pPICZαA-Ec-cLYZ-MEL、pPICZαA-Ec-cLYZ和pPICZαA-MEL及毕赤酵母表达菌株GS115/pPICZαA-Ec-cLYZ-MEL、GS115/pPICZαA-Ec-cLYZ和GS115/pPICZαA-MEL;经甲醇诱导，GS115/pPICZαA-Ec-cLYZ-MEL表达出分子质量为16.5,3.4 ku的重组蛋白，GS115/pPICZαA-Ec-cLYZ表达出分子质量为16.5 ku的重...     

环状抗菌肽cyclopsychotride在毕赤酵母X -33中的表达及其活性鉴定

为提高重组外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的高效表达,试验采用毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)偏嗜性密码子改变抗菌肽cyclopsychotride的碱基序列,通过SOEing法合成后连接到pPICZα -C质粒上,从而获得分泌型重组酵母表达载体pPICZα -C- cyclopsychotride,再通过限制性内切酶B...     

O型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及免疫原性分析

利用毕赤酵母系统表达O型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因,并对表达的蛋白进行免疫原性鉴定。将VP1基因克隆入毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPICZα-C中,获得重组表达载体pPICZαC-VP1。将重组质粒pPICZαC-VP1线性化后,用电穿孔法转入酵母菌X-33,用Zeocin+YPDS平板筛选重组子,经甲醇诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表达产物,并用酵母表达的VP1蛋白免疫小鼠,然后通过ELISA检测抗体水平。结果表明,酵母所表达的VP1蛋白能诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答。     

重组猪干扰素α6在毕赤酵母中表达及其活性研究

为获得稳定表达重组猪α6干扰素的毕赤酵母。人工合成Po IFN-α6基因片段,连接至pPICZαA质粒,构建PoIFN-α6毕赤酵母表达质粒pPICZαA-PoIFNα6;经Sac I酶线性化后转化至毕赤酵母X33感受态细胞,筛选阳性克隆;优化毕赤酵母表达条件,并对表达产物进行了体外抗病毒活性测定。结果表明,成功构建了表达重组猪α6干扰素的毕赤酵母,以1%甲醇诱导72 h后,菌体上清SDS-PAGE可见20 kDa左右目的条带,Western blot检测为阳性;表达的重组猪干扰素α活性在PRRSV/Marc-145、VSV/MDBK、PRV/Vero、PEDV/Vero、PPV/PK-15、PCV2/PK-15和TGEV/PK-15系统中均具有良好的抗病毒活性。说明PoIFN-α6在细胞上清中表达成功,并且在不同宿主细胞中均有抗病毒活性。     

锯缘青蟹Scygonadin抗菌肽的毕赤酵母表达及其产物抑菌活性分析

Scygonadin抗菌肽是一类阴离子抗菌肽,从锯缘青蟹体内分离得到,对溶壁微球菌和嗜水气单胞菌具有较好的抑制作用。研究从锯缘青蟹c DNA文库中找出Scygonadin抗菌肽的成熟核苷酸序列和对应的氨基酸序列,并根据毕赤酵母的偏好密码子进行密码子优化,优化后的密码子经人工合成后连接到毕赤酵母表达载体p PCIZαA上,构建锯缘青蟹Scygonadin抗菌肽的真核表达载体,然后经电击转化至毕赤酵母X-33中。表达产物经镍柱纯化后进行SDS-PAGE电泳。结果表明,锯缘青蟹Scygonadin抗菌肽在毕赤酵母X-33中获得表达,且测序结果显示与最初设计的氨基酸序列一致;体外抑菌试验表明:纯化的重组多肽具有抑制溶壁微球菌及嗜水气单胞菌的作用,而且还可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌等多种革兰阳性菌,但其对革兰阴性菌的抑制作用相对较弱。     

猪IL-18在酵母中表达及活性检测

以pGEMT/pIL-18为模板,应用PCR法扩增出猪IL-18基因,用EcoR Ⅰ和Xba Ⅰ双酶切后,插入酵母表达载体pPICZαA中,经酶切、PCR扩增及序列测定,成功构建了酵母重组表达载体pPICZ/pIL-18,电击转化毕赤酵母X-33,应用Zeocin筛选获得高拷贝重组转化菌株,甲醇诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳分析重组pIL-18蛋白的表达,并用SephadexG200纯化表达的重组pIL-18蛋白.运用MTT法检测其生物学活性.试验结果表明,重组X-33酵母菌株能够表达分泌性pIL-18,诱导72 h表达量最高,其表达量占总蛋白表达量的38％.而且纯化的重组pIL-18蛋白具有明显促进淋巴细胞增殖的活性.     

抗菌肽LL-37在毕赤酵母SMD1168中的高效表达及活性鉴定

为获得高效表达的抗菌肽LL-37,根据人源抗菌肽LL-37的氨基酸序列,选择毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)密码子的偏嗜性,通过SOEing法改造合成LL-37基因片段,克隆到pGAPZαA质粒中,获得分泌型重组酵母表达载体pGAPZαA-LL-37。pGAPZαA-LL-37通过限制性内切酶AvrII酶切线性化后,经电穿孔法转入毕赤酵母细胞SMD1168。经Zeocin抗性筛选,得到高拷贝转化子,PCR检测表明LL-37基因与毕赤酵母染色体稳定结合。在GAP启动子调控下,LL-37蛋白获得分泌表达,其上清表达量约为237mg/L。表达产物耐热性强,在100℃条件下30min内仍保持一定的抗菌活性。表达产物对大肠杆菌DH5α、大肠杆菌D31和猪链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1.56μg/mL、3.12μg/mL和6.25μg/mL。     

抗菌肽Eumenitin序列修饰后的毕赤酵母重组表达载体构建

为了构建高效低毒的新型抗菌肽,将抗菌肽Eumenitin及其序列修饰后获得4条新型短肽的毕赤酵母真核表达载体,采用生物信息学方法对Eumenitin及其衍生肽的理化参数进行预测,基因序列经毕赤酵母密码子优化后,克隆至pMD19T-simple载体上,鉴定后连接至毕赤酵母表达载体pGAPZαA上,构建的重组表达质粒经Avr Ⅱ线性化后,电转化至毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞中,涂布于YPDSZ平板上,进行表型筛选和高拷子筛选,并对5条短肽的溶血率进行测定。结果显示:Eumenitin及其衍生肽均为较稳定的疏水性多肽,空间结构以α螺旋为主,且序列中不含有信号肽。经PCR、双酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定,成功构建了5条短肽的毕赤酵母重组表达载体,经设计改造后的抗菌肽溶血性均较低。本研究结果为后续进行重组蛋白的表达以及抑菌活性研究奠定了基础,以期获得抗菌活性强、溶血性低、高表达的新型抗菌肽。     

蝉抗菌肽基因密码子优化及其毕赤酵母表达载体构建

根据毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）密码子的偏嗜性,通过SOEing法合成改造后的抗菌肽Cryptonin基因片段。基因克隆到pGAPZα-A质粒中,获得分泌型重组酵母表达载体pGAPZα-A-Cryptonin。经酶切分析、PCR和测序鉴定证明载体构建成功。表达载体的正确构建为Cryptonin的高效表达和生物学活性研究奠定基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.