Comparisons of yield performance and nitrogen response between hybrid and inbred rice under different ecological conditions in southern China

In order to understand the yield performance and nitrogen(N) response of hybrid rice under different ecological conditions in southern China, field experiments were conducted in Huaiji County of Guangdong Province, Binyang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Changsha City of Hunan Province, southern China in 2011 and 2012. Two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and Y-liangyou 1) and two inbred rice cultivars(Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan) were grown under three N treatments(N1, 225 kg ha–1; N2, 112.5–176 kg ha–1; N3, 0 kg ha–1) in each location. Results showed that grain yield was higher in Changsha than in Huaiji and Binyang for both hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yield in Changsha was attributed to larger panicle size(spikelets per panicle) and higher biomass production. Consistently higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars was observed in Changsha but not in Huaiji and Binyang. Higher grain weight and higher biomass production were responsible for the higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars in Changsha. The better crop performance of rice(especially hybrid cultivars) in Changsha was associated with its temperature conditions and indigenous soil N. N2 had higher internal N use efficiency, recovery efficiency of applied N, agronomic N use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of applied N than N1 for both hybrid and inbred cultivars, while the difference in grain yield between N1 and N2 was relatively small. Our study suggests that whether hybrid rice can outyield inbred rice to some extent depends on the ecological conditions, and N use efficiency can be increased by using improved nitrogen management such as site-specific N management in both hybrid and inbred rice production.     

氮肥模式对稻田温室气体排放和产量的影响

为探明不同施肥模式对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响,本研究以江汉平原一季中稻为研究对象,通过大田试验设置5个氮肥处理:不施氮肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FFP)、实时氮肥管理(RTNM)、精确定量施氮(PQNA)和一次性施肥(OOF),采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了稻田CH_4和N_2O排放特征。结果表明:与CK相比,FFP、PQNA、RTNM和OOF显著增加了CH_4和N_2O排放。FFP、PQNA和RTNM处理CH_4排放并没有显著差异,但是OOF处理比FFP处理CH_4减排27.5%;RTNM和OOF处理比FFP处理N_2O排放分别减少了23.1%和25.0%。与FFP相比,OOF并没有降低水稻产量,而RTNM和PQNA显著增加了水稻产量。OOF较FFP、RTNM和PQNA处理增温潜势(GWP)分别减少了27.4%、12.5%和18.5%。PQNA、RTNM和OOF处理的温室气体排放强度(GHGI)较FFP分别降低了22.2%、24.4%和26.7%。研究表明,采用合理的施肥模式,在保障水稻产量的同时,能够减缓稻田温室气体排放,实现丰产增效和环境友好。在所有施肥模式中,OOF具有最低的GWP,同时能够维持水稻产量并减少追肥次数,是一种低碳丰产的施肥技术,值得在江汉平原大面积推广。     

江苏现用主要粳稻品种对氮素的反应

在大田和盆栽试验条件下 ,研究杂交籼稻汕优 63和 4个中粳品种武育粳 3号、951 6、952 2及镇稻 88对氮肥施用期的反应。结果表明 :基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥 3种施肥方法的增产作用及肥料的利用率 ,汕优 63以分蘖肥为最大 ,武育粳 3号以穗肥为最大 ,而 952 2则在 3种施肥方法中差异不大。在等量氮肥作促花肥、保花肥和粒肥的 3种不同施肥时期中 ,氮肥的增产作用及肥料的利用率 ,汕优 63以粒肥为最大 ,促花肥为最小 ;武育粳 3号和 951 6以促花肥为最大 ,粒肥为最小 ;952 2和镇稻 88等则以保花肥最大。并对不同品种对氮肥施用期反应的差异进行了讨论。     

Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions?

