马铃薯饲用资源固体发酵研究进展

随着我国马铃薯主粮化的战略性发展,饲用马铃薯块、马铃薯茎叶、马铃薯渣将大幅度增加。马铃薯饲用资源总体表现高水分、高纤维、低蛋白、β-胡萝卜素等功能性因子与龙葵素等有毒物质共存的特点。为了降低龙葵素的毒性,熟制、烘干、青贮或发酵后饲用是马铃薯饲用资源的主要处理方式。薯渣、茎叶、秸秆、辅料不同组合进行青贮、混贮、裹包青贮、发酵,可有效改善物料的营养价值和饲用价值,且操作简便,适于规模化推广。马铃薯饲用资源固体发酵饲料可在猪、家禽、肉兔、肉羊和牛的饲养中替代部分能量饲料或蛋白饲料,且有较好的经济效益。农户种养循环自给模式、产地茎叶综合利用模式、马铃薯渣生产发酵饲料模式,不仅变废为宝,而且减少环境污染,具有良好的环保、经济和社会效益。     

马铃薯副产物饲料化利用研究进展

我国是世界上最大的马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）生产国,马铃薯生产导致大量的副产物产生。随着我国畜禽养殖业规模化程度的不断提高,对畜禽饲料原料需求与日俱增。马铃薯副产物中粗纤维、粗脂肪、氨基酸含量丰富,且含有大量的矿物质,其作为反刍动物非常规粗饲料已逐渐受到重视。但是由于目前马铃薯副产物的开发利用技术研发滞后,导致其饲用价值和利用率较低,因此,如何提高马铃薯副产物的利用率,充分发挥其饲用价值和营养价值是亟待解决的问题。综述了马铃薯秸秆、马铃薯渣、马铃薯淀粉渣及淀粉、马铃薯蛋白的饲料化利用研究进展,以期为马铃薯副产物饲料化利用研究提供参考。     

饲用型马铃薯新品系"杂3单选-5"选育研究(简报)

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)不仅是重要的粮菜兼用型农作物,而且也是优良的饲料作物.据报道,全世界种植马铃薯大约有1/3左右是作为饲料用的[1],在马铃薯加工过程中的薯皮、薯渣也大量用作饲料[2,3].可见,马铃薯在饲料作物中也占有相当重要的地位.在国内,马铃薯的品种选育工作都是针对食用和加工用的目标进行的[4],对其饲用价值,特别是茎叶的利用效率则几乎无人研究.本研究报道了针对饲用目标进行马铃薯新品系选育的试验结果.     

复合菌群构建及其对马铃薯渣动物饲料的发酵条件优化

试验旨在提高马铃薯渣的饲用价值。试验将实验室保藏酶活较高的两株菌株AAG-17和CPA-3-4进行复合菌群的构建。采用单因素结合响应曲面法对发酵条件进行优化,并对降解前后的马铃薯渣进行红外和电镜观察。结果显示,培养基初始pH值为7、发酵转速为160 r/min、接菌量为2%、接菌比例（CPA-3-4∶AAG-17）为3∶1,马铃薯渣降解率理论值为36.58%,重复试验得到降解率为36.90%。在此条件下对马铃薯渣进行降解,红外和扫描电镜结果均表明复合菌群对马铃薯渣具有降解作用。研究表明,试验确定了复合菌群发酵马铃薯渣动物饲料的最佳条件,发酵后的马铃薯渣动物饲料中营养价值得到提升。     

马铃薯渣作培养代料的两种侧耳属食用菌菌糠中两种饲用酶活性的检测研究

本研究以培养代料含马铃薯渣的凤尾菇菌糠、小白侧耳菌糠为研究对象,检测其中植酸酶及β-葡聚糖酶的酶活。凤尾菇菌糠植酸酶酶活在pH2.5下为0.0822U/g,在pH5.2下为0.0786U/g。小白侧耳菌糠植酸酶酶活在pH2.5下为0.1052U/g,在pH5.2下为0.1027U/g。凤尾菇菌糠β-葡聚糖酶酶活0.0260U/g,侧耳β-葡聚糖酶酶活为0.0354U/g。结果表明,加入马铃薯渣做培养代料的凤尾菇、小白侧耳菌糠具有一定的饲用酶活性,用其作禽畜饲料加工时,可适量减少饲用酶的加入量,以节约成本。     

