外源酶对大熊猫日粮营养物质消化率影响的研究

应用外源性复合酶制剂对移地保护大熊猫进行消化试验。结果表明 ,在日粮中添喂 0 15 %或 0 30 %的营养性复合酶或纤维素复合酶均能显著提高大熊猫对日粮各营养物质的消化率 ,其中 ,对日粮粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率 ,添喂 0 30 %的营养性复合酶的效果优于添喂 0 15 %水平的营养性复合酶的效果 ;对日粮粗脂肪的消化率 ,添喂 0 15 %水平的营养性复合酶的效果优于添喂 0 30 %水平的效果 ;大熊猫对日粮纤维素、半纤维素、NDF、ADF的消化率 ,添喂纤维素复合酶的效果极显著 ,而且 ,随添喂水平的提高 (0 15 %～ 0 30 % ) ,其日粮纤维素等物质的消化率亦随之显著提高 ;添喂营养性复合酶 ,纤维素等物质也获得了良好的助消化作用。     

Potential contribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus durata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Adenostoma fasciculatum</Emphasis> supplemented with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis> on intake and digestibility in sheep and goats

A digestion trial was conducted to estimate the potential contribution of the chaparral browse Quercus durata (leather oak) and Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) on intake and nutrient digestion in goats and sheep. Four wether Kiko goats (avg. wt. 22.9 kg) and four wether Targhee sheep (avg. wt. 39.6 kg) were housed in metabolism cages. Alfalfa pellets were used as a dietary supplement. Digestibility of the shrubs was measured by difference and metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) were calculated from digestibility and plants intake values. Oak and chamise had low crude protein (CP) content (6.5 and 4.3% DM) and high content of extractable condensed tannins (17.8 and 9.8% DM). In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) and ME for oak and chamise were 35.6 and 33.1% and 5.0 and 4.7 MJ/kg DM, respectively. In vivo OMD (calculated by difference with alfalfa) and MEI, for browse were greater (P < 0.01) for goats fed chamise compared to sheep. In oak, OMD was similar for both animal species but MEI was greater (P < 0.01) for goats. Greater (P < 0.05) DM and CP intakes (per kg BW^0.75) were observed for goats fed either oak or chamise compared with sheep. When an energy source was given as supplement, the potential contribution of chamise and oak to total ME requirements for maintenance was about 58.3 and 60.4% in goats and about 17.1 and 32.9% in sheep, respectively. In consequence, metabolizable energy supplied by these shrubs may not be adequate for maintenance when, during grazing, they are consumed in high proportions with other chaparral plants that may have lower nutritional value than the alfalfa supplemented in this study. Under an appropriate supplementation program, goats could be more effective than sheep to control fuel load in California chaparral, as they consume more chamise and leather oak and obtain more nutrients from them.     

高糖高脂食物对高山姬鼠体重和血清瘦素含量影响研究

为了验证高糖高脂食物是否会引起高山姬鼠的瘦素抵抗的发生,将高山姬鼠分为两组,一组为对照组,一组为高糖高脂组,各自驯化28 d。结果表明:第28 d,高糖高脂组高山姬鼠的体重和体脂极显著高于对照组(体重:t=-11.97,P<0.01;体脂:t=-7.99,P<0.01),摄食量和血清瘦素含量显著高于对照组(摄食量:t=-3.06,P<0.05;血清瘦素含量:t=-2.94,P<0.05)。血清瘦素含量与体脂呈显著正相关(r=0.636,P<0.01),与摄食量呈极显著正相关(r=0.744,P<0.01)。分析以上结果表明:在高糖高脂食物条件下,高山姬鼠会增加体重、摄食量和血清瘦素含量。此外,高山姬鼠在该条件下可能存在瘦素抵抗。     

Effect of diet inclusion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tithonia diversifolia</Emphasis> on feed intake,digestibility and nitrogen balance in tropical sheep