This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions. Field experiments were done in Yong'an Town, Hunan Province, China in 2015 and 2016. Two hybrid rice cultivars were grown under single seedling machine transplanting (SMT) and conventional machine transplanting (CMT) at a high planting density in each year. Grain yield and yield attributes were compared between SMT and CMT. Averaged across cultivars and years, grain yield was 12% higher under SMT than under CMT. Plant height, basal stem width, and shoot and root dry weights were higher in seedlings for SMT than those for CMT. SMT had less maximum tiller number per m² and consequently less panicle number per m² than did CMT. Branch number per panicle, especially the secondary branch number per panicle, and spikelet number per cm of panicle length were more under SMT than under CMT, which resulted in more spikelet number per panicle under SMT than under CMT. SMT had higher or equal spikelet filling percentage than did CMT. The difference in grain weight between SMT and CMT was relatively small and inconsistent cross years. SMT had higher or equal total biomass and harvest index than did CMT. Dry weight per stem under SMT was heavier than that under CMT. Larger leaf area per stem was partly responsible for the heavier dry weight per stem under SMT than under CMT. Our study suggests that improvement in seedling quality, panicle size, and dry weight per stem are critical to the high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions.     

No-tillage effects on grain yield and nitrogen requirements in hybrid rice transplanted with single seedlings: Results of a long-term experiment

This study was conducted to determine whether, and if so how, the grain yield and nitrogen (N) requirements of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings are affected by no-tillage (NT) practices. A fixed field experiment was done at the Experimental Farm of Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, from 2004 to 2014. Grain yield and yield attributes (panicle number per m², spikelet number per panicle, spikelet filling percentage, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index) were evaluated as well as the N-use characteristics (total N uptake, internal N-use efficiency, and N requirements) of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings comparing NT with conventional tillage (CT). A significant finding was that there were no significant differences in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics between CT and NT. Averaged across the 11 years, grain yield and N requirements were 9.51 t ha^–1 and 20.2 kg t^–1 under CT and 9.33 t ha^–1 and 20.0 kg t^–1 under NT, respectively. There were significant yearly variations in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics observed under both CT and NT. The yearly variation in grain yield was related to simultaneous changes in spikelet number per panicle, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index. Also, it was found that grain yield was positively correlated with internal N-use efficiency but negatively correlated with N requirements. It is concluded that grain yield and N requirements in hybrid rice when transplanted as single seedlings are not affected adversely by NT. The results of this study suggest that (1) compatible relationships among yield attributes can be established in hybrid rice that is transplanted as single seedlings, and (2) higher grain yield and higher N-use efficiency can be concurrently achieved in hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings.     

Effect of Nitrogen Regimes on Grain Yield,Nitrogen Utilization,Radiation Use Efficiency,and Sheath Blight Disease Intensity in Super Hybrid Rice

Poor nitrogen use efficiency in rice production is a critical issue in China. Site-specific N managements (SSNM) such as real-time N management (RTNM) and fixed-time adjustable-dose N management (FTNM) improve fertilizer-N use efficiency of irrigated rice. This study was aimed to compare the different nitrogen (N) rates and application methods (FFP, SSNM, and RTNM methods) under with- and without-fungicide application conditions on grain yield, yield components, solar radiation use efficiency (RUE), agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency (AE_N), and sheath blight disease intensity. Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007. A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material. The results showed that RTNM and SSNM have great potential for improving agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing the grain yield. There were significant differences in light interception rate, sheath blight disease incidence (DI) and the disease index (ShBI), and total dry matter among the different nitrogen management methods. The radiation use efficiency was increased in a certain level of applied N. But, the harvest index (HI) decreased with the increase in applied N. There is a quadratic curve relationship between grain yield and applied N rates. With the same N fertilizer rate, different fertilizer-N application methods affected the RUE and grain yield. The fungicide application not only improved the canopy light interception rate, RUE, grain filling, and harvest index, but also reduced the degree of sheath blight disease. The treatment of RTNM under the SPAD threshold value 40 obtained the highest yield. While the treatment of SSNM led to the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency and higher rice yield, and decreased the infestation of sheath blight disease dramatically as well. Nitrogen application regimes and diseases control in rice caused obvious effects on light interception rate, RUE, and HI. Optimal N rate is helpful to get higher light interception rate, RUE, and HI. Disease control with fungicide application decreased and delayed the negative effects of the high N on rice yield formation. SSNM and RTNM under the proper SPAD threshold value obtained highyield with high efficiency and could alleviate environmental pollution in rice production.     

