拔节抽穗期不同时长干旱胁迫对水稻冠层光谱特征的影响

基于水稻干旱胁迫试验,采用ASD（Field Spec Pro FR2500）光谱辐射仪测定水稻拔节期和抽穗期不同时间尺度（10d、20d）干旱处理与对照（正常处理）的冠层光谱反射率,对干旱胁迫下水稻冠层光谱变化规律、植被指数、水分指数、导数光谱特征进行分析.结果表明：水稻拔节期和抽穗期干旱胁迫后冠层光谱反射率与对照（CK）相比,可见光、近红外波段反射率均显著减小,短红外波段反射率显著增加,导数光谱红边位置均向短波方向推移,红边面积和红边斜率均显著减少,复合构建的6种植被指数或水分指数呈下降趋势,四波段水分指数（SRND）、归一化差异红外指数（NDVII）下降幅度最大;与CK相比,拔节期干旱胁迫20d和抽穗期10d的水稻冠层对可见光、近红外波段的反射率极显著降低,对短红外波段反射率极显著升高,在此阶段红边特征参数、植被水分指数减少幅度最低.研究结果可为利用高光谱遥感技术快速无损监测水稻干旱灾害提供技术支持.     

条件植被温度指数的四维变分与集合卡尔曼同化方法

为了提高基于VTCI的干旱监测的准确性,以关中平原为研究区域,将遥感反演的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)与CERES-Wheat小麦生长模犁模拟的土壤浅层水分数据相结合,通过四维变分(4DVAR)与集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)2种数据同化算法实现了VTCI的同化.由作物生长模型模拟的土壤浅层水分与VTCI建立经验关系得到模拟的VTCI,再将遥感反演的VTCI与模型模拟值分别应用两种同化算法得到VTCI的单点同化结果,继而应用到区域尺度.结果表明,在VTCI单点实验中,两种同化结果均能结合观测值与模拟值的优点而更加符合VTCI先验知识.在两者区域尺度的同化实验中,由于引入了模型的模拟值,同化后的VTCI区域间纹理更好,减少了原观测图像中相邻像元值陡升陡降的情况,提高了基于VTCI的干旱监测的准确性.通过对比2种同化算法在区域尺度上的同化结果与观测值的差值的概率分布及其均方根误差,表明在以旬为步长的VTCI同化实验中,EnKF方法适用性更强.     

藏北地区土壤水分遥感反演模型的研究

土壤水分是反映地表土壤特性的重要表征参量,也是遥感反演领域的一个热点问题。利用MODIS卫星数据第7波段对水分变化较敏感的特点,构建了一种简单实用的土壤水分反演回归模型。结果表明,利用该模型计算的预测值与实地观测值间的相关性比较好,达到了显著水平(P0.001),可以作为研究区土壤含水量遥感反演回归模型。由于该方法具有简单实用的特点,为高原土壤水分遥感监测提供了可行的方法。     

一种基于NIR-RED光谱特征空间的干旱监测新方法

土壤水分作为干旱监测的重要指标,一直是干旱遥感监测研究的重要内容。本研究利用MODIS数据的EVI、红波段反射率、近红外波段反射率数据构建了基于Nir-Red反特率光谱特征空间的EPDI模型进行土壤水分的反演。利用野外同步测量数据对PDI、MPDI、EPDI三种干旱指数模型获取的拉萨河流域土壤水分进行了验证和对比分析,研究结果表明EPDI能够更准确地反演土壤水分,其样本点的相对误差仅为0.1040,线性相关系数为0.9181,反演精度相比PDI、MPDI(0.1646、0.1472)分别提高了36.83%和29.35%,为利用遥感影像数据进行大尺度的干旱动态监测提供了新途径。并且相比MPDI,EPDI模型参数更容易获取,模型构建受人为因素影响小,从而为模型的大范围推广提供了可能,具有很好的应用意义。     

不同条件下夏玉米冠层反射光谱响应特性的研究

通过对两个年份不同牛育阶段的田间夏玉米活体进行冠层反射光谱测定,该文分析了不同空间尺度、种植密度、观测角度、生育阶段、叶面积指数KAI、氮素胁迫、叶片含水量以及与杂草共生等8个条件下的冠层反射光谱响应特性,并探讨其发生机理,研究结果表明,夏玉米在不同条件下的冠层反射光谱响应均呈现出一定的规律性.在近红外波段,其反射率值随氮肥施用量的增加而增大,尤以750～1350 nm波段,但在可见光波段,反射率值降低;随着观测探头的逐步升高,反射率值降低:随杂草量的增多,反射率值逐渐增大.这些结果揭示了高光谱遥感田间夏玉米理化信息获取的巨大潜力,同时,为以后遥感反演建模提供了依据.     