Feed intake and digestibility were evaluated in sheep fed low quality Taiwan grass supplemented with Tithonia diversifolia. Four wether hair sheep were housed in metabolic cages and fed with either Control concentrate 20%, Tithonia 20, 35 or 50% in a Latin Square design. Adaptation and, feces and urine collection periods were 14 and 7 days, respectively. Feed intake was increased (P < 0.01) from 58.5 in control to 86.1 g/kg^0.75 in sheep fed Tithonia. NDF intake and digestibility were affected by Tithonia level. Nitrogen intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increase in feces and urine excretion. N retention was similar (P > 0.1) among sheep fed Tithonia, but different (P < 0.05) from control. Inclusion of Tithonia foliage at 20% of the DM diet of hair sheep improved their intake of low quality Taiwan grass and nitrogen retention. Higher levels of Tithonia in the diet, however, increase nitrogen loss in feces and urine.     

Influence of forbs and shrubs on intake,digestibility, and nitrogen and energy balance in sheep fed low-quality straw

A 4×4 Latin square experiment (Exp) was conducted using eight Debouillet yearling wethers with two wethers/cell to compare the effects of forbs and shrubs supplementation to a low-quality barley straw with alfalfa hay (ALF) supplementation in terms of nutrient digestion and balance. Diets studied in the Exp were barley straw (0.56% N) and straw plus either 42% ALF, 63% forbs (a 50:50 mixture of scarlet globemallow and leatherleaf croton) or 62% shrubs (mixture of 50% fourwing saltbush and 50% mountain mahogany). Diets containing ALF, forbs and shrubs were isonitrogenous (1.68% N). Periods of each Latin square were 15 days with total fecal and urine collections obtained on the last 5 days of each period. Dry matter intake of ALF and shrub-containing diets was similar and higher (P<0.05) than straw alone or straw plus forb diets. Nitrogen (N) retention was improved, but NDF digestibility was reduced (P<0.05), in diets containing ALF and shrubs compared with straw only. No difference in N retention among diets were detected (P>0.05) when N intake was used as a covariate. Metabolizable energy (ME) content of all the diets was similar except the shrub containing diet that was lower than the straw plus forbs or straw plus ALF but similar to the straw diet. Forbs had little influence on digestion and N utilization in the Exp presumably because of their reduced acceptability in the dried and ground form by sheep. Results suggest that native shrubs used in the study influenced intake and N utilization in a manner similar to ALF; and forbs used were similar in ME to ALF.     

Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal as supplement to diet of grazing dairy cattle in semiarid Western Tanzania

The effect of supplementation with three levels of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) added to a diet composed of cotton seed hulls (CSH) and maize bran (MB) on milk yield, milk composition and body weight changes of grazing lactating cows was studied in a completely randomised design. Marginal product analysis for the different levels of LLM as a substitute to cotton seed cake (CSC) was also calculated. The following treatment diets were used in the experiment: Diet 1, (control) composed of 1.8 kg DM CSH and 1.8 kg DM MB. Diet 2, 3 and 4 had an addition of 1.2, 2.0 and 2.6 kg DM of LLM respectively. Diet 5 was composed of 1.8 kg DM of CSC and 1.8 kg DM of MB. Treatments, number of lactations, farm and initial milk yields significantly (P < 0.01) influenced milk production. LLM supplementation to grazing cows significantly increased milk production, weight gain and milk composition (P > 0.05). Cows on treatment 1 achieved no significant (P < 0.05) increase in milk yield compared to cows on treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 which attained net milk increase of 3.6, 4.1, 6.7 and 4.4 litres/cow/day respectively. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in net milk produced by cows on treatment 2, 3 and 5 compared to treatment 1. LLM supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased total solids (TS) in milk compared to that of cows under control, but there was no significant (P > 0.05) influence on milk crude protein (CP), butter fat (BF), solids not fat (SNF) and ash in all the diets. Body weight was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by LLM supplementation. Degradation coefficients of the treatment diets were high and varied significantly (P < 0.01) and had an influence on the metabolizable energy value of the treatment diets. Cows on diet 2 to 4 had a weight gain of 190.9, 101.8 and 80.9 g/cow/day respectively and cows on diet 5 attained the highest weight gain (234.5 g/cow/day). Diet 4 had the highest marginal productivity of 4.3 followed by diets 2, 3 and 1 with marginal productivities of 2.8, 0.6 and 0 respectively. It was therefore, concluded that the optimal supplementation level using LLM as a substitute for the more expensive CSC was diet 4.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Forage potential ofErythrina abyssinica: intake,digestibility and growth rates for stall-fed sheep and goats in southern Ethiopia

Feeding value ofErythrina abyssinica leaves were evaluated with native sheep and goats at Soddo, southern Ethiopia in a 21-day digestibility and 80-day growth trial. In the digestibility trial, wilted leaves ofE. abyssinica were fedad libitum, while in the growth trial, animals were offered a basal diet ofP. purpureum with three levels (0, 500, 1000 g/head/day) ofE. abyssinica leaf. No significant (P>0.05) differences were found between sheep and goats in voluntary intakes and digestibilities of organic matter, nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber. Supplementing a basal diet ofP. purpureum with increasing levels ofE. abyssinica leaves resulted in reduced intake ofP. purpureum, but increased total organic matter intake in both species. Liveweight gains of sheep and goats increased linearly (P<0.01) with increasing levels ofE. abyssinica leaf supplementation. Sheep gained weight faster (P<0.04) than goats.Based on the results it was concluded thatE. abyssinica has high forage potential and can effectively serve as a cheap source of protein supplement for low quality diets during the dry season for resource-poor farmers with stall-fed sheep and goats.     

The effect of browse supplementation on maize husk utilization by goats

The effect of browse supplementation on maize husk (Zea mays) utilization by goats was studied in a 12 week feeding and 2 week digestibility trial. Twenty-four goats were stratified according to their weight, and then randomly allocated to four treatments. Browse supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the total dry matter intake, diet dry matter digestibility and diet organic matter digestibility (P < 0.05) but did not have any significant effect on acid detergent fibre digestibility (P > 0.05). The browse supplemented goats gained more weight than the non browse supplemented goats.     

武当山地区盾叶薯蓣薯蓣皂苷元含量及生物特性的相关性研究

通过对武当山地区盾叶薯蓣(Diosorea zingiberenzis C．H．Wright)4个居群29个单株根茎的单株质量、折干率、生长速率、薯蓣皂苷元含量检测，及其各生物学特征的差异的研究，探讨了薯蓣皂苷元含量及其它生物特性的相关性。结果表明：武当山地区野生盾叶薯蓣根茎薯蓣皂苷元含量绝大多数在1．6％以上，含量超过2．0％的单株为79％，含量超过3．0％的单株为31％，最高含量达3．51％；武当山泰山庙盾叶薯蓣居群的根茎平均单株质量、平均生长速率、薯蓣皂苷元平均含量显著高于其它3个居群，折干率显著低于其它居群。盾叶薯蓣根茎的薯蓣皂苷元含量与根茎单株质量呈极显著正相关性，相关系数为0．6078，与根茎折干率呈极显著负相关，相关系数为-0．5989，与根茎生长速率不显示显著的相关性；盾叶薯蓣根茎单株质量和生长速率呈极显著正相关，相关系数为0．7199；武当山泰山庙盾叶薯蓣居群为优良的盾叶薯蓣种质，武当山区适合建立野生盾叶薯蓣的种质保护基地。     

猴耳环不同家系的苗期生长分析

对来自广东省内7 个种源的30 个猴耳环Archidendron clypearia 家系的种子千粒重及其半年 生实生苗的成活率、苗高和地径性状进行统计分析。结果表明：30 个猴耳环家系的种子总平均千粒重为 754.2 g，半年生实生苗的成活率均在93.30% 以上；家系间苗高性状差异达到极显著水（P<0.001），平 均苗高最大为19.96 cm，最低的只有11.50 cm。家系内个体间苗高也具有较大差异，变异系数最高的可 达38.25%；家系间地径性状的差异也达到极显著水平（P<0.001）, 平均地径最大为0.57 cm，最小的只有 0.39 cm 。家系内地径的变异系数最高的达37.74%；各性状间的相关性分析结果表明，地径和苗高极显著 正相关（r2=0.70, P<0.001），地径和苗高与种子千粒重均无显著相关性。     

Date of pruning of Guazuma ulmifolia during the rainy season affects the availability, productivity and nutritional quality of forage during the dry season

Guazuma ulmifolia was experimentally pruned to determine when pruning should begin during the rainy season in order to extend the production of green tree-forage during the dry season. Three prunings (P-1, P-2, and P-3) were performed (5 weeks apart) during the rainy season (August, September, and October) and four forage harvests (C-a, C-b, C-c, and C-d) (3 weeks apart) took place during the dry season (February, March, and April). Over 2 years, forage biomass production was evaluated as total biomass (g dry matter tree^?1), biomass of the morphological components (leaves, stems, and dead matter), and nutritional quality (crude protein, fiber, lignin, and digestibility). Date of pruning affected the production of total biomass (P = 0.001) with the earliest pruning (P-1) yielding the greatest forage quantity, while stems (P = 0.022) and dead matter (P = 0.032) varied due to a year by pruning interaction. Total biomass, leaves, stems, and dead matter varied by the interaction between forage harvest and year for all four variables (P < 0.037). In both years, the largest forage harvest occurred in C-b (P < 0.05), leaf production was highest in C-a and C-b (P < 0.001), stem production was greatest in C-b (P = 0.013) and dead matter was highest in C-b and C-d (P = 0.002). Leaf crude protein ranged between 10 and 19 %, and the interaction of pruning by forage harvest by year was significant (P = 0.035). Digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fiber and lignin differed significantly because of the interaction between forage harvest and year (P < 0.005), with February showing the lowest values for fiber and the highest digestibility. The best time to prune G. ulmifolia is in August so that the young trees will produce more total biomass with a higher crude protein content. The most suitable moment for forage harvest is in February when the trees have more leaves with greater digestibility and less fiber.     

宝龙店水曲柳无性系生长早期评价

以28个水曲柳无性系为材料,测定其树高、胸径生长性状,进行变异分析,筛选出优良无性系。结果表明:各无性系的树高、胸径极显著相关(P<0.01),无性系间树高、胸径差异均达极显著差异水(P<0.01)。以20%的入选率,初选出无性系1333、1311、1322、1312、1321和1323为优良无性系,6个无性系平均树高生长比总平均值高8.98%,胸径生长比总平均值高10.26%。     

五常市杂种落叶松幼龄期变异分析

以5年生36个杂种落叶松家系为材料,测定其树高、胸径生长性状,估算变异系数、遗传力和遗传增益,筛选出优良家系。结果表明:各家系的树高、胸径存在较丰富变异,树高变异系数小于胸径,树高、胸径极显著相关(P<0.01),家系间树高、胸径差异均达极显著差异水平(P<0.01)。以10%的入选率,初选出家系1317、1324、1318、和1327为优良家系,树高平均增益为15.98%,胸径平均增益为29.46%。     

妊娠后期梅花鹿母鹿精料营养成分分析及营养物质表观消化率测定

本研究采用化学分析和部分粪便收集法,对大连森林动物园妊娠后期梅花鹿精料营养成分及主要营养物质的表观消化率进行测定。结果表明:大连其精料中干物质(DM)含量为95.71%,粗蛋白(CP)为22.88%,粗脂肪(EE)为5.37%,粗纤维(CF)为4.16%,无氮浸出物(NFE)为56.21%,粗灰分(Ash)为7.09%,Ca为1.57%,总能(GE)含量为17.74mJ/kg;母鹿日干物质摄入量为1.26kg,DM、CP、CF、Ca和GE表观消化率分别为74.26%,74.26%,82.74%,69.38%,79.41%和78.25%。精料中主要营养成分、干物质日摄入量及营养物质消化率均较高,能满足妊娠后期梅花鹿母鹿在动物园这种特殊环境下的营养需要。     

