安徽省玉米小斑病菌对5种杀菌剂的敏感性

为明确安徽玉米小斑病菌对常用杀菌剂的敏感性现状,从安徽省的主要玉米产区分离到9个代表性玉米小斑病菌菌株,采用生长速率法测定其对常用5种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,玉米小斑病菌对百菌清、烯唑醇、腐霉利敏感性较高,其EC50分别为0.734 2~13.091 8、0.0106~4.2580μg/mL和0.1406~76.8063μg/mL,且不同菌株之间对同一种药剂的敏感性差异较大;甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵对玉米小斑病菌的抑制作用不明显。     

4种杀菌剂对瓜果腐霉病菌的室内毒力及田间防效测定

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了乙酸铜、噁霉灵、霜霉威、代森锰锌4种杀菌剂对瓜果腐霉病菌(Pythiumaphanidermatum)的毒力,各药剂的EC50值依次为:30.292 3、5.891 7、34.331 9、65.982 6μg/mL。可见噁霉灵30%水剂对瓜果腐霉病菌表现出较强的毒力。对4种杀菌剂还进行了田间黄瓜猝倒病的防治试验,其防效依次为83.65%、80.14%、80.91%、42.48%。根据室内毒力测定和田间药效试验结果,乙酸铜20%可湿性粉剂、噁霉灵30%水剂、霜霉威盐酸盐722克/升水剂对黄瓜猝倒病均具有较高的防效。     

发光杆菌NJ菌株的抑菌活性研究

测定了发光杆菌NJ菌株对16种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,结果表明该细菌具有较广的抑菌谱,其中对甘蓝黑斑病菌、玉米大斑病菌、番茄猝倒病菌、玉米小斑病菌等植物病原真菌具有较强抑制作用。对该菌的发酵条件研究表明,该菌在种龄为24 h、接种量在4%～6%条件下,在TSY培养液中72 h即可获得较高的抑菌活性。而装瓶量为10～50 mL/100 mL锥形瓶,转速为120～200 r/min对菌的活性影响不大。不同温度处理发酵液,其抑菌活性发生变化,其中经60℃处理10 min后,抑菌活性降低约50%,说明发酵液中的抑菌活性成分可能有多种。     

山核桃干腐病菌对7种杀菌剂的敏感性比较及其 对苯醚甲环唑敏感基线的建立

测定了甲基硫菌灵、百菌清、腐霉利、戊唑醇、啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑和醚菌酯对山核桃干腐病菌Botryosphaeria dothidea的离体抑菌活性。结果表明,上述7种杀菌剂抑制该病原菌菌丝生长的活性依次为苯醚甲环唑＞戊唑醇＞腐霉利＞甲基硫菌灵＞百菌清＞醚菌酯＞啶酰菌胺。进一步研究表明,苯醚甲环唑对采自安徽和浙江两省从未使用过甾醇脱甲基抑制剂类(DMIs)杀菌剂的150株山核桃干腐病菌菌丝生长的平均EC50值为0.43( ±0.11) μ g/mL,可作为其敏感基线用于以后的抗药性监测。     

辛菌胺对15种植物病原菌的离体抗菌活性研究

分别采用菌丝生长速率法和吸光度法测定了辛菌胺对10种植物病原真菌和5种植物病原细菌的离体抗菌活性,结果表明辛菌胺具有广谱的抗菌活性,其中在真菌方面对番茄叶霉病菌的活性最高,EC50N4．3180μg／mL,对其他几种真菌的活性相对较低,但EC∞均〈100μg／mL;辛菌胺对细菌均表现出较高的抑制活性,其中对棉花角斑病菌的活性最高,EC50为0．1749μg／mL,对另外4种细菌的EC50值也均〈5μg／mL。     

5种植物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病室内防效评价

采用菌落生长速率法、分生孢子玻片萌发法和离体枝条烫伤接种法测定了5种植物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病室内防治效果。结果表明,5种植物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病菌菌落生长和分生孢子萌发均具有显著的抑制作用,当0.3%丁子香酚SL、5%香芹酚AS、20%乙蒜素EC、0.5%小檗碱AS和1.3%苦参碱AS的有效成分浓度分别为3、50、100、50和14.44μg/mL时,其对苹果树腐烂病菌菌落生长的抑制率分别为98.63%、99.22%、99.22%、100%和79.29%,其EC 50分别为0.43、8.78、11.21、13.68和8.11μg/mL;对苹果树腐烂病菌分生孢子萌发的校正抑制率分别为97.92%、100%、95.83%、77.08%和96.88%,其EC 50分别为0.70、8.56、20.39、28.23和8.04μg/mL。离体枝条保护试验表明,20%乙蒜素EC有效成分浓度为100μg/mL时对离体枝条保护作用最佳。本研究通过筛选明确了5种植物源药剂中0.3%丁子香酚SL可作为抑制苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的最佳药剂,以及20%乙蒜素EC可作为离体枝条保护作用的最佳药剂。     

特异性抑制剂三环唑对玉米大斑病菌致病力的影响

为明确DHN黑色素合成抑制剂三环唑对玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica致病力的影响,通过含毒介质系统研究了三环唑作用下玉米大斑病菌的黑色素生物合成量、附着胞的细胞孔径、膨压和病菌的致病力。结果显示,当三环唑浓度≤5μg/mL时,玉米大斑病菌菌落生长量和产孢量变化不显著,但黑色素的生成量降至对照菌株的43%;三环唑处理的病菌附着胞细胞壁孔径增大至2.7～3.3 nm,膨压降至3.75 MPa,侵染率下降37.5%,同时病斑面积显著减小。表明三环唑通过抑制玉米大斑病菌DHN黑色素合成,降低了病菌附着胞的膨压,从而导致致病力下降。     

几种杀菌剂对玉米顶腐病菌的抑制作用

用平板菌落法测定了杀菌剂对玉米顶腐病菌菌丝生长、产孢、孢子萌发及芽管伸长的抑制作用。结果表明:浓度为1000μg/mL的60%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、47%腈菌·锰锌可湿性粉剂3种杀菌剂对菌丝生长抑制率为100%。1000μg/mL和500μg/mL供试各杀菌剂能抑制分生孢子萌发,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂抑制孢子萌发EC50分别为0.2719μg/mL和762.8854μg/mL。供试杀菌剂抑制芽管伸长的EC50差异显著,47%腈菌·锰锌可湿性粉剂EC50为0.1268μg/mL,70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂EC50为383.9653μg/mL。杀菌剂对分生孢子产生抑制作用显著,产孢量显著小于对照,60%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂能完全抑制孢子形成。     

福建省玉米小斑病菌对异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及其田间防效

为明确中国福建省玉米小斑病菌对二甲酰亚胺类和甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的敏感性及其田间防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法,分别测定了两类杀菌剂的代表药剂异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯对分离自该省7个玉米产区的73株玉米小斑病菌的毒力。结果表明,供试菌株对异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯均较为敏感,其EC50值范围分别为0.168~2.990和0.017~6.583 μg/mL,平均值分别为（1.003±0.533）和（1.437±1.490）μg/mL,其敏感性频率分布均为连续单峰曲线,符合正态分布,因此可将该平均EC50值（1.003±0.533）和（1.437±1.490）μg/mL分别作为福建省玉米小斑病菌对异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线。田间防效试验表明,采用有效剂量分别为750和150 g/hm2的50%异菌脲悬浮剂（SC）和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油（EC）,分别喷施2次,对玉米小斑病的防效均较好,分别为61.51%~70.69%和69.54%~78.98%,与喷施2次有效剂量为150 g/hm2的25%丙环唑EC的防效相当,且均高于喷施2次有效剂量分别为1 875和2 000 g/hm2的75%百菌清可湿性粉剂（WP）和80%代森锰锌WP的防效。研究结果可为田间玉米小斑病化学防治有效药剂的选择与合理使用提供科学依据,同时为玉米小斑病菌对这两种药剂的田间抗药性风险评估及抗性监测奠定基础。     

海南玉米小斑病菌室内药剂筛选及对戊唑醇、嘧菌酯的敏感性

为明确7种杀菌剂对玉米小斑病菌CM-4的抑菌效果和玉米小斑病菌对戊唑醇和嘧菌酯的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对菌株CM-4的抑菌效果,并根据初筛结果,对来自海南省8个市县的36株玉米小斑病菌进行戊唑醇和嘧菌酯的敏感性测定。结果显示:7种药剂中,430g/L戊唑醇SC和250g/L嘧菌酯SC的抑菌效果较好,70%甲基硫菌灵WP和50%多灵菌WP的抑菌效果较差。敏感性测定中,430g/L戊唑醇SC的EC50均值为7.389 2μg/mL,敏感性频率分布出现了2个明显的峰值,检验结果不符合正态分布,出现敏感性下降的菌株。250g/L嘧菌酯SC的敏感性频率分布呈现单一连续性曲线,检验结果符合正态分布,其EC50均值5.699 5μg/mL可作为玉米小斑病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线。敏感性基线的建立可为病原菌抗性研究和监测提供基础数据,同时指导田间用药。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.