马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和经济效益的影响

本研究旨在探究马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和经济效益的影响。试验将60头健康状况良好、产奶量（45.72±1.27）kg、泌乳天数（79.64±2.95）d、泌乳胎次（2.63±0.23）相近的60头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组15头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别使用2%、4%和8%的马铃薯淀粉渣替代基础日粮中的玉米粉。试验为期72d（其中预饲期14d,正试期58d）。试验结果表明,马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛产奶量有显著影响,产奶量随马铃薯淀粉添加量增加而升高（P <0.05）;马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛饲料转化率有显著影响,饲料转化率随马铃薯淀粉添加量增加而降低（P <0.05）;马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质含量均无显著影响（P> 0.05）。马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛血清总蛋白含量有显著影响,随马铃薯淀粉渣添加量提高,奶牛血清总蛋白含量先升高后降低（P <0.05）;马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛血清尿素氮含量有显著影响,随马铃薯淀粉渣添加量升高,奶牛血清尿素氮含量不断升高（P <0.05）;马铃薯淀粉渣对奶牛血清白蛋白、总胆...     

不同菌种固态发酵马铃薯渣对其营养价值影响研究

马铃薯渣是马铃薯生产淀粉的下脚料,不经处理直接排放,会造成资源浪费和环境污染。通过微生物固态发酵处理可提高蛋白质含量并降低粗纤维含量,从而提高马铃薯渣的饲用价值。试验以酵母菌、霉菌、芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌为发酵菌种,研究不同菌种及组合固态发酵对其增值效果。结果表明,在温度为30℃和pH自然的条件下,发酵72h,马铃薯渣营养价值显著提高,10种菌单菌发酵,其真蛋白含量提高,粗纤维降低。其中,酿酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母、X霉菌、绿色木霉、黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵真蛋白总量提高超过40%,植物乳杆菌、康宁木霉和黑曲霉发酵粗纤维降解率超过50%,均可提高总氨基酸和必选氨基酸含量;15个双菌组合发酵均能提高马铃薯渣真蛋白含量,降低粗纤维含量。其中,酿酒酵母+米曲霉、酿酒酵母+黑曲霉和酿酒酵母+康宁木霉组合真蛋白总量提高超过50%;酿酒酵母+黑曲霉、扣囊复膜酵母+康宁木霉组合粗纤维降解率超过50%,均可提高马铃薯渣总氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量。综合考虑,马铃薯渣单菌发酵,以黑曲霉效果最好,双菌组合以酿酒酵母+黑曲霉为最佳组合。     

番茄酱渣饲用价值的研究进展

对目前番茄酱渣的饲用价值及加工利用方面的研究进行了综述,阐述了番茄酱渣营养成分分析的结果,比较了不同方法调制下番茄酱渣饲料的特点、利用方法及饲用效果,并对其在利用方面存在的问题进行了探讨,为番茄酱渣的加工利用及开发新型饲料提供参考。     

番茄酱渣饲用价值的研究进展

对目前番茄酱渣的饲用价值及加工利用方面的研究进行了综述,阐述了番茄酱渣营养成分分析的结果,比较了不同方法调制下番茄酱渣饲料的特点、利用方法及饲用效果,并对其在利用方面存在的问题进行了探讨,为番茄酱渣的加工利用及开发新型饲料提供参考.     

中国马铃薯渣发明专利的文献学分析与研究

为了了解中国马铃薯渣发明专利申请的情况,促进我国马铃薯渣处理与利用技术水平的提高,为我国马铃薯渣专利申请的研究提供决策依据,用《中国专利数据库（知网版）》检索1988～2013年间所申请的马铃薯渣发明专利,并按照申请发明专利进行数据分析,按照专利公开的时间、专利数量、专利申请人类型和专利申请状况等项目进行数据统计与分析.结果表明,从2007年开始,马铃薯渣发明专利取得较大的发展,按各个研究进行统计,主要集中饲料、生化制品、膳食纤维、机械等方面的利用较多,且国内发明专利最多的省份是甘肃.     

中国北方部分地区马铃薯渣和红薯渣的营养价值评定与比较分析

试验采用常规营养成分分析、碳水化合物组分和蛋白质组分分析、能量价值预测和体外人工瘤胃法对马铃薯渣和红薯渣的营养价值进行评定。试验所用的5种马铃薯渣采自承德、张家口、吉林、乌兰察布、西安的淀粉加工厂，7种红薯渣采自石家庄、保定、唐山、济南、秦皇岛的淀粉加工厂。结果显示：红薯渣中的粗脂肪（EE）含量（0.80%）显著高于马铃薯渣（0.58%）（P<0.05）；马铃薯渣的粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和木质素（ADL）含量（6.53%、26.03%、20.77%和4.38%）极显著高于红薯渣（4.57%、16.46%、12.66%和1.51%）（P<0.01）；马铃薯渣和红薯渣的淀粉含量均较高，分别达41.05%、41.71%（P>0.05）；马铃薯渣的不可利用中性洗涤纤维（CC）含量（9.76%）极显著高于红薯渣（3.67%）（P<0.01）；马铃薯渣和红薯渣的蛋白质组分中非蛋白氮（PA）含量最高，分别达到2.77%和2.41%（P>0.05）；马铃薯渣的中速降解真蛋白质（PB2）含量（1.39%）显著高于红薯渣（0.74%）（P<0.05）；马铃薯渣的慢速降解真蛋白质（PB3）和不可利用氮（PC）含量（0.56%和1.01%）极显著高于红薯渣（0.28%和0.47%）（P<0.01）；红薯渣总可消化养分（TDN）、消化能（DE）、代谢能（ME）、维持净能（NE_m）、泌乳净能（NE_L）和增重净能（NE_g）（81.58%、15.03、13.31、9.09、8.50和6.24 MJ/kg）极显著高于马铃薯渣（75.11%、13.82、12.10、8.08、7.66和5.40 MJ/kg）（P<0.01）；红薯渣24 h干物质消化率（DMD_{24 h}）和48 h干物质消化率（DMD_{48 h}）（53.78%和62.48%）极显著高于马铃薯渣（49.34%和58.66%）（P<0.01）。综上所述，马铃薯渣和红薯渣的营养价值均较高，具有成为肉牛饲料原料的潜力，且红薯渣优于马铃薯渣。     

马铃薯淀粉渣的开发与综合利用

马铃薯淀粉渣是马铃薯加工淀粉后的副产品,其含水量高,含杂菌多,容易变质且不易烘干,但由于其含有大量的淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素、果胶等有效成分,具有很高的开发利用价值。作者介绍了马铃薯淀粉渣的成分与特性和国内外开发利用研究进展。     

The effects of inclusion levels of urea-treated potato pulp silage in concentrate and roughage sources on finishing performance and carcass quality in cull beef cows

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate (0, 15, 30 or 45%; on a dry matter basis) and roughage sources (rice straw or wheat straw) on finishing performance and carcass quality of cull beef cows. Sixteen Japanese Black (Wagyu) mature cull cows (490 ± 31 kg of BW) were used in this experiment. Increasing the levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate and roughage sources did not significantly affect feed intake in cows. In addition, the final body weight, daily gain and feed : gain ratio were not influenced by the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate and the type of roughage. Increasing the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate would probably decrease the marbling score. The L* values of the longissimus muscle (LM) tended to respond quadratically ( P  = 0.078) as the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate increased, and was lowest for cows fed the concentrate which included 30% potato pulp silage. The a* and b* values of the LM and fat color were not affected by the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate. No effects of roughage sources on finishing performance were observed.     

Solid state fermented potato pulp can be used as poultry feed

1.?Potato pulp is the industrial waste produced during starch extraction from potatoes. Its discharge has become an environmental pollution problem and a decisive cost factor due to stricter environmental legislation and associated expense in the potato starch industry.

2.?To date, little information has been provided regarding the nutritive value and any possible toxic effects of potato pulp for poultry feed.

3.?In the present paper, a model was developed to assess potato pulp for use as a new poultry feed, which will help starch factories to decrease waste discharge.

4.?First, a solid-state fermentation technique to change potato pulp to poultry feed is briefly described; then, the major nutrient compositions of this feed are analysed; lastly, related toxicological effects are studied and the safety of the feed assessed.

5.?The results indicated that no unintended effects were found on layer quails during a 30-d feeding study, and the new feed initially showed its safety for poultry in our assessment procedure. However, additional work on limiting nutrients analysis, appetite depressant effects, and egg-laying in a large-scale experiment is required to further establish the findings.     