濒危植物夏蜡梅种子化学成分分析

检测夏蜡梅种子千粒重和含水量,并对种仁的化学成分进行分析,结果表明:粗脂肪、粗蛋白、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗纤维、灰分、氨基酸的质量分数分别为43.57%、14.28%、7.72%、8.61%、7.08%、2.33%、0.59%,蛋白质组分以水溶性和碱溶性蛋白质为主,盐溶性蛋白质含量相对较低;大量元素以N最高、K最低,微量元素含量依次为Zn>Fe>Na>Mn>Cu>Ni。单因素方差分析表明,不同大小级种子的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和醇溶蛋白存在显著或极显著差异,11种矿质元素大部分以大种子的含量最高,除Ca、Na、Fe和Ni之外,其他元素均存在不同程度的显著差异。     

播种密度及遮荫度对草珊瑚幼苗生长的影响

在福建省三明市岩前林业站苗圃开展不同种植密度、不同遮荫度条件下的草珊瑚育苗试验,结果表明:不同播种密度、不同遮荫度对草珊瑚幼苗的苗高影响均达极显著水平(P<0.01),对地径、根系长度、根系数量影响均达显著水平(P<0.05)。以播种密度120株.m-2、遮荫度75%条件下,草珊瑚平均苗高、地径、根长以及根数均为最优。     

Potential effects of lignan-enriched flaxseed powder on bodyweight, visceral fat, lipid profile, and blood pressure in rats

The potential effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside lignan-enriched flaxseed powder (LEFP) on bodyweight, visceral fat, lipid profile, adipokines, and blood pressure were investigated using rats, divided into four groups (n=8); a normal control diet (NC), a normal control diet with 0.02% LEFP (NCL), a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFD), or a high-fat and high-fructose diet with 0.02% LEFP (HFDL). Liver, heart, kidney, adipose tissues, and blood were collected following 12-weeks on the diets. The average body weight of the HFD group was significantly higher than those of the NC, NCL, and the HFDL groups (P<0.05). Also, the average weights of kidneys from the HFD and HFDL groups was higher than those of the NC and NCL groups (P<0.05), although not significantly different in the weights of livers and hearts. The visceral fat weight was significantly higher in rats in the HFD group, but notably reduced in the HFDL fed rats (P<0.05). Accordingly, plasma leptin increased significantly in rats fed the HFD diet, higher than rats fed the HFDL diet. Also, the rats in the HFDL group showed improved lipid profile, compared to the rats in the HFD group (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant reduction in blood pressure was observed in the rats of the HFDL group compared to the HFD group (P<0.05). These data suggest that the LEFP supplementation may provide beneficial effects such as the reduction of bodyweight and fat accumulation, the lipid profile improvement, and blood pressure control.     

丽江云杉天然种群针叶功能性状及其随海拔的变异

This research investigated and selected 4 natural populations of Picea likiangensis in Yunnan province, based on its natural distribution. The length, width, dry weight and C, N, P contents in needles of the 4 populations were measured to survey the phenotypic variation of natural populations and the relationship between the phenotypic variation and their altitude of distribution areas. The methods of ANOVA analysis, multi-comparison and correlation analysis were used for analyzing the data measured. The results showed that, there were remarkable (P<0.01) variations in needle length, width and dry weight among populations, with component of variance 15.05%-28.03%, but no variation of them within populations. The dry weight was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated to the needle length and width, and their correlation coefficients were 0.466 39 and 0.665 67, respectively. Regarding to element content in needles, there were significant (P<0.05) variations of N and P contents, and C/N ratio among populations, excepting C content. Moreover, the component of variance among populations was higher (29.98%-37.56%) when compared with that within populations, and there was distinctly (P<0.01) variance of N/P ratio among populations, and its component of variance was 60.44%. For correlations between needle length and N/P ratio, altitude was negatively and significantly (P<0.01) correlated; for needle width, altitude was significant (P<0.01) positive correlated, for C content and C/N ratio, altitude was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated.     

