植物工厂水蓄能型地下水源热泵供热系统节能运行特性研究

植物工厂供热系统中,采用传统能源存在一次能源利用率低且污染严重的问题。地下水源热泵节能环保,如果结合蓄能技术可进一步降低运行能耗。该文以上海崇明自然光植物工厂为例,对水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统进行节能运行特性研究。结果表明:水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统在冬季运行时,采用基于分时电价政策的间歇运行模式,即在电价低谷时,热泵机组边供热边蓄热;在电价高峰期,充分利用蓄热水箱供热。典型周内供能系统按照间歇模式运行可以维持室内温度17~26℃之间,系统稳定运行时,热泵机组制热功率与耗电功率的比值(coefficient of performance,COP)稳定在4.2左右。其中计算典型日水蓄能型地下水源热泵系统比不蓄能系统节省30.34%的费用,供能系统COP为3.17,进一步说明系统较为高效平稳。系统冬季运行一次能源利用系数0.99,相对于冷水机组与燃煤锅炉配套系统,节能率达到81.05%。计算不同能源冬季加热成本,燃煤、燃气和燃油方式分别是该系统运行成本的1.25、2.93和5.08倍。实践表明,水蓄能型地下水源热泵式供热系统不仅能够移峰填谷,降低运行费用,而且充分合理地利用地热能,节能减排,具有良好的经济和环保效益。     

寒区沼气工程地下水源热泵加热系统能效分析

在北方寒冷地区,沼气工程加热系统如何能有效、合理地利用能源,提高能源利用率,是沼气工程实现低能耗,高产能必须解决的现实问题。该文依据地下水源热泵加热系统在沼气工程中应用的实例,建立了以?效率、热效率以及能级系数为评价准则的沼气工程加热系统能效分析模型,并通过对加热系统实际运行参数的测试,得到了沼气工程用户系统?效率为97.8%,地下水源热泵机组系统?效率为13.4%,沼气工程加热系统总的?效率为13.1%;加热系统总的热效率为85.3%;沼气工程用户耗热量的能级系数为0.161,用户供给热量的能级系数为0.164,地下水源热泵机组的能级系数为0.567。结果表明,对于沼气工程低品位热能用户,采用低温水供热科学合理;热泵机组系统回收了地下水中低品位热能,节约了高品位电能,加热系统能的数量有效利用程度较高;但热源与用户之间供需能质存在差异,在能质利用方面还需进一步完善。该结论可为今后沼气工程选择合理的加热模式提供参考依据。     

基于沼液余热回收的沼气工程系统净产能特性

沼气发酵是目前最常用的有机废弃物处理方法。为研究发酵温度、进料挥发性固体浓度(volatile solid,VS)、沼液余热回收等对沼气工程系统净产能的影响,该文基于系统能量平衡模型,以能效比和净产能为评价指标,探讨了以猪粪尿为原料的小型沼气工程系统的净产能特性。研究表明:针对基准指标,进料VS浓度与发酵温度都存在一定的对应关系,且随系统运行模式的不同而不同。进料VS质量分数为4%时,若保证系统达到基准能效比,沼气锅炉加热模式下,发酵温度最大为28.9℃;实施沼液余热回收后,最大发酵温度增大为36.5℃。当系统取得最大净产能时,上述2种模式下对应的发酵温度分别为30和35℃。此外,同一进料浓度下,沼液余热回收前后最大净产能的增幅可达11.5%,其对应的能效比增幅为53.1%。因此,需综合考虑进料浓度、发酵温度、运行方式、净产能和能效比等因素确定合理的运行参数,确保沼气工程系统良好有序运行。     

地下水源热泵系统热平衡模拟三维数值模型

为了准确模拟预测地下水源热泵系统运行期间的热平衡变化规律特征,避免未来地下水源热泵系统运行期间出现的热贯通现象。以河北省水勘院正定基地地下水源热泵系统示范工程为例,建立了地下水渗流与热量运移三维耦合数值模型,并结合地下水源热泵系统的设计运行方案,预测分析了不同条件下未来地下水源热泵系统的热平衡发展趋势。结果表明,该示范工程按设计方案运行,抽、灌井之间存在热贯通现象。地下水源热泵系统通过增大温差的方法进行调节,可有效地缓解热贯通现象。     

厌氧发酵反应器一维稳态传热模型的建立与验证

在北方高寒地区,采取适当的加热及保温措施,确保沼气厌氧发酵所需的稳定温度,是关系到沼气工程冬季能否正常运行的关键所在。厌氧发酵反应器传热耗热量是沼气发酵料液加热系统设计的最基本的数据,它直接影响着加热系统方案的选择、供热管道管径和加热器等主要设备的确定。该文在稳态传热理论的基础上,通过对集厌氧发酵和沼气收集为一体式的全地上反应器传热过程的理论分析,建立了一维稳态传热模型,并通过试验对传热模型进行了修正和验证。结果表明,通过模型计算得到的模拟值与实际值在统计上没有明显差异,传热模型可用于反应器耗热量的计算。这为今后大型沼气工程中厌氧发酵反应器热负荷的计算和反应器能耗的预测提供了依据。     