精确定量施肥对贵州高原山区杂交籼稻产量与群体质量的影响

【目的】水稻产量在很大程度上受环境、栽培技术等多种因素的影响。根据各地的气候特点有针对性地采用栽培技术,可以充分挖掘水稻产量潜力,大幅度提高单产。论文旨在探明精确定量施肥对贵州高原山区杂交籼稻群体质量及产量形成的影响效应。【方法】于2010-2011年在贵州省黄平、绥阳、余庆、兴义4个不同生态稻区,以当地具有高产潜力的杂交籼稻品种为试材,设计精确定量施肥模式（accurate fertilizer,AF）与常规施肥模式（conventional fertilizer,CF）,通过对两种施肥模式的比较,研究不同施肥模式的群体质量及产量形成的差异。精确定量施肥模式以斯坦福（Stanford）方程为基础,根据目标产量需氮量、土壤供氮量及氮肥当季利用率计算总施氮量,各阶段的施肥量根据目标产量的阶段需氮量确定。精确施肥模式的总氮按照基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕促花肥﹕保花肥为30%﹕20%﹕35%﹕15%施用,常规施肥模式氮素总量按基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕促保花肥为20%﹕60%﹕20%施用。在有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期分别取地上部分测定叶面积和干物质量,成熟期考查穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。【结果】精确定量施肥模式显著提高了黄平、绥阳、余庆、兴义4个点的水稻产量,增产幅度为12.4%-48.0%,从产量构成因素看,穗数和穗粒数均较常规施肥模式有不同程度提高,穗数增加8.1%以上,穗粒数增加2.5%以上,群体颖花量增加14.3%以上,而结实率和千粒重两种施肥模式的差异较小;比较分析两种施肥模式的穗型大小,精确定量施肥模式较常规施肥模式穗粒数小于100粒的小穗比例降低、100-250粒的大穗和250粒以上的特大穗比例增加,小穗比例减少了36.7%-100%,大穗比例提高了2.2%-11.4%,特大穗比例提高了23.3%-94.9%;在叶面积指数与粒叶比方面;精确定量施肥模式比常规施肥模式的群体叶面积指数拔节前有所降低（4.2%-11.8%）、抽穗期显著提高（4.2%-13.9%）;粒叶比明显增大,其中颖花/叶为9.3%-32.7%、实粒/叶为12.8%-35.7%、粒重/叶为10.1%-36.3%;干物质积累量表现为精确定量施肥模式比常规施肥模式拔节前有所降低,拔节至抽穗期提高了9.8%-50.8%,抽穗至成熟期提高了26.9%-62.7%。【结论】精确定量施肥模式显著提高了贵州杂交籼稻产量,其途径主要通过控制拔节前的群体生长,促进拔节后的群体发展,适度减小拔节前群体叶面积和干物质积累,扩大拔节后尤其是抽穗后群体叶面积和干物质积累,在稳定提高穗数的基础上,控制晚生小穗数量、促进大穗形成,提高穗粒数和粒叶比,实现抽穗后群体干物质的高积累,从而获得高产。     

节水灌溉对节水抗旱水稻品种产量的影响及生理基础

【目的】探明节水抗旱水稻品种在节水灌溉条件下产量形成特点及生理基础。【方法】2个节水抗旱品种旱优113（杂交籼稻）和旱优8号（杂交粳稻）及2个当地高产品种两优培九（两系杂交籼稻）和扬辐粳8号（粳稻）种植于土培池和大田,自移栽后10 d至成熟设置常规灌溉和节水灌溉处理。【结果】与常规灌溉相比,当地高产品种在节水灌溉条件下产量显著降低,两种灌溉方式间的节水抗旱品种产量无显著差异。节水灌溉显著减少灌溉水量,提高灌溉水生产力（产量/灌溉水量）,节水抗旱品种灌溉水生产力增幅大于当地高产品种。与当地高产品种相比较,节水抗旱品种在节水灌溉条件下的相对分蘖数和每穗颖花数（节水灌溉分蘖数或颖花数/常规灌溉分蘖数或颖花数）较多,结实率较高;整个生育期绿叶面积持续期长,抽穗期根重较高、抽穗后根系氧化力、根系和叶片中细胞分裂素（玉米素+玉米素核苷）含量、剑叶光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖合酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性、抽穗期至成熟期的干物质积累量、茎中非结构性碳水化合物的运转率和收获指数较高。土培池与大田试验结果趋势一致。【结论】在节水灌溉条件下节水抗旱品种比当地高产品种可获得较高的产量和水分利用效率;节水抗旱品种在节水灌溉条件下较好的根系性能和地上部植株较强的生理活性是其高产与水分高效利用的重要生理基础。     

钾肥施用时期对水稻产量及穗部结实的影响

试验采用随机区组设计方法,研究了不同时期施用钾肥对水稻产量及穗部结实的影响.结果表明,基肥和穗肥按全钾量5:5比例施入(处理4),水稻整个生长期内钾肥营养均衡,有利于颖花分化,穗粒数最多,产量最高,达13 240.52 kg·hm-2;基肥一次性施入钾肥(处理1),由于水稻孕穗期和灌浆期营养供给不足,降低了水稻穗长、一...     

立体生态区水稻定量促控栽培技术的增产机理

【目的】检验水稻定量促控栽培技术（RP）的适应性,并探索其增产机理。【方法】于2008-2009年在云南省6个生态区,以当地的主栽品种为材料,设置RP技术与常规栽培技术的对比试验,调查叶龄、茎蘖数、产量及其构成因素。【结果】在6个生态区RP技术显著增产,2008年籼、粳稻分别增产16.0%和15.8%;2009年分别增产18.3%和15.3%;与常规栽培技术相比,RP技术增加穗肥的用量促进了颖花的分化并降低了颖花的退化,从而促进大穗的形成,提高了穗粒数。【结论】RP技术通过降低基本苗和高峰苗提高茎蘖成穗率,获得更多的有效穗,通过重施穗肥促进大穗的形成,显著扩大库容量,最终获得高产。基于此提出了不同生态区12 t•hm-2水稻高产的群体指标。     

Comparison of agronomic performance between inter-sub-specific hybrid and inbred japonica rice under different mechanical transplanting methods

Mechanical transplanting has been applied to rice cultivation to save labor costs and ease labor shortages in Asian countries, especially in China. However, little information is available related to the characteristics of agronomic performance when comparing inter-sub-specific hybrid rice (IHR) and inbred japonica rice (IJR) under mechanical transplanting method. In 2013 and 2014, field experiments were conducted using IHR (Yongyou 2640) and IJR (Wuyunjing 24) under two cultivation patterns, that is, pot seedlings mechanically transplanted (PS) and carpet seedlings mechanically transplanted (CS). Grain yield, yield components, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), aboveground biomass, crop growth rate (CGR), nitrogen (N) uptake, and N accumulation were investigated. When compared with CS, PS displayed significantly increased grain yield for both varieties because the larger sink size allowed higher N accumulation from panicle initiation to maturity. Moreover, total aboveground biomass under PS increased significantly compared with that under CS; that is, higher photosynthetic productivity resulted from a greater LAI and higher LAD during the grain filling stage. Higher N absorption capacity in the middle and late growth periods resulted in significantly enhanced total N uptake under PS. When compared with IJR for both treatments, IHR generated 75.2% more grain yield. However, the characteristics creating high yield of IHR were different from those of IJR. Greater aboveground biomass production as well as higher N uptake and accumulation created higher grain yield in IHR than in IJR. These results suggest higher yield could be achieved using PS with IHR, attributing to exploit both yield superiority and productive potential.     

Yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and its production strategies

China's Super Hybrid Rice Breeding Program has made significant progress over the past two decades. In this paper, we reviewed our studies on the yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and discussed the strategies for super hybrid rice production. The results of our studies show that rice yield potential has been increased by 12% in super hybrid cultivars as compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars are attributed to larger panicle size coupled with higher biomass production or higher harvest index. However, grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars vary widely among locations depending on soil and climatic factors. Therefore, it is important to tailor target yield to local conditions in super hybrid rice production. The target yield for super hybrid rice production can be determined by the average yield method or the regression model method. Improving soil quality is critical to achieving the target yield in super hybrid rice production. Favorable crop rotations such as rice-oilseed rape and novel soil management practices, such as biochar addition, are effective approaches to improve soil quality. It is needed to develop simplified cultivation technologies for super hybrid rice to meet the changes in socioeconomic environments during the period of transition. There are such technologies as no-tillage direct seeding and mechanized transplanting at high hill density with single seedling per hill.     

Effects of Real-Time and Site-Specific Nitrogen Managements on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Using hybrid rice Shanyou63, the agronomic and economic characters of different nitrogen(N) managements were evaluated. The results showed that the grain yield of the control(N omission plots) ranged from 6.8 to 7.4 t ha-1, indicating the high indigenous N supplyof the soil. Compared with farmer's fertilizer practice (FFP, 240 kg N ha-1), the modifiedFFP (70% N of FFP), real-time N management (RTNM, applying N based on values ofchlorophyll meter) and site-specific N management (SSNM, applying nitrogen based on thetiming, amount of N and values of chlorophyll meter) increased the grain yield by 9.2-10.3%, 3.3-7.0% and 8.9-9.3%, and agronomic N efficiency (the increase in grain yieldper unit N applied) by 110.5-135.6%, 204.3- 297.0% and 200.9-276.4%, respectively. Theresults suggested that RTNM and SSNM have great potential for improving N use efficiencywithout sacrificing the grain yield. In addition, RTNM and SSNM also decreased chalkygrain percentage and chalkiness to improve grain appearance quality.     

不同类型水稻品种的产量构成因素与产量的关系(英文)

[目的]研究不同类型水稻品种产量构成因素与产量的关系,为水稻高产栽培提供理论依据。[方法]以在四川成都地区应用较多的超级稻品种和非超级稻品种为试验材料,研究不同类型品种连续 3 年(2006~2008 年)在高产栽培条件下的产量表现,分析其产量构成因素与产量的关系。[结果]水稻的产量与穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重关系密切,对于不同的品种类型,4个因素对产量的影响存在差异。在10.5~11.25 t/hm2的产量目标下,通过中小苗三角形条栽模式研究结果显示超级稻的产量与穗数、千粒重关系密切,同时,与穗粒数呈负相关,与结实率呈显著负相关。非超级稻品种的产量与穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈负相关关系,且与穗数、千粒重呈显著负相关。[结论]该研究明确了不同类型水稻品种的产量构成因素与产量的关系,为合理制订高产栽培措施、充分发挥超级稻的产量潜力、实现水稻大面积稳产高产奠定了基础。     

泰丰优组合的特征特性与产量构成因素分析

为了解泰丰优组合在漳州2010—2011年晚稻区试中表现增产的原因,分析泰丰优组合与对照种博优253的特征特性、产量及其构成因素,比较两类组合的差异。结果表明,泰丰优组合比对照种博优253增产达2.97%以上,名列前茅;平均生育期比对照种迟熟2 d左右;中感稻瘟病以上,抗瘟性强于对照种;米质外观优,与对照种相当;具有良好的株叶型态,优于对照种;泰丰优组合属于大穗大粒型组合,博优253属于多穗小粒型组合,泰丰优组合通过大穗大粒来弥补穗数不足,获得比博优253高的产量。同时对适合漳州市种植的高产、优质、抗病的三系杂交稻选育进行探讨。     

Deciphering the morpho–physiological traits for high yield potential in nitrogen efficient varieties (NEVs): A japonica rice case study

