Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance

A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

棉叶螨的抗药性现状与治理策略

棉叶螨也称为棉红蜘蛛,属蛛形纲叶螨科,其种类繁多,分布范围广,世代周期短,是为害棉花的一类重要害螨。目前,用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂主要是神经毒剂及呼吸抑制剂2大类,且棉叶螨对多数药剂产生了不同程度的抗性,以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为首的植食性害螨已成为世界上抗药性最严重的节肢动物之一。美国路易斯安那州棉田二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素产生了1 415倍抗性,而国内棉花上棉叶螨主要对有机磷类药剂产生了较强抗性,最高为467倍。棉叶螨产生抗药性的机制主要涉及靶标突变及解毒代谢增强,其中靶标突变主要涉及乙酰胆碱酯酶、电压门控钠离子通道和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道等;细胞色素P450单加氧酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等一种或多种解毒酶共同参与害螨对化学药剂的解毒代谢。该文主要从棉叶螨的种类及分布、用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂、棉叶螨的抗药性现状、抗药性机制解析和抗药性治理策略5个方面进行阐述,提出因地制宜的抗药性治理策略,旨在为棉叶螨的田间防治提供指导。     

桔全爪螨对甲氰菊酯的抗性选育及交互抗性的研究

采集桔全爪螨敏感种群 ,在室内用甲氰菊酯处理 ,以选育其抗药性。结果显示 :选育至 12代 ,抗性达 17 11倍 ,且发展速度越来越快。交互抗性测定结果显示 ,甲氰菊酯抗性品系对功夫和哒螨灵有非常明显的交互抗性 ,对卡死克有非常明显的负交互抗性现象。     

Induced resistance: a tool for fungicide resistance management

Induced resistance to the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis was demonstrated in greenhouse tests with 12-day-old seedlings of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious treated with methyl 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinate or 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid prior to inoculation with the causal fungus. Studies of the dose-response of flusilazole on induced resistant plants revealed synergistic effects between both crop protection principles. Therefore, the use of such resistance-inducing compounds in the field might allow a reduction in the number of fungicide applications, and possibly a reduction in dose, thus resulting in improved efficacy of fungicides. There was also evidence that induced resistance could prove to be a valid strategy for the treatment of pathogen populations with reduced sensitivity to a given fungicide. © 1998 SCI     

植物病原菌对杀菌剂多药抗性的发生现状

近年来, 随着杀菌剂在农作物病害田间防治中的大量使用, 植物病原菌的多药抗性(multidrug resistance, MDR)现象发生越来越普遍。本文综述了在草坪币斑病、灰霉病、小麦叶枯病和苹果青霉病等病害防治中, 病原菌对杀菌剂多药抗性发生的情况。以及在紫外诱导和杀菌剂离体驯化下, 致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、指状青霉Penicillium digitatum的多药抗性发生情况。分析了导致植物病原菌多药抗性产生的外排转运蛋白过表达、解毒酶代谢和靶标位点变化等相关机制, 并在此基础上提出了多药抗性预防和治理的策略, 以期为田间杀菌剂的高效利用, 延缓药剂的抗性风险提供科学参考。     

二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗药性及对18种杀螨剂交互抗性

采自甘肃兰州兴隆山公园的二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch),用雌雄单系培养敏感品系(S),用螺螨酯处理二斑叶螨种群培养抗性品系(SP R),用室内生测法对二斑叶螨S和SP R品系进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性发展初期较慢,中期稳定,后期较快,选育至26代抗性指数(RI)达58.83。SP R对甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯有一定的交互抗性,RI分别为11.54和10.03;对苯丁锡、四螨嗪、苦皮藤生物碱、阿维菌素、氯氟氰菊酯、哒螨&#8226;四螨嗪、哒&#8226;水胺硫磷、三唑锡、三氯杀螨醇、哒螨灵、氧化乐果无交互抗性(1＜RI<5.00);对浏阳霉素、毒死蜱、噻螨酮、柴油、哒螨灵、唑螨酯可能存在负交互抗性(RI<1)。     

向日葵种质资源苗期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

以226份向日葵种质为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置干旱胁迫和正常浇水2个处理,测定株高、单株叶面积、SPAD值、叶片相对含水量、根长、根体积、根冠比、根表面积8个指标,计算抗旱系数和综合评价值(D值)及进行相关统计分析,鉴定苗期抗旱性。结果表明:8个指标抗旱系数间均存在显著相关性,且与综合评价值(D值)存在极显著或显著相关性,说明8个指标均可用作向日葵苗期抗旱性的评价指标;利用多元逐步回归分析建立了初步预测向日葵抗旱性的方程;基于综合抗旱评价值(D值),将参试种质划分为5个不同抗旱等级:极耐旱型、耐旱型、中间型、不耐旱型和极不耐旱型,其中175、106、117、117、161、132、162、194、174、127、15、110、133、224、109、120等15份极耐旱型与耐旱型材料可用作向日葵抗旱育种的主要材料。     

61个小麦后备品种对白粉病的抗性分析及抗病基因推导

为明确中国61个小麦后备品种对白粉病的抗性水平及其抗病基因,将2016年从黄淮海冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区及东北春麦区的9个市采集分离的269株单孢子堆白粉病菌,分别接种于61个小麦后备品种进行抗性测定;用NTSYSpc 2.10e软件对供试品种表型数据进行聚类分析;用35株鉴别菌株对29个含已知抗白粉病基因小麦材料和61个小麦后备品种进行鉴别,比较其抗谱并推导61个小麦后备品种所含抗白粉病基因。结果显示,61个小麦后备品种间的抗谱存在明显差异,国豪麦5号和7号、BL5008、绵麦系列、黔麦系列、楚麦16号、内麦101和366等18个品种抗谱较宽,抗性频率均大于97.0%;泰科麦5303、邯11-5272和临Y8222等10个品种的抗性频率在42.0%～56.1%之间;郑麦0943等33个品种的抗性频率小于37.9%。聚类分析可将61个小麦后备品种分成5大类,第I类有11个品种,其中8个品种的抗性频率在42.0%～56.1%之间;第II类和第III类共30个品种,抗性频率均小于32.7%;第IV类有2个品种,抗性频率分别为53.5%和53.2%,第V类有18个品种,抗性频率均大于97.0%;聚类显示来自于同一地区且抗性频率相近的品种具有相似或相近的抗性遗传背景。本研究推导出21个小麦后备品种含抗病Pm基因,其中,邯11-5272含有Pm30,安科1503含有Pm2、Pm5a、Pm6、Pm19和Pm30,临Y8222含有Pm5a、Pm6、Pm19和Pm30,云154-15含有Pm5a、Pm6、Pm7、Pm19和Pm2+ta,泰科麦5303等6个品种含有Pm2和Pm30,华麦7号等5个品种含有Pm5a、Pm6和Pm19,扬麦24号等6个品种含有Pm5a、Pm6、Pm19和Pm2+ta。研究表明,54.1%的小麦后备品种对白粉病菌群的抗性频率小于37.9%,存在适宜条件下小麦白粉病暴发流行的风险,因此这些小麦后备品种推广种植时需加强病害预警和监测。     

植物抗病激活剂诱导植物抗病性的研究进展

植物抗病激活剂本身及其代谢物无直接的杀菌活性,但可刺激植物的免疫系统而诱导植物产生具有广谱性、持久性和滞后性的系统获得性抗病性能(SAR).植物抗病激活剂的诱导除了可以引起植物富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白(HRGP)的变化,导致木质素在细胞壁沉积,使植物形成物理防御机制外,经植物抗病激活剂诱导后的植株能导致内源水杨酸(SA)的累积、形成氧化激增,植物局部细胞程序化死亡而产生过敏反应(HR),植物抗病激活剂诱导后产生的抗病信号经内源信号传导物质SA、茉莉酸(JA)、乙烯(Et)和一氧化氮(NO)可传导到达整个植株,经过一系列抗病相关基因的调控和表达可引起寄主防御酶系如苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase)、几丁质酶(chitinase)、过氧化物酶(POX)等以及抗病物质如木质素与植保素等的变化及病程相关蛋白(PRP)的调控与表达.文中讨论了植物抗病激活剂概念和种类及其诱导抗病作用的主导机制,指出了植物抗病激活剂的应用前景和发展方向及使用和研究开发中可能存在的问题与对策.     

玉米自交系纹枯病抗性鉴定及抗病资源筛选

连续 2年以土壤接菌的方式对 45个玉米自交系进行田间纹枯病抗病性鉴定 ,同时对自交系R15和R0 9盆栽于玉米第 6叶鞘接种纹枯病菌进行抗病性比较。结果表明 :自交系间抗感性存在明显差异 ,抗感性在两年度间的表现也存在明显差异 ,但单个自交系在两年度的抗感性表现具有相对稳定性 ,自交系R15的抗性强于R0 9。 45份材料中没有发现对纹枯病菌表现免疫的自交系 ,其中 ,高抗材料占所鉴定总数的2.2% ,中抗占 17.8% ,中感占55.6% ,高感24.4%。依相对抗病性指数 ,从中选出最抗的和最感的自交系各 3个 ,以利于今后做玉米抗纹枯病基因的遗传分析     

小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性消退与抗性恢复动态

利用选育的抗溴氰菊酯小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella L. 品系第100代为虫源,在不接触任何杀虫剂条件下继代繁殖50代,观察了小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性消退动态;同时对消退过程中的小菜蛾施加溴氰菊酯选择压力和利用消退过程中的小菜蛾与抗性品系、非抗性品系杂交,观察了小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性恢复动态.结果表明:①小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性消退表现为1～15代较慢,15～25代较快,25代后又缓慢的趋势,抗性消退也使氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯交互抗性水平下降;②溴氰菊酯抗性消退过程中,当连续受到一定程度的溴氰菊酯选择压力时,抗性会在几代之内很快恢复;③与其它品系杂交的后代受到一定剂量溴氰菊酯连续处理后,3～4代就能达到或接近抗溴氰菊酯品系第100代的抗性水平,对氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯的交互抗性水平也随之迅速上升.     

西花蓟马抗药性研究进展

西花蓟马是世界范围内蔬菜和花卉上的重要害虫之一,使用化学药剂是防治西花蓟马的主要手段,目前西花蓟马已对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、阿维菌素和多杀菌素等多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文从抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理等几个方面介绍了国内外有关西花蓟马抗药性的研究进展。     

A strategy to identify sources of quantitative resistance in pathosystems involving disease escape and physiological resistance: the case study of rice sheath blight

An epidemiology‐based strategy using rice sheath blight (ShB) as a biological model was developed that enables identification of sources of resistance. A set of 163 cultivated rice genotypes, including genotypes which had been reported to express partial resistance to ShB, and a few genotypes reported as very susceptible, were assessed using two complementary methods. First, microfield experiments allowed measurement of disease intensification at, and spread from, inoculated sources, along with morphological traits of each genotype. Secondly, detached tiller tests allowed measurement of the physiological resistance to the disease under conditions where morphology does not come into play. Multivariate analysis involving hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by multiple correspondence analysis, indicated that levels of physiological resistance, groups of plant morphology and disease levels in microfields were associated. Results from logistic regressions further indicated that a decreased number of lesions measured on detached tillers increased the odds of a rice genotype belonging to the group with low disease intensity in microfields. The combined results from microfield and detached tiller tests allowed identification of 23 genotypes with low level of disease intensity, which may be used as sources of resistance to ShB in breeding programmes. The results suggest that this strategy, which combines the crop stand and the individual tiller scales, may be applied to the identification of sources of resistance to a range of diseases with similar life cycle traits.     

葡萄白粉病抗性鉴定方法优化及品种抗性评价

本研究通过对叶盘保湿方法的改进, 不同菌源接种后发病严重度的分析, 抗?感病对照品种的确定, 建立了一种更为便捷?可靠?稳定的葡萄白粉病室内抗性鉴定方法:取葡萄藤自上而下第2~4片幼嫩叶片, 打取直径15 mm的叶盘置于1.5%水琼脂平板进行保湿, 采集田间菌源直接制备孢子浓度为2×105个/mL的孢子悬浮液接种, 选定抗?感病葡萄品种做对照, 14 d即可完成抗性鉴定?采用此方法对11个葡萄品种(品系)进行了葡萄白粉病抗性评价, 结果表明:供试的11个品种(品系)对葡萄白粉病的抗性存在明显差异, 其中高感品种为‘巨峰’‘夏黑’和‘阳光玫瑰’等, 感病品种为‘玫瑰香’和‘马瑟兰’, 抗病品种为‘瑞都科美’和‘无核翠宝’, 高抗品种为‘北冰红’?试验结果为葡萄抗病品种的选育及利用提供了方法和基础参考数据?     

217份一粒系小麦苗期抗条锈病鉴定及抗病基因检测

小麦条锈病是影响小麦生产的重要病害之一。发掘新的抗病基因, 培育新的抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病最经济有效的措施。一粒系小麦作为普通小麦的二级基因源, 蕴含了丰富的抗病资源。为了从一粒系小麦中发掘新抗病基因, 促进其利用, 本文对217份一粒系小麦材料进行了苗期抗条锈病鉴定和A基因组的部分抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明, 共有55份材料在苗期对CYR32表现抗病, 占25.35%;抗病基因分子标记检测显示, 携带Yr1、Yr34/Yr48、Yr69、Yr76抗性基因的材料分别有26、22、16、34份。共有4份表现高抗或免疫的材料同时携带2个抗性基因:2份材料携带Yr69和Yr34, 2份携带Yr1和Yr34。所有供试材料中均未检测到Yr17。此外, 有23份抗病材料未检测到以上抗病基因, 其中7份表现高抗及免疫, 可能携带其他已知或新的抗条锈病基因。本研究为一粒系小麦的利用提供了参考信息。     

Pyrethroid resistance and cross‐resistance in the German cockroach,Blattella germanica (L)

A German cockroach (Blatella germanica (L)) strain, Apyr‐R, was collected from Opelika, Alabama after control failures with pyrethroid insecticides. Levels of resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin in Apyr‐R (97‐ and 480‐fold, respectively, compared with a susceptible strain, ACY) were partially or mostly suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S,‐tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), suggesting that P450 monooxygenases and hydrolases are involved in resistance to these two pyrethroids in Apyr‐R. However, incomplete suppression of pyrethroid resistance with PBO and DEF implies that one or more additional mechanisms are involved in resistance. Injection, compared with topical application, resulted in 43‐ and 48‐fold increases in toxicity of permethrin in ACY and Apyr‐R, respectively. Similarly, injection increased the toxicity of deltamethrin 27‐fold in ACY and 28‐fold in Apyr‐R. These data indicate that cuticular penetration is one of the obstacles for the effectiveness of pyrethroids against German cockroaches. However, injection did not change the levels of resistance to either permethrin or deltamethrin, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of cuticular penetration may not play an important role in pyrethroid resistance in Apyr‐R. Apyr‐R showed cross‐resistance to imidacloprid, with a resistance ratio of 10. PBO treatment resulted in no significant change in the toxicity of imidacloprid, implying that P450 monooxygenase‐mediated detoxication is not the mechanism responsible for cross‐resistance. Apyr‐R showed no cross‐resistance to spinosad, although spinosad had relatively low toxicity to German cockroaches compared with other insecticides tested in this study. This result further confirmed that the mode of action of spinosad to insects is unique. Fipronil, a relatively new insecticide, was highly toxic to German cockroaches, and the multi‐resistance mechanisms in Apyr‐R did not confer significant cross‐resistance to this compound. Thus, we propose that fipronil could be a valuable tool in integrated resistance management of German cockroaches. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry