Carbohydrate changes in fermenting locust bean (Parkia filicoidea) duringiru preparation

Oligosaccharides were the most abundant carbohydrates in the unfermented African locust beans. Flatus-forming oligosaccharides — stachyose, raffinose and sucrose — were the main constituents. During the first 24 h of fermentation, the quantities of the oligosaccharides decreased significantly. The reducing sugars increased during the first 12 h of fermentation but then decreased. The reducing sugars detected in the unfermented and fermented locust beans were similar; these were galactose, glucose and fructose. The activities of α-galactosidase were highest at 24 h from the start of fermentation while the peak of sucrose activity was at 36 h.     

Some biochemical and nutritional changes during the fermentation of fluted pumpkin (Telferia occidentalis)

The pH, soluble nitrogen, soluble solids and titratable acidity increased during a 6 day fermentation of fluted pumpkin seeds. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of trimethylsilyl (TMS) dirivatives of carbohydrates extracted from the seeds showed that the unfermented seeds contained mostly sucrose with a low content of flatus-oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose. There were also high contents of fructose and galactose. Fermentation increased the total monosaccharides with high content of glucose and some unidentified monosaccharides. Fermentation decreased the total oligosaccharide, eliminated raffinose and stachyose and increased the content of maltose. Except for a slight decrease in total saturated and increase in total unsaturated fatty acids, fermentation had no effect on fatty acid composition.     

Proximate composition and selected functional properties of fermented and unfermented African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) seed flour

Flour samples were prepared from fermented and unfermentedAfrican oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) seeds (AOBS). The flour samples were evaluated for proximate composition and certain functional properties. The influenceof defatting on these properties was also determined. Fermentation significantly increased (p<0.05) the proteinand decreased the crude fiber, ash, fat and carbohydrate contents of the AOBS flours. The nitrogen solubility of both fermented and unfermented flours was pH dependent withminimum and maximum solubility at pH 4.0 and pH 8.0, respectively, and with increased nitrogen solubility in the fermented sample. The fermented and unfermented flour sampleshad least gelation concentrations of 14 and 16% (w/v), respectively. The water absorption capacity and foam capacitiesof the fermented flour were 36 and 34%, respectively, over the unfermented seed flour. On the other hand, fermentation decreased the fat absorption capacity, emulsion activity and emulsion and foam stabilities. Fermentation decreased (p<0.05) the bulk density of AOBS flour by 15%. Defattingimproved all the functional properties evaluated except emulsion activity. These results indicate potential food usesof fermented and unfermented AOBS flour samples as protein supplements in diets and as functional ingredients in formulated foods.     

Effect of thermal processing of palm sap on the physico-chemical composition of traditional palm sugar

During the production of palm sugar, the palm sap (Arenga pinnata) is heated up to 150 degrees C. Besides the hydrolysis of carbohydrate to generate reducing sugars and degradation of amino acid, many physicochemical changes produced at all these temperatures, having a significant impact on the overall quality of palm sugar. In this study, changes in physico-chemical properties of the palm sap due to heat processing were investigated. Analysis of colour, soluble solid, pH, temperature, sugar and amino acid concentration was determinant. The results showed clearly that the heating process at these high temperatures was necessary to create an environment which was rich in essential precursors for subsequent reactions such as Maillard reaction. Chemical compounds that showed drastic changes in concentration were polar side chain amino acids especially glutamine, asparagine and arginine as well as sucrose and pH value. Other quality characteristics of palm sugar based on colour and soluble solids (Brix) shared an increase in concentration as a function of time.     

外源添加糖及氨基酸对咖啡果皮酒风味和感官品质的影响

为探究不同外源添加物对咖啡果皮酒风味和感官品质的影响,本研究添加4种可发酵糖（葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖和蔗糖）和2种可发酵氨基酸（精氨酸和谷氨酸）发酵生产咖啡果皮酒。以顶空固相微萃取-气相质谱法结合感官评价,分析外源添加物对咖啡果皮酒风味和感官品质的影响。结果表明:共检出9大类75种风味组分,以酯类和醇类为主;添加可发酵糖能显著增加咖啡果皮酒醇类组分（23.99%~121.24%）,添加可发酵氨基酸咖啡果皮酒能增加酯类组分（25.77%~28.18%）,而添加可发酵糖咖啡果皮酒酯类组分显著减少（10.81%~69.94%）;方差齐性检验P=0.206>0.05,在α=0.05的水平上各外源添加物果酒风味组分没有显著性差异,事后两两比较P=(0.371~0.989)>0.05,说明样品间差异不显著,但PCA分析（PC1:96.01%,PC2:3.13%）能将其完全区分;使用模糊数学法感官评判发现,添加精氨酸所酿造的果酒综合得分最高（92.40）,更加适合人们的口味,整体风格显著,协调性好,谷氨酸添加次之（80.80）,果糖和蔗糖所酿造的咖啡果皮酒综合评分一致（78.20）,添加麦芽糖果酒得分最低（74.20）。综上所述,添加氨基酸可改善咖啡果皮酒风味和口感,发酵糖改善效果不如氨基酸。     

