棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状及其治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是棉花生产中最严重的害虫之一。长期以来防治棉蚜主要依赖于化学杀虫剂,其中新烟碱类杀虫剂扮演着十分重要的角色,但由于其长期、大量的使用,棉蚜已对该类杀虫剂产生了较高水平的抗性,严重影响了对棉蚜的防治效果。抗性机制研究表明,棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的机制主要涉及解毒代谢能力增强和靶标敏感性下降。细胞色素P450、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、UDP-葡糖基转移酶等解毒酶基因过量表达介导的解毒代谢增强和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体β1亚基突变引起的靶标敏感性下降是棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的关键。针对我国棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂抗性问题突出的现状,为更好地利用该类药剂防治棉蚜,亟需根据棉蚜抗性机制制定合理的抗性治理策略。本文将从棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状、抗性机制以及抗性治理策略等方面进行综述,以期为抗性棉蚜的科学治理提供参考。     

二斑叶螨对梅岭霉素和溴虫腈的抗性选育及其解毒酶活力变化

在温室内模拟田间药剂的选择压力,用梅岭霉素和溴虫腈对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae以浸渍法逐代处理,选育其抗性种群,评价其抗性风险性.结果表明,选育至12代,对梅岭霉素抗性增长到9.2倍,对溴虫腈抗性增长到10.0倍.酶抑制剂和离体酶活性的测定结果表明,二斑叶螨对梅岭霉素的抗性可能与羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶解毒作用的增强和药剂对害螨体壁穿透性降低有关;而药剂对害螨体壁穿透性降低和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶及酯酶代谢作用的增强可能是二斑叶螨对溴虫腈产生抗性的主要原因.     

河南和宁夏朱砂叶螨、截形叶螨对3种药剂的抗性检测

以玻片浸渍法检测河南和宁夏两地区朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)和截形叶螨T.truncatus对3种药剂的抗性。结果表明,河南的朱砂叶螨和截形叶螨对三氯杀螨醇、久效磷表现抗性;对氧化乐果仍处在敏感水平。宁夏的两种叶螨对3种药剂都表现敏感。同时,截形叶螨对3种药剂的LC₅₀均高于朱砂叶螨。大田防治时应减少三氯杀螨醇的使用次数。截形叶螨为优势种时,禁止使用久效磷防治。提倡氧化乐果在防治棉花叶螨和兼治棉蚜时应用。     

桃树桔始叶螨抗药性测定

桔始叶螨可为害多种果树,以刺吸式口器吸食叶片汁液,对桃树等果树的生长、结果影响很大.近年来,由于不合理的使用化学药剂,致使该螨产生严重抗性,为了解西昌地区桃树桔始叶螨的抗药性问题,有效地抑制其抗性发展和升级,我们于去年4月对桃树桔始叶螨进行了室内抗药性测定,为果园合理使用化学药剂防治害螨提供依据 .     

二斑叶螨对阿维菌素的抗药性及抗性基因的PASA检测技术

为了明确二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch对阿维菌素的抗性水平,采用玻片浸渍法测定了北京4个地区二斑叶螨雌成螨对阿维菌素的抗药性,建立了特异性等位基因PCR（PASA）方法,并检测了二斑叶螨谷氨酸门控氯离子通道（GluCl）基因片段上G323D的突变频率。结果显示,北京昌平、海淀、密云和怀柔4个田间二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素均达极高抗性水平,其中昌平种群抗性最高,LC₅₀值为448.93 mg/L,抗性倍数为4 988.11倍。室内敏感种群未见抗性个体,昌平和密云种群G323D等位基因突变频率为100.00%,怀柔和海淀种群分别为86.25%和90.00%。北京4个地区二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素达极高抗性水平,抗性基因的突变频率也很高,表明阿维菌素不适宜用来防治这些地区的二斑叶螨种群。     