基于NDVI分区的全国草地生态系统覆盖区土壤水分遥感反演

为了建立土壤水分遥感反演模型,反演2016年全国草地生态系统土壤水分并分析其时空变化特征,通过结合表观热惯量(ATI)和温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)的混合模型反演2016年全国草地生态系统的土壤水分,并在实测数据与反演结果精度验证的基础上确定归一化植被指数(NDVI)阈值。结果表明:(1)NDVI≤0.2的像元区域,采用ATI模型反演精度较高; NDVI≥0.78的像元上,基于增强型植被指数(EVI)的TVDI反演精度较高; 0.2相似文献   

HYDRUS模型与遥感集合卡尔曼滤波同化提高土壤水分监测精度

精确地估测干旱区土壤水分含量,对该区域的农业发展与水土保持具有重要意义。该文以MODIS与Landsat TM数据为数据源,利用其反演获得的条件温度植被指数(temperature-vegetation drought Index,TVDI)作为观测算子,将集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble Kalman filter,En-KF)同化方法应用于水文模型(HYDRUS-1D),进行干旱区表层土壤水分的模拟。结果表明:遥感数据反演土壤水分所构建的二维特征空间TVDI与表层土壤水分有较好的一致性;En-KF同化方法对模型变量与观测算子的更新,与单纯使用HYDRUS模型相比,获得的表层土壤水分含量精度有了明显提高,其均方根误差缩小了1个百分点,平均误差缩小了5个百分点。可见,基于多源遥感数据对表层土壤水分的En-KF同化模拟在干旱区具有较大的潜力,是提高干旱区土壤水分含水量监测精度的有效手段。     

基于高分六号卫星红边波段的森林蓄积量遥感反演——以西宁市针叶林为例

红光波段和近红外波段常被作为森林蓄积量反演的敏感波段,介于两者之间的红边波段往往被忽略,为了明确红边波段对森林蓄积量的遥感反演精度的影响,本研究基于高分六号卫星宽幅影像（GF6-WFV）,结合西宁市2014年森林资源二类调查数据,从光谱特征、植被指数、地形因子、影像纹理等4个方面选取蓄积量反演的自变量,采用多元线性回归（MLR）、随机森林（RF）模型,分析比较了有无红边波段对西宁市针叶林蓄积量遥感反演精度的影响。结果表明：（1）无红边波段（No Red-Edge）和加入红边波段（Red-Edge Added）两组处理的纹理特征变量降维后,其主成分信息主要解释了红外、近红外以及红边1波段的纹理特征。（2）与蓄积量相关的光谱特征变量：No Red-Edge处理主要包括红边波段和近红外波段的地表反射率,Red-Edge Added处理主要为红边1波段的地表反射率;植被指数变量：No Red-Edge处理主要包括NDVI和SAVI,Red-Edge Added处理为MTCI。（3）加入红边波段后,RF模型的R²优于MLR模型,分别为0.6719和0.5487,RF模型的均方根误差（RMSE）小于MLR模型,分别为26.3m³hm⁻²和20.8m³hm⁻²。（4）去除模型对反演精度的影响后,相对于No Red-Edge,Red-Edge Added处理的反演结果与观测值拟合的R2提高了11.6%,RMSE降低了9.1%。说明加入红边波段可显著提高西宁市针叶林蓄积量的反演精度,研究结果可为森林蓄积量的遥感反演提供科学依据。     

基于冠层光谱特征的冬小麦产量估算研究

快速准确的粮食作物产量估算对于国家制订粮食政策和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。利用地面高光谱遥感的优点,获取作物冠层的精细光谱,并根据植被绿峰、红边、水汽吸收波段、近红外反射峰及短波红外反射峰等特征构建高光谱指数,从而对冬小麦产量进行预测。结果表明:可见光波段、近红外波段和短波红外波段的光谱反射率与产量从返青期到抽穗期分别达到显著负相关、显著正相关和显著负相关水平;通过分析光谱参量与产量的关系,由植被红边与近红外波段反射峰所定义的归一化植被指数(NDVI)与产量的统计相关特征在所有生育期都是极显著水平,统计相关性优于其他光谱参量,利用该参量所构建的非线性模型估产效果最好,可见利用NDVI指数进行产量预报效果更好。     

基于支持向量机回归的冬小麦叶面积指数遥感反演

利用单一植被指数反演叶面积指数(LAI)时,存在不同程度的饱和性且每种指数只能包含部分波段的信息,该文提出利用支持向量机回归的方法进行叶面积指数的反演,可以用更多的波段信息作为输入参数以提高LAI反演精度。选取冬小麦起身期、拔节期和灌浆期的实测光谱和叶面积指数数据,用统计回归的方法分别建立NDVI-LAI和RVI-LAI模型,用支持向量机回归(SVR)方法分别建立以NDVI、RVI以及蓝、绿、红和近红外4个波段数据作为输入参数的回归预测模型,即NDVI-SVR、RVI-SVR和NRGB-SVR模型。上述5个模型分别利用对应时期的环境星HJ-CCD数据进行验证。结果表明:NDVI和RVI与叶面积指数(LAI)的回归模型预测的结果与实测值的RMSE分别为0.98与0.97;预测精度分别为59.2%与59.3%。以NDVI和RVI结合实测叶面积指数(LAI)训练并预测的结果与实测值的均方根误差RMSE分别为0.71与0.83预测精度分别为70.4%与67.1%。以蓝(B)、绿(G)、红(R)以及近红外(NIR)波段作为输入参数回归并预测的RMSE值为0.42,预测精度为81.7%。通过支持向量机回归预测具有更好的拟合效果,可以输入更多波段信息,提高了叶面积遥感反演精度,对冬小麦的多个生育期均具有较好的适用性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.