Changes in sugar,ash and minerals in four guava cultivars during ripening

Investigation of four guava cultivars showed that when the fruits were harvested at different stages of growth and development, total sugars increased slowly during the initial growing period followed by rapid increase during maturation and repining for all cultivars. The maximum level varied from 7.5 to 26.9%. Individual sugars: (fructose, glucose and sucrose) increased slowly during the initial growing period followed by rapid increase during maturation and ripening for all cultivars. The cultivars differed in their final sugar content; fructose varied from 5.6 to 7.7%, glucose from 1.9 to 18.1%, and sucrose from 6.2 to 7.8%. Total ash for all cultivars decreased slowly during the initial growing period followed by a sudden increase in the latter stage of maturation and ripening, with maximum level varying from 5.2 to 7.9%. Minerals: Ca, Mg, Na, K and P, for all cultivars decreased slowly during all stages of development. These results suggest that when guava fruits were picked 106–126 days after fruit set it ensures sufficient amount of total sugars and appreciable amount of minerals.     

菠萝种质果实可溶性糖组分及含量分析

采用高效液相色谱法对50份菠萝种质果实中可溶性糖组分及含量进行测定。结果表明,菠萝果实的可溶性糖主要由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖组成,其中蔗糖含量最高,占总糖比例的40.85％~76.89％,葡萄糖次之,果糖最低。蔗糖在各种质间的变异相对稳定;果糖和葡萄糖变异较大,分别为22.50％和22.67％。根据单糖与双糖的比例,可将不同的菠萝种质分为蔗糖积累型和单糖积累型。相关性分析结果显示,果实内各糖组分均与总糖呈极显著的正相关,果糖和葡萄糖含量呈极显著相关性。因此,在评价菠萝果实中糖度风味要同时考虑果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖     

芒果品种果实可溶性糖含量特点研究

用高效液相色谱法分析了46个芒果品种果实中可溶性糖的组分及含量的差异。结果表明,成熟期芒果果实中可溶性糖主要由蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖组成,其中蔗糖含量最高,均值为20.19 mg/g.FW;不同品种之间蔗糖和葡萄糖含量存在显著差异,果糖含量差异不显著。     

Effect of planting and harvest dates,location in the hill and tuber size on sugar content of Kennebec potatoes

A study was made with the Kennebec cultivar on the effect of planting and harvest times, location of tubers in the hill and tuber size on fructose, glucose and sucrose in tubers at harvest. The location of tubers in the hill did not affect fructose or glucose and had only a small effect on sucrose found in the tubers. Small tubers were higher in all three sugars than large tubers, and tubers from plants seeded later were higher in glucose and sucrose than tubers from plants seeded early. The early plantings at all harvests outyielded the late plantings. This together with the higher quality (lower sugars) support the recommendation that Kennebec potatoes to be used for processing should be planted early.     

The suitability of African bush mango juice for wine production

A good quality wine was produced from African bush mango (Irvingia var.gabonensis). Analysis of the African bush mango juice showed that it contained 3.6% total sugar, 1.09% protein, 4.2° Brix soluble solids (SS) 0.5% ash, 50.24% total solids (TS), 66.7 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid and pH 5.12. The juice ameliorated to 23° Brix was inoculated with 3% (w/v) Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and held at 30±2°C for 28 days. SS and pH decreased while titratable acidity (TA) increased with increasing period of fermentation. Fermentation was 110% efficient. The wine produced had 8.12% (v/v) alcohol, 0.78% protein, 6.5% Brix SS, 0.64 g/100 ml TA, and a pH 3.10. Sensory evaluation results showed that there was no significant difference (p=0.05) in colour, mouthfeel, sweetness, flavour and general acceptability, between African Bush mango wine and a reference wine. The wine was generally accepted.     

The influence of the carbohydrate fraction and additives on silage quality

Respiration losses, effect of sugar content, formic acid addition and inoculation were evaluated in relation to initial fermentation and silage quality in three experiments. Changes in the content of fermentable substrate during post–harvest respiration and initial fermentation were studied in the laboratory. Soluble carbohydrates were estimated as glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructans and starch by an enzymatic method.
About 70% of the sugars remained after 30 h of conventional wilting, as opposed to less than 50% in a chopped sample kept in the dark. During the first days of fermentation the metabolic activity was very intensive. Sugars, which accounted for 10% of the dry matter, were fermented within 4 d. There were indications, mainly in clover silages, that substances other than water-soluble carbohydrates were used as energy sources.
Low-sugar crops were obtained by shading the fields. After 3 d the sugar in the grass had decreased to half of the original content. This effect was less pronounced in clover. The amount of available substrate and dry matter (DM) content had a major influence on silage quality. In an unwilted crop at least 25 g of water-soluble carbohydrate was needed per kg of fresh material to obtain an acceptable silage quality in the controls, while 20 g was sufficient in inoculated silage. Formic acid addition makes the fermentation less sensitive to water–soluble carbohydrate content. Inoculation of willed silage increased lactic acid production and decreased the pH. There was also less variation in silage quality.     

椰子中糖类化合物的研究进展

椰子水中主要为蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖;椰花序汁中为蔗糖;椰肉中主要含有半乳甘露聚糖和膳食纤维。目前,可溶性糖的应用范围较广,如食品加工、微生物发酵等,而不溶性糖主要作为饲料使用。但是,椰子水中的糖和椰肉中的膳食纤维也为加工带来了困扰。本文综述椰子水、椰花序汁、椰肉中糖的种类、组成、变化规律及其功能与应用前景,为提高椰子副产物加工利用率提供理论依据。     

3个品种香蕉果实中糖酸组分及含量的比较分析

用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定皇帝蕉(贡蕉)、巴西蕉和粉蕉成熟果实中糖酸组分及含量。结果表明,成熟果实中均含有蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖,并以积累蔗糖为主,皇帝蕉(贡蕉)、巴西蕉和粉蕉果实中蔗糖含量分别占总糖的59.76%、66.18%、68.69%,总糖含量大小表现为,皇帝蕉>巴西蕉>粉蕉;均含有11种有机酸,以苹果酸为主,含量分别占总酸的51.71%、47.30%、46.68%,同时含有大量的柠檬酸,分别占总酸的18.13%、19.62%和19.96%,并富含多种有机酸,总酸含量大小是粉蕉>巴西蕉>皇帝蕉。     

Accumulation of reducing sugars by sugarcane: effects of crop age,nitrogen supply and cultivar

Sugarcane was grown under full irrigation in Australia, South Africa and Hawaii. N fertiliser was supplied at a high rate and was non-limiting to biomass accumulation in all but one dataset, where zero and high nitrogen (N) supply regimes were imposed. Crops were sampled for biomass, sucrose, glucose and fructose content of stalks. In one study, the biomass and sugar content of all green crop components were also determined. The objective was to compare the accumulation of reducing sugars, glucose and fructose, with sucrose, and how this responds to agronomic manipulations of crop duration, cultivar and nitrogen supply. Such knowledge can be used to assess the scope for maximising, by agronomic or genetic means, the partitioning of biomass to the economic product, sucrose and maximising the purity of juice for efficient sucrose extraction at the mill. At 12 months growth, 30–50% of reducing sugars was present in the stalk component, but at earlier stages was higher at 50–80%. Stalk yields of reducing sugars for 12 month crops were less than 100 g m⁻², which was less than 5% of total sugars in the stalk. There were strong effects of N supply and cultivar on the amounts and concentration of reducing sugars in the stalk at low yields, but little effect when stalk biomass exceeded about 4000 g m⁻² suggesting that, agronomic or genetic manipulation of levels of reducing sugars will only be effective early in the season. For a given level of stalk biomass, cultivar effects on partitioning to reducing sugars were due either to differences in partitioning of stalk biomass to total sugars, or differences in the partitioning between sucrose and reducing sugars. On the other hand, variation in N supply only altered the partitioning between sucrose and reducing sugars. Calculations suggested that high concentrations of reducing sugars in stalks harvested at a young age or from high N supply treatments, were not expected to lower the polarimetric estimate of sucrose concentration in the juice by more than 6%. This study provides a framework to assess the impact of cultivar, crop duration, and N supply on the accumulation of reducing sugars in different production systems.     

不同黄皮品种果实品质和糖酸组分分析

采用常规的品质分析方法和高效液相色谱技术,对9个黄皮品种进行了果实品质和糖酸组分分析.结果表明,黄皮果实的可溶性糖主要由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖组成.其中果糖含量最高,葡萄糖次之,蔗糖最低.根据单糖与双糖的比例,黄皮属于单糖积累型.黄皮果实中有机酸主要由苹果酸和柠檬酸组成,可明显区分为苹果酸型和柠檬酸型两类.黄皮果实的糖酸比主要取决于有机酸的含量.综合来看,甜叶黄皮和大果甜鸡心的果实品质最好.     

The processing potential of tubers of the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L., after storage at low temperatures. 2. Sugar concentration

Summary Several clones from a potato breeding programme at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI) produced acceptable (pale) coloured fry products after five months' storage at 4°C. Chemical analysis of tuber samples taken at five-week intervals during storage at 4°C and 10°C gave a substantial variation in glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations among the 22 clones examined. Several unnamed SCRI clones showed little accumulation of reducing sugars when stored at 4°C. In marked contrast, the cultivars Record and Pentland Dell, currently the most widely used cultivars for fry processing in the UK, accumulated far greater levels of sugar during low temperature storage. Glucose concentration proved more important than fructose concentration in determining fry colour. Clones with the lowest concentrations of glucose after storage at 4°C also showed lowest concentrations when stored at 10°C. These results are in agreement with previous reports on the predictive value of glucose levels at harvest, but this is the first identification of such low temperature, low sweetening variants in agronomically adapted clones of the cultivated tetraploid potato.     

Microbial and Biochemical Changes Occurring During Production of masvusvu and mangisi,traditional Zimbabwean beverages

Biochemical and microbiological changes that occur during production of masvusvu and mangisi, both traditional Zimbabwean beverages made from malted finger millet flour were investigated in this study. During cooking to produce masvusvu, amylase was active within the first 20 minutes but its activity decreased drastically at temperatures of above 60 °C. Free reducing sugars increased from 3.8 to 308.1 mg/ml. During fermentation to produce mangisis, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeast and molds increased with fermentation time. Total titratable acidity increased from 0.13 to 0.67 percent, lactic acid from 0.51 t 4.10 g/l and pH decreased from 6.10 to 3.98.     

Improvement of the traditional method of ogiri production and identification of the micro-organisms associated with the fermentation process

Fermented products were developed from different proportions of melon (Citrullus vulgaris schrad) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) seeds after a 96 hour fermentation period. Proximate analysis, carried out on both fermented and unfermented samples, indicated that only the total carbohydrate content was appreciably reduced by the fermentation process. Micro-organisms responsible for fermentation were identified by gram staining and lactophenol staining, as bacteria and fungi. Identified bacteria were of the Bacillus and Acinetobacter species while the fungi were yeasts, rhizopus and mucor. Samples containing 50–100% melon showed a decrease in pH with increasing fermentation period. Bacteria were largely responsible in samples containing up to 75% groundnuts. Sensory analysis of dried fermented products after fortification with salt, ascorbic acid and flour indicated that they were acceptable.     

Preconditioning and storage of chemically immature Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes

Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes of different chemical maturities (i.e. varying sucrose concentrations) at harvest were preconditioned by holding at 15 C for various durations to lower the concentration of reducing sugars to levels acceptable for processing as french fries out of 8 C storage. In chemically immature tubers (i.e. those harvested with a high sucrose), sucrose declined after harvest and stabilized in storage regardless of the preconditioning period. However, there was a temporary small increase in sucrose after harvest in more chemically mature tubers. The concentrations of the reducing sugars glucose and fructose were low at harvest, usually < 1.0 mg g^?1, but increased rapidly during the first 30 to 45 d of storage in tubers with more than 2.0 mg g^?1 sucrose at harvest. Preconditioning for up to 70 d at 15 C either limited the increase in reducing sugars or lowered them more rapidly during storage than when preconditioned for only 14 d. Fresh weight loss of Russet Burbank and Shepody was greater in physically and chemically immature tubers compared to more mature tubers. Extended preconditioning of Russet Burbank and Shepody resulted in minimal additional weight loss.     

Relationships between fry color and sugar concentration in stored Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes

Relationships between french fry color and sugar composition of Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes harvested at various chemical maturities (i.e., sucrose concentrations) and exposed to various temperature regimes during 8 to 9 months storage were examined. Combined data from 3 years of study showed fry color to be more closely associated with glucose during 8 C storage for Russet Burbank (r²=0.65) and Shepody (r²=0.62) than with fructose, total reducing sugars, sucrose, or total sugars. Glucose > 1.6 mg g^?1 in Russet Burbank and > 1.2 mg g^?1 in Shepody resulted in fries which were too dark to be eligible for maximum bonus paid by processors for good color. Russet Burbank harvested with sucrose > 3.1 mg g^?1 and Shepody harvested with sucrose > 1.6 mg g^?1 and preconditioned for 14 d at 15 C before storage at 8 C accumulated enough glucose in storage to result in fries which were darker than was acceptable for maximum bonus payment. Preconditioning at 15 C for 70 d was necessary to prevent Russet Burbank with sucrose of 3.9 mg g^?1 at harvest from accumulating unacceptably high glucose during storage. Glucose determined with enzymatic test strips was in close agreement with that by HPLC for both cultivars. The test strips could be used to estimate fry color of Russet Burbank.