The use of nitrogen (N)-efficient rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties could reduce excessive N input without sacrificing yields. However, the plant traits associated with N-efficient rice varieties have not been fully defined or comprehensively explored.  Here, three japonica N-efficient varieties (NEVs) and three japonica N-inefficient varieties (NIVs) of rice were grown in a paddy field under N omission (0 N, 0 kg N ha^–1) and normal N (NN, 180 or 200 kg N ha⁻¹) treatments.  Results showed that NEVs exhibited higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) than NIVs under both treatments, due to improved sink size and filled-grains percentage in the former which had higher root oxidation activity and greater root dry weight, root length and root diameter at panicle initiation (PI), as well as higher spikelet–leaf ratio and more productive tillers during the grain-filling stage.  Compared with NIVs, NEVs also exhibited enhanced N translocation and dry matter accumulation after heading and improved flag leaf morpho–physiological traits, including greater leaf thickness and specific leaf weight and higher contents of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, chlorophyll, nitrogen, and soluble sugars, leading to better photosynthetic performance.  Additionally, NEVs had a better canopy structure, as reflected by a higher ratio of the extinction coefficient for effective leaf N to the light extinction coefficient, leading to enhanced canopy photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation.  These improved agronomic and physiological traits were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield and internal NUE, which could be used to select and breed N-efficient rice varieties.     

Comparative analysis on grain quality and yield of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.     

Temperature Difference Between the Air and Organs of Rice Plant and Its Relation to Spikelet Fertility

Based on the experiment of measuring panicles and leaves, air temperature, and humidity above the canopy of rice cultivars after heading in 2005 and 2006, we investigated the temperature difference （TD） between the air and organs of rice plant and its relationship with spikelet fertility. The results showed that TDs between the air and organs of rice varied with air temperature, air humidity, and plant type. For similar air humidity, TDs were lower at the air temperature of 28.5℃ than at higher temperature of 35.5℃, whereas for the same air temperature, the TDs decreased as the air humidity increased. TDs were also affected by plant type of the cultivars. Erect panicle cultivars showed higher TDs than those with droopy panicles under similar climatic conditions, and cultivars with panicles above flag leaf （PAFL） had higher TDs than those with panicles below the flag leaf （PBFL）. Cultivars grown in a location with lower air humidity and higher temperature, such as Taoyuan, China, had higher spikelet fertility than those in higher humidity under the similar air temperature during the grain filling stage. This is partially attributed to the larger TDs under the lower humidity. Rowspacing and the ratio of basal-tillering to panicle-spikelet fertilizer showed a significant influence on TD and subsequently on spikelet fertility, suggesting the possibility of increasing spikelet fertility by agronomic management.     

调控水稻产量性状的分子机理研究进展

随着水稻高产相关基因的克隆与功能分析,调控水稻产量的分子机理逐渐被人们了解与解读。株型控制由基因IPA1及4个直接控制分蘖的基因来共同完成。已报道的与穗发育相关的基因有11个,其中3个基因参与穗分化基本生物学过程,6个基因参与调控籽粒分化比率,2个基因参与调控穗分化期。控制水稻粒型和粒重的基因有5个,分别参与籽粒长、籽粒宽和灌浆过程。水稻产量基因的克隆与解读为水稻高产育种提供了理论指导。     

华南地区水稻品种发展中产量及有关性状的演变研究

对华南地区50年代以来先后推广的水稻品种早造16个、晚造17个作了研究,新复极差测定表明:产量呈现明显的递增趋势。但近期品种间产量差异不显著。产量构成因子,早稻经历了从高秆大穗型到早期矮秆多穗型又到近期半矮秆的改良大穗型的品种发展过程。晚稻近期品种向着大穗多穗型的方向发展,与同化产物分配有关的千粒重与结实率,早、晚稻近期品种均未得到较大的发展。近期品种株高,早稻向半矮秆方向发展,基部节间加粗,茎壁增厚。晚稻的变化趋势不明显。近期品种冠部功能叶,早稻略有减小,晚稻稍有增大。