全混式厌氧发酵池加温负荷模型及其影响因素试验研究

沼气工程全混式厌氧发酵池加温负荷计算准确性关系到整个系统设计合理性、运行稳定性和系统经济性,明确加温负荷模型并了解主要因素对其影响特性非常重要。针对上海实际沼气工程全混式厌氧发酵池热过程,建立加温负荷物理和数学模型,为分析加温负荷各组成部分的大小、对全年加热量的影响,提出月平均负荷百分比、月围护结构散热率、月平均池容日负荷、全年池容总加温负荷以及设计池容加温负荷5个指标。考察不同发酵温度和顶膜保温层厚度等主要因素对加温负荷的影响得出:上海地区发酵温度为(30±1)、(35±1)℃的加温负荷约是发酵温度为(25±1)℃的1.54和1.94倍;发酵温度35℃相对于发酵温度30℃,总加温负荷增加约40%,同时热量获得的难度加大,源侧进水温度相同时热泵机组制热能效比(coefficient of performance,COP)下降约0.6;确定经济发酵温度为30℃;通过对比顶膜采用橡塑保温层厚度分别为0、25、50和75 mm对加温负荷的影响,得出每增加25 mm橡塑保温层后围护结构散热负荷减少率为67.99%、16.49%和7.28%,总加温负荷减少率为48.02%、7.17%和2.85%,确定上海地区顶膜经济保温层厚度为50 mm。根据模型计算加温负荷结果与实际工程试验计算结果相比,相对误差在0.6%~7.8%之间,结果可以为沼气工程加温负荷计算和保温层厚度提供参考。     

蓄能型地源热泵式植物工厂供能系统节能运行调控

蓄能型地源热泵式植物工厂供能系统虽然避免了传统化石能源供能所存在的一次能源利用率低且污染严重的问题,但目前缺乏长期运行经验。以上海崇明自然光植物工厂为例,对蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统进行节能运行优化调控。研究发现该系统存在3种不合理运行情况:A.植物工厂热负荷为负值时热泵仍继续供热、B.热泵向蓄热水箱输出过多热量蓄热、C.热泵在用电高峰时仍运行。经过优化调控后,避免A运行情况,第1季度热泵最终可减少输出能量21.55 GJ,可减少耗电1 012.50 kWh,折合成电价可节约747元;避免B运行情况,设定第1季度热水充满率上限为85%,在保证热泵充分供能植物工厂前提下,可减少输出97.2GJ能量;避免C运行情况,热泵总输出能量不变,将第1季度中热泵140.25 GJ的热量转移到平价阶段输出,可以节约5 530元,此时电量总计8 654.07 kWh。通过优化自然光植物工厂供能系统运行过程,可以节能降耗,经济运行。     

大中型沼气工程不同加热方式的经济效益分析

为解决大中型沼气工程的加热升温问题,该文以一个猪场废水处理沼气工程为例,对沼气锅炉、太阳能和沼气发电余热利用3种加热方式进行了经济效益分析。结果表明：沼气锅炉加热、太阳能加热和沼气发电余热利用加热3种方式的投资比为2︰11.2︰1,沼气发电余热利用加热方式的费用年值仅为沼气锅炉加热和太阳能加热方式的60%和12%;沼气发电余热利用加热方式无论从经济效益、技术性能,还是适应性、运行持久性等方面都明显优于太阳能加热和沼气锅炉加热。因此,基于中国的自然经济状况,大部分大中型沼气工程应优先选择沼气发电余热利用加热方式。     

地源热泵技术对规模化猪场节能减排的影响

为寻求规模化猪场环境控制中的节能减排措施,根据地源热泵技术在规模化猪场应用的实例,计算分析其投资的经济可行性和节能减排效果。结果表明,地源热泵系统较燃煤锅炉系统增加了环境控制设备投资,在现行煤电价格体制下,额外静态投资回收期6.4 a。地源热泵系统比传统的燃煤锅炉节能,热泵机组的理论COP大于4.0,一次能源利用效率大于1.28。地源热泵系统的CO2减排量为燃煤锅炉供暖方式排放量的60%。另外,在猪舍夏季降温方面,地源热泵系统较传统的蒸发降温方式节水。地源热泵系统是一种节能减排的规模化猪场环境控制方式。     

基于热泵的日光温室浅层土壤水媒蓄放热装置试验

由于日光温室的蓄热能力有限,后半夜温度往往比较低,难以满足作物生长需求。针对这一问题,该文提出了基于热泵的日光温室浅层土壤水媒蓄放热方法,其原理是白天开启循环水泵,将后墙获得的太阳辐射储存到温室浅层土壤中;前半夜通过浅层土壤热量的自然释放加热温室;当温室温度较低时,启动热泵系统将浅层土壤中的热量提升后加热温室。试验结果表明,在阴天系统系数(coefficient of performance,COP)能达到3以上,与燃煤热水锅炉相比节能33%;与对照温室相比,盖上保温被后,由于试验温室蓄热量大于对照温室,试验温室空气温度和土壤温度分别比对照温室平均高3.2和3.3℃;开启热泵机组后,试验温室空气温度和土壤温度分别比对照温室平均高5.7和2.9℃。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.