吉林省东部气象因子与玉米延迟型冷害的时空演变规律

基于1980—2014年吉林东部地区逐日气象数据和玉米种植资料,利用Mann-Kendall突变分析法、气候倾向率、偏最小二乘回归分析等方法,揭示了气候变化背景下冷害的时空演变规律,同时对影响冷害的气象因子进行探究。结果表明:(1)近35年热量条件有所改善,冷害呈现减少趋势。20世纪80年代,冷害受低温阴雨、早霜等天气影响表现为发生频率高、强度大,20世纪90年代气温升高,冷害发生频率降低,中期降水异常增加,冷害强度增大,21世纪气温大幅提高,冷害少有发生,但不排除区域极端低温的可能;(2)吉林东部地区气候整体变暖且初霜日推迟,降水量南多北少,日照时数东升西降。而冷害发生频率空间分布规律为随着生育期推进冷害高频区逐渐由中部山区向高纬度延伸,即高纬度、高海拔地区成为冷害的高发区;(3)玉米在出苗—抽雄期受低温影响较大,冷害年气温受各气象因子的影响大小为降水量>日照时数>初霜日,尤其高海拔山区多阴雨寡照天气,易发生冷害。     

三江平原地区农作物低温冷害发生规律

低温冷害是影响三江平原地区粮食作物单产不高、总产不稳的主要气象灾害.5～9月日平均气温低于历年平均值0.5℃以上时,即产生低温冷害.1949～1986年间,本区共发生10次低温冷害年,气候概率为28%.平均每个低温冷害年粮食作物减产14.3%、总产减少3～6亿kg.低温冷害关键期是5、6、8三个月气温,玉米、大豆与5、6二个月气温相关显著,水稻与8月气温相关显著,r值分别为0.609、0.629和0.637.冷害类型以延迟型为主,水稻兼有障碍型冷害.本区低温冷害的发生,与大气环流和太阳黑子活动有关,每当太阳黑子出现极大、极小值或出现厄尔尼诺(El Nino)现象时,大多是低温冷害年.     

东北水稻障碍型低温冷害变化特征及其与关键生育期温度的关系

利用东北地区153个气象站1961-2010年逐日气温资料,采用统计学方法分析水稻障碍型低温冷害的气候特征,并与孕穗期和抽穗-开花期温度进行相关分析。结果表明:东北大部水稻障碍型低温冷害事件呈减少趋势,且其区域性分布较明显,表现为吉林大部在水稻孕穗期、辽宁局部在抽穗期低温冷害呈增加趋势;近50a低温冷害发生站次年际波动较大,总体呈减少趋势,但2001-2010年冷害发生站次明显增多;障碍型低温冷害对发育期气温变化较敏感,二者呈显著负相关关系,温度每升高1℃,整个东北地区低温冷害发生站次减少35个;对冷害和发育期气温的年际、年代际变化特征进行分析发现,发育期气温升高导致低温冷害减少是年代际和年际变化共同影响的结果。     

黑龙江水稻孕穗期障碍型冷害及其对产量的影响

以连续3d以上日均气温≤18℃为指标判定障碍型冷害,利用黑龙江省稻作区1961—2006年每年7月中-下旬逐日平均气温和水稻产量资料,采用气候统计方法分析水稻孕穗期障碍型冷害的发生特征,在此基础上利用多元线性回归方法分析水稻实际单产与孕穗期障碍型冷害期间平均温度和低温持续时间的关系。结果表明：1961—2006年,黑龙江省稻作区水稻孕穗期障碍型冷害呈现不规律的时间变化特征,共有17a发生,发生范围大、持续时间长、平均气温低的年份有1964、1971、1990和2006年,20世纪80年代发生最多,为7a,20世纪90年代发生最少,为1a。研究期间,孕穗期障碍型冷害的发生频率在地域上呈现由北向南、由东向西减少的趋势,北部最多,西部最少;在同一冷害年内,孕穗期障碍型冷害的发生具有明显的区域差异,冷害的发生程度在区域上表现为东部重于西部,北部重于南部。水稻实际单产与孕穗期障碍型冷害期间平均温度和低温持续时间具有极显著的相关关系（P〈0．01）,孕穗期障碍型冷害期间平均温度每下降1℃,水稻单产降低1234．177kg／hm^2,孕穗期障碍型冷害持续时间每延长1d,水稻单产下降104．208kg／hm^2。     

基于高分辨格点数据东北水稻延迟型冷害风险评估及保险费率厘定

利用5km×5km空间分辨率3h时间分辨率的气象格点数据集,研究东北地区水稻延迟型冷害风险及其保险费率的厘定。基于东北地区1981-2010年5-9月平均温度的格点数据集和99个气象站的站点观测数据,以相关系数和均方根误差评价格点气象数据在东北地区的可用性。以日平均气温稳定通过10℃和18℃的日数作为获取水稻气候安全种植区域的指标,在水稻气候安全种植范围内,分析东北地区水稻延迟型冷害的空间分布特征,确定保险费率。结果表明,东北地区1981-2010年5-9月平均温度气象站点观测数据与格点数据的相关系数高,均方根误差小,表明格点数据在东北地区可用。水稻气候安全种植区域占东北的56.5%,主要分布在辽宁省、吉林省中西部、黑龙江省西南部和东北部、蒙东西部及东部与辽宁和吉林省接壤的区域。在水稻气候安全种植区内,水稻延迟型冷害发生频率呈南低北高,中间低东西高的分布特征,且重度延迟型冷害发生频率最高。低温冷害风险指数空间分布与之相似,内蒙古西部和东北部、黑龙江北部和吉林西部局部地区是风险指数的高值区。东北地区1981-2010年水稻延迟型冷害的天气指数保险费率在空间分布上与东北地区低温冷害风险指数...     