Effect of low-protein diet with supplementing different levels of DL-methionine on production performance of minks in growing-furring period

A study was conducted to evaluate production performance of minks in growing-furring period with supplementing DL-Methionine (Met) in low protein diet. Seventy healthy male minks were randomly divided into five groups of 14 minks each. The minks were fed in five kinds of experiment diets (HP, LP, LP+M1, LP+M2 and LP+M3). The dietary protein levels, expressed as percentage of dry matter (DM), were 32% (high protein, HP) and 24% (low protein, LP). LP was supplemented with Met 0.4% (M1), 0.8% (M2) and 1.2% (M3) DM. From mid of September to December 10, apparent digestibility of CP (crude protein), N intake and urinary N excretion were decreased with declining dietary protein levels (p < 0.05) and N retained was the highest in treatment LP+M2. No significant difference was found in total serum protein (TP) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) among all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Skin length of treatment HP and LP+M2 was higher than that of other groups (p < 0.05). Body length, skin weight, length of guard hair and under hair were not affected by different dietary protein levels (p>0.05). The best performance could be observed in treatment LP+M2. In diet, 24% (DM) protein level with 1.54% Met supplementing was enough for minks during growing-furring period. Dietary protein lowered from 32% to 24% with supplementing Met in diets would result in a 37.9% decrease in urinary N excretion. Furthermore, addition of Met in diets for minks would be beneficial in terms of reducing feed expenses and lessening nitrogen emissions to the environment.     

掌叶木不同种源种子的经济性状

【目的】研究掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、含油率和籽油脂肪酸等经济性状在种源间的差异及变异规律,评估并筛选最优生物柴油原料种源。【方法】以广西乐业、田林、凤山、环江和贵州独山5个种源掌叶木种子为试验材料,测定千粒质量和出仁率后,采用索氏抽提法分别测定种子、种仁和种皮含油率,利用气相色谱法分析籽油脂肪酸组成和含量;对种子经济性状间及其与地理-气候因子进行相关性分析,并对各种源进行聚类分析;基于脂肪酸燃料特性因子对各种源进行评估。【结果】1)各种源间的种皮含油率差异不显著,千粒质量、出仁率、种子和种仁含油率差异均极显著(P<0. 01),此5个性状在种源间变异系数均值为13. 7%,其中凤山种源除种皮含油率外,千粒质量(210. 02 g)、出仁率(68. 89%)、种子含油率[43. 23 g·(100 g)^-1]和种仁含油率[56. 56 g·(100 g)^-1]均最高。2)掌叶木籽油含有14种长链脂肪酸,包括6种饱和脂肪酸、5种单不饱和脂肪酸和3种多不饱和脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸平均质量分数高达94. 08%,种源间变异系数仅为0. 53%; 8种主要脂肪酸(质量分数>1%)占籽油脂肪酸组成的98. 19%,它们在种源间的变异系数均值为7. 21%,其中神经酸平均质量分数(7. 8%)排在已知含有神经酸木本植物第4位。3)相关性分析结果表明:种子含油率与种仁含油率呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01,R=0. 997);除亚麻酸外,主要脂肪酸间均呈较多的显著或极显著相关,这些脂肪酸按碳链长度22划分为2大类群,群内各组分相互促进,群间反促进;千粒质量与亚麻酸、出仁率与饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸、种子含油率与棕榈酸、亚油酸、芥酸和单不饱和脂肪酸均呈极显著相关(P <0. 01),相关系数分别为-0. 983、-0. 964、0. 964、-0. 998、-0. 981、0. 995和0. 976;种子经济性状与地理-气候因子间的相关性不显著。4)聚类分析结果显示:5个种源被分为3组,其中,乐业和独山2个种源聚为一组,田林和环江2个种源聚为一组,凤山种源单独聚为一组。5)掌叶木籽油作为生物柴油原料须分离木焦油酸和神经酸,且不能满足冷滤点-10℃要求,凤山种源各项评估数值均为最优。【结论】掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、种子含油率和种仁含油率等经济性状在种源间存在丰富变异;籽油经济利用价值较高,籽油低温流动性较好,主要脂肪酸质量分数在种源间离散程度和变异幅度均较小,性状稳定;种子经济性状受地理-气候因子影响不显著,在种源间具有随机变异的特点,且广西凤山为最优生物柴油原料种源。