马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料对肉牛瘤胃内环境及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料对肉牛瘤胃内环境及血清生化指标的影响.选择4头平均体重(455.00±19.50)kg的健康秦川杂交肉牛,随机分配到4×4拉丁方试验设计中.4组分别为:1)对照组,40％精料+60％玉米秸秆黄贮料;2)S25组,40％精料+45％玉米秸秆黄贮料+15％马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料;3)S50组,40％精料+30％玉米秸秆黄贮料+30％马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料;4)S75组,40％精料+15％玉米秸秆黄贮料+45％马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料.结果表明:各组肉牛平均日增重、干物质采食量和蛋白质摄入量均差异不显著(P＞0.05).S25、S50和S75组肉牛瘤胃液氨态氮浓度均高于对照组(P＞0.05),分别提高了58.96％、36.35％、26.17％.各组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸比例及乙酸/丙酸、(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸均无显著差异(P＞0.05).各组间血清总蛋白、尿素氮和葡萄糖含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05).由此可知,马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料替代部分玉米秸秆黄贮料能提高肉牛瘤胃液氨态氮浓度,对瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸含量和血清生化指标无影响.马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料可以替代肉牛饲粮中75％的玉米秸秆黄贮料.     

马铃薯渣的综合利用与研究进展

马铃薯渣是马铃薯淀粉生产过程中产生的一种副产物,由于其难以利用,多以废物直接排放,不仅是生物资源的浪费,同时造成了严重的环境污染。马铃薯渣含水量高、含有大量的纤维素、果胶和淀粉等可利用成分,具有很高的开发利用价值。本文综述了马铃薯渣目前综合利用的主要途径和相关技术,分析了目前存在的问题及发展趋势。     

Feeding motivation and plasma metabolites in pregnant sows fed diets rich in dietary fiber either once or twice daily

The present study investigated the effects of source and level of dietary fiber (DF) and feeding frequency (once vs. twice daily) on feeding motivation and plasma metabolites at 4 different time points post feeding. Sixty pregnant sows (Sus scrofa, 4 blocks of 15 sows) were allocated to 1 of 5 diets within blocks. Four diets were restricted (approximately 35 MJ ME/d): a barley and wheat control diet (171 g DF/kg DM; 12 g DF/MJ ME), and 3 fiber diets formulated to contain 35% DF by including pectin residue (323 g DF/kg DM; 25 g DF/MJ ME), potato pulp (404 g DF/kg DM; 29 g DF/MJ ME), or sugar beet pulp (367 g DF/kg DM; 25 g DF/MJ ME). The fifth diet was a mixture including an equal amount of the 3 fiber diets offered semi ad libitum (ad libitum access to feed during 6 periods of 1 h starting at 0300, 0600, 1100, 1500, 1800, and 2300; 354 g DF/kg DM; 25 g DF/MJ ME). The experimental period included 2 periods of 4 wk each. Restricted-fed sows were fed once daily (0800 h) during the first period and twice daily (0800 and 1500 h) during the second period, or vice versa. Semi ad libitum fed sows had access to feed 6 times a day in both periods. In each period, the feeding motivation was assessed in an operant conditioning test, and samples of peripheral blood were taken in a balanced design, at 0900, 1200, 1900, and 0700 h, corresponding to 1, 4, 11, and 23 h after feeding for restricted sows fed once daily. No differences in the feeding motivation were found between the 4 restricted diets at any of the time points post feeding, but semi ad libitum fed sows had a decreased feeding motivation (P < 0.001). Among the restricted-fed sows, feeding twice daily resulted in decreased feeding motivation at 1900 h (P < 0.001) and at 0700h (P < 0.05) compared with feeding once daily, but not at 0900 and 1200 h, indicating that feeding twice daily reduced feeding motivation during the night compared with feeding once daily. Among restricted-fed sows, plasma concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were greater in sows fed high-fiber diets compared with the control (P = 0.02). Nonesterified fatty acid was least in sows on the control diet and greatest in sows on the potato diet, whereas sows on the pectin and sugar beet diets were intermediate (P < 0.001). Less diurnal variation in glucose (P < 0.001) was seen in sows on high-fiber diets. In spite of the found effects on plasma metabolites, the applied level of fiber in the diet of restrictedly fed sows did not reduce their feeding motivation irrespective of fiber source.     

Effect of citrus pulp silage feeding on concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma and milk of dairy cows

Citrus pulp is known to contain a functional molecule of beta‐cryptoxanthin which is one of the carotenoids showing anti‐oxidative capacity. Influences of citrus pulp silage feeding to dairy cows on beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration in plasma, other blood properties and milking performances were investigated. Four Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing citrus pulp silage 20% dry matter (DM) for 2 weeks with free access to the TMR. Dry mater intake, milk production and milk components 2 weeks later were not altered compared with those of the control group without citrus pulp silage. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase and gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase in plasma were not affected by feeding of citrus pulp silage. Concentrations of protein, albumin, sulfhydryl residue, ascorbic acid, thio‐barbituric acid reactive substance and urea nitrogen in plasma were also not altered by citrus pulp silage feeding. Concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma was increased approximately 20‐fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Content of beta‐cryptxanthin in pooled milk fat fraction was also increased approximately three times compared with that of the control group. Feeding of TMR containing citrus pulp silage 15% DM for 30 days to eight dairy cows also increased plasma beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration 30‐fold compared with that before feeding.     

Absorption of carbohydrate-derived nutrients in sows as influenced by types and contents of dietary fiber

The current investigation was undertaken to study the absorption and plasma concentration of carbohydrate-derived nutrients [glucose, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and lactate] and the apparent insulin production in sows fed diets containing contrasting types and contents of dietary fiber. Six sows were fed 3 experimental diets, low fiber (LF; 177 g of dietary fiber and 44 g of soluble fiber/kg of DM), high soluble fiber (HF-S; 429 g of dietary fiber and 111 g of soluble fiber/kg of DM), and high insoluble fiber (HF-I; 455 g of dietary fiber and 74 g of soluble fiber/kg of DM), in a repeated crossover design. Variations in dietary concentration and solubility of dietary fiber were obtained by substituting starch-rich wheat and barley in the LF diet with dietary fiber-rich co-products (sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, pectin residue, brewers spent grain, pea hulls, and seed residue, which have distinct physicochemical properties). The main carbohydrate component of the LF diet was starch and nonstarch polysaccharides (cellulose and noncellulosic polysaccharides) for the 2 high dietary fiber diets. Consumption of the LF diet resulted in increased and rapid glucose absorption at 0 to 4 h postfeeding. With the HF-I diet, the glucose absorption pattern was similar but at a decreased rate, whereas it was decreased and delayed with the HF-S diet (diet, P < 0.001; time, P < 0.001). These differences were also reflected in the insulin response. The quantitative absorption of SCFA at 0 to 10 h postfeeding was greater when feeding the HF-S diet compared with the LF diet (P < 0.001) and intermediate when feeding the HF-I diet (P < 0.001). The study showed that feeding the high dietary fiber diets resulted in a increased and more uniform uptake of SCFA than when feeding the LF control. Moreover, the HF-S diet reduced diurnal variation in glucose and insulin concentrations.     

马铃薯淀粉渣-玉米秸秆混合青贮料对肉羊生产性能、瘤胃内环境和血液生化指标的影响

旨在研究马铃薯淀粉渣－玉米秸秆混合青贮料对肉羊生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。选择40只平均体重(47.45±6.38) kg、日龄(5月龄)的健康白萨杂交母羊,随机分为4个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1只羊,饲养时间为70 d。4个处理分别为:1)对照组(Ctrl),40%精料＋60%全株玉米青贮料;2)试验1组(S15),40%精料＋45%全株玉米青贮料＋15%马铃薯淀粉渣-玉米秸秆混合青贮料;3)试验2组(S30),40%精料＋30%全株玉米青贮＋30%马铃薯淀粉渣-玉米秸秆混合青贮;4)试验3组(S45),40%精料＋15%全株玉米青贮＋45%马铃薯淀粉渣-玉米秸秆混合青贮。结果表明,S45组肉羊日增重相对于Ctrl组增加了14.19% (P<0.05),各处理组肉羊干物质采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。S15、S30和S45组瘤胃液氨态氮浓度相对于Ctrl组极显著降低(P<0.01),分别降低了18.92%,30.17%和33.03%。3个试验处理组间乙酸等挥发性脂肪酸浓度、总挥发酸浓度、各种脂肪酸的摩尔比以及乙酸/丙酸和(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验第0天、第20天和第40天各试验处理组间各项血清指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);试验第60天各试验处理组间总蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05),S15组和S45组尿素氮浓度较S30组和Ctrl组显著升高(P<0.05),S45组葡萄糖浓度较其他试验处理组显著升高(P<0.05)。马铃薯淀粉渣－玉米秸秆混合青贮料替代部分全株玉米青贮有提高肉羊日增重的趋势,可以提高血清尿素氮含量,显著降低瘤胃液氨态氮浓度。马铃薯淀粉渣－玉米秸秆混合青贮料的添加量可以替代肉羊饲粮中75%的全株玉米青贮料。