关于冷害之我见

《中国农业气象》1 999年第 1期上 ,刊登了崔读昌同志“关于冻害、寒害、冷害和霜冻”一文 ,其中写道 :“潘铁夫作的冷害定义较准确 ,但在温度界定上不准确 ,将冷害界定到0℃”[1] 。现在我谈谈对此问题的看法。1　本人对冷害定义的论述在潘铁夫等编著的《农作物低温冷害及其防御》[2 ] 一书第 7页中写道 :“冷害是指作物在生育期间遭受异常低温而直接或间接受害 ,其低温在零度以上。因为作物各个生育阶段的生育适温和下限温度是不一样的 ,因此作物各生育阶段冷害的温度指标也是不一致的”。“低温冷害是由于作物遭受了低于其生育适温的连续…     

基于当量积温对寒地水稻生长季低温冷害年的判定

基于水稻生物学性质,根据气温昼夜节律和水稻温强系数研究成果,从热量影响水稻发育的多种角度出发,设计当量积温、负当量积温、热量匹配累积指数三种水稻生长季热量表征指标,研究寒地水稻低温冷害的判识方法。采用21a滑动平均法,获得黑龙江省1971-2016年水稻生长季各热量指标的距平百分率,分析其对低温冷害的判识能力。结果表明：各热量指标距平百分率取值越低,对冷害的指示能力越高;利用加权隶属度模型构建三者综合距平百分率冷害判定模型,距平百分率＞-5%为无冷害,-10%＜距平百分率≤?5%为轻度冷害,-15%＜距平百分率≤-10%为中度冷害,距平百分率≤-15%为重度冷害;综合距平百分率能够判识水稻生长季的低温冷害,且能反映冷害程度,对典型冷害年的判识准确率达100%;黑龙江省冷害群发性特征非常明显,如1971、1972、1976、1981、1983、1992、2002和2009年典型冷害年,不仅冷害发生区域广,且冷害程度较重;1986、1987、1989、1993、1995和2003年为轻度或局地冷害年。     

基于GIS的内蒙古东部地区玉米低温冷害精细化风险区划

通过分析内蒙古东部地区的热量条件、热量条件变异性及低温冷害发生频率,得出低温冷害综合风险指数,运用逐步回归建立其与地理信息的空间推算模型,基于GIS和1∶5万地理信息数据,对玉米低温冷害风险进行空间展布并分区,得出内蒙古东部地区玉米低温冷害精细化风险区划图。结果表明,低温冷害高风险区位于纬度和海拔较高的呼伦贝尔市北部和西部地区;通辽市中南部、赤峰市东南部和兴安盟南部等海拔较低、地势相对平坦的地区低温冷害风险最低;低温冷害风险程度基本呈西北-东南向带状分布,受海拔高度及地形、地势等因素的影响,低温冷害风险分布又具有错落的局地性特点。研究结果有利于规避玉米低温冷害风险,发掘可利用气候资源,优化种植结构和布局,保障区域粮食安全。     

吉林水稻关键生育期延迟型/障碍型冷害时空变化

利用吉林省10个农业气象观测站1981−2019年日平均气温、水稻发育日期及产量、历史灾情等数据，识别水稻关键生育期延迟型/障碍型冷害两种类型冷害事件，并对关键生育期不同类型冷害的致灾强度和时空变化进行分析。结果表明：（1）全球变暖背景下吉林省各测站水稻发育期变化显著，其中移栽日期以提前为主，成熟日期以推迟为主，80%的站点移栽−成熟期间隔天数的气候倾向率为正值，且一半站点增加趋势通过了0.05水平显著性检验。（2）延迟型冷害发生次数在不同年代呈明显减少趋势，主要与移栽−抽穗期温度条件的改善有关；移栽−抽穗期延迟型冷害致灾强度更大。（3）障碍型冷害发生次数在不同年代之间无明显变化趋势，开花期障碍型冷害发生频率明显高于孕穗期，但孕穗期障碍型冷害致灾强度更大。（4）在空间分布上，延迟型冷害在全区发生频率差异不大，仅严重延迟型冷害在东部地区略高；障碍型冷害在吉林省东部区域发生频率明显较其他地区严重。综上，在全球变暖、农民调整水稻移栽日期和品种更换的共同作用下，水稻关键生育期延迟型冷害的发生明显减少，障碍型冷害主要在吉林省的东部时有发生。     

孕穗抽穗期低温处理对黑龙江省主栽水稻品种结实率的影响

选取黑龙江省4个耐冷性不同的水稻品种,应用人工气候室在水稻孕穗抽穗期进行不同低温强度、不同持续时间(2008年)、不同昼夜变温(2009年)处理的低温试验,通过观测比较水稻结实率,分析主栽品种的耐冷性差异,探索障碍型冷害的温度指标及不同昼夜低温形式对水稻结实率的影响。结果表明,品种间对低温表现出不同的耐冷性,在15℃低温下处理8d,空育131的结实率为87%,表现的耐冷性最强,龙稻3和龙稻7次之,而垦稻12的结实率为61.5%,耐冷性最弱;在4～8d的低温处理下,空育131孕穗抽穗期障碍型冷害发生的温度为15℃,龙稻3和龙稻7为16℃,垦稻12为17℃左右;在日积温(15℃)相同的低温处理下,昼、夜持续15℃低温,即水稻始终处于受害温度下的结实率均值低至74.3%,发生了严重的障碍型冷害;昼夜有温差变化,即部分时段水稻处于非受害温度下的结实率均值在79.5%～82.4%,障碍型冷害程度显著下降。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.