棉叶螨的抗药性现状与治理策略

棉叶螨也称为棉红蜘蛛，属蛛形纲叶螨科，其种类繁多，分布范围广，世代周期短，是为害棉花的一类重要害螨。目前，用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂主要是神经毒剂及呼吸抑制剂2大类，且棉叶螨对多数药剂产生了不同程度的抗性，以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为首的植食性害螨已成为世界上抗药性最严重的节肢动物之一。美国路易斯安那州棉田二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素产生了1 415倍抗性，而国内棉花上棉叶螨主要对有机磷类药剂产生了较强抗性，最高为467倍。棉叶螨产生抗药性的机制主要涉及靶标突变及解毒代谢增强，其中靶标突变主要涉及乙酰胆碱酯酶、电压门控钠离子通道和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道等；细胞色素P450单加氧酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等一种或多种解毒酶共同参与害螨对化学药剂的解毒代谢。该文主要从棉叶螨的种类及分布、用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂、棉叶螨的抗药性现状、抗药性机制解析和抗药性治理策略5个方面进行阐述，提出因地制宜的抗药性治理策略，旨在为棉叶螨的田间防治提供指导。

Current status of insecticide resistance in cotton spider mites and resistance management strategies

The cotton spider mites, commenly called cotton red spider mites, belonging to Arachnida, Tetranychidae, are the crucial mite pests for cotton crops, with multiple species, wide distribution, and short lifecycle. Chemicals for controling the cotton spider mites mainly contained abamectin and mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors (METI). Moreover, the cotton spider mites have developed different degrees of resistance to the most commonly used insecticides. Taking the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae as an example, it has been one of the most devastating insecticide-resistant arthropods worldwide. The T. urticae population from cotton crops in Louisiana, USA developed high resistance to abamectin with the resistance ratio of 1 415, while the resistance was mainly focused on organophosphorus in China, with the highest resistance ratio of 467. The underlying mechanisms of pesticide resistance in the cotton spider mites are complicated, which usually comprised of the target mutation and enhanced detoxification. The target mutation mainly existed in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), voltage-gate sodium channel (VGSC), glutamate gated chloride channel (Glucl), etc; the enhanced detoxification was caused by one or more detoxification enzyme genes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases, etc. In this paper, the species and distribution of the cotton spider mites, the insecticides used for controlling cotton spider mites, the status of resistance development, the resistance mechanisms and management strategies were reviewed. The purpose of this review is to propose some strategies for managing the pesticide resistance in the cotton spider mites.