二斑叶螨对螺螨酯的抗性选育及现实遗传力

二斑叶螨TetranychusurticaeKoch是我国蔬菜、花卉、果树上的重要害螨,对多种杀虫、杀螨剂容易产生抗药性。螺螨酯（spirodiclofen）对二斑叶螨等多种害螨防效突出,对卵和幼若螨杀伤力较强,而且对雌成螨有很强的不育作用。作者等参考Tabashnik的概率值分析法,研究二斑叶螨对螺螨酯的抗性现实遗传力（h2）,预测二斑叶螨对该药剂产生抗性的速率,以便合理使用农药。     

21种化学药剂对新疆棉田主要害虫毒力及对多异瓢虫的安全性

为明确现阶段棉田常用化学杀虫剂对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）棉花主要害虫的毒力以及对新疆本地优势天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,于室内分别测定当前21种棉田常用化学药剂对新疆棉田3种主要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii、截形叶螨Etranychus truncatus和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera以及优势天敌多异瓢虫的毒力,比较不同药剂对各种害虫和天敌的相对毒力指数以及益害毒性比。结果表明,药剂处理24 h后,10种蚜虫防治药剂对棉蚜成蚜的半致死浓度LC₅₀由高到低依次为氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、环氧虫啶、噻虫嗪、丁硫克百威、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯;5种叶螨防治药剂对截形叶螨成螨的LC₅₀从高到低依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、四螨嗪、噻螨酮和炔螨特,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有四螨嗪、噻螨酮和阿维菌素;6种鳞翅目害虫幼虫防治药剂对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的LC₅₀由高到低顺次为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、灭多威、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺。综合上述2个方面结果,氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺不仅对棉花害虫毒力效果强,而且对有益天敌安全性高。     

棉铃虫对化学杀虫剂的抗性现状及分子机制研究进展

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是一种世界性分布的重大杂食性农业害虫,长期大量使用化学药剂防治棉铃虫导致其对不同种类杀虫剂产生了抗性。抗性分子机制的阐明有利于棉铃虫的科学防控和抗性治理。该文主要综述棉铃虫对化学杀虫剂的抗性发展现状,以及近年来棉铃虫抗药性分子机制的研究进展,包括解毒酶代谢能力增强、靶标敏感性降低和表皮穿透能力下降等方面,并就未来研究工作和棉铃虫抗性治理新技术进行了展望。     

朱砂叶螨的抗药性选育及其解毒酶活性研究

在室内模拟田间药剂的选择压力,用阿维菌素和甲氰菊酯对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus 进行逐代处理,以选育其抗药性品系。阿维菌素品系选育至42代,抗性增长到8.7倍,甲氰菊酯品系选育至40代,抗性增长到68.5倍。阿维菌素抗性品系羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)的活性分别为敏感品系的2.7、3.4和1.4倍,差异达显著水平。推测3种解毒酶活性显著升高是朱砂叶螨对阿维菌素产生抗性的重要原因。甲氰菊酯抗性品系GSTs的活性为敏感品系的2.8倍,差异显著,表明该抗性品系的形成与GSTs活性增强有关。羧酸酯酶动力学测定结果表明,朱砂叶螨阿维菌素抗性品系体内存在变构的羧酸酯酶。     

褐飞虱抗药性机理及其治理研究进展

褐飞虱是一种重要的农业害虫，其对许多杀虫剂都产生了抗药性。化学药剂的大量不合理使用是导致褐飞虱产生抗药性的主要原因。褐飞虱的抗药性机理主要包括代谢抗性和靶标抗性。本文对褐飞虱的抗药性机理进行了综述，并对该虫的抗性治理进行了探讨。褐飞虱的抗性治理策略应包括抗性监测、使用新型药剂、合理使用杀虫剂及抗虫品种等。     

Chlorfenapyr resistance in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae: stability, cross-resistance and monitoring of resistance

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a key pest of many agricultural crops. Studies of stability of resistance, cross-resistance relationships and monitoring of chlorfenapyr resistance were carried out with T. urticae to provide basic information necessary to define effective acaricide resistance management strategies for this pest. Chlorfenapyr resistance was shown to be stable in the absence of selection pressure under laboratory conditions. The activities of seven different acaricides against chlorfenapyr-resistant and -susceptible strains of T. urticae were evaluated. The results indicated possible positive cross-resistance between chlorfenapyr and the acaricides abamectin, propargite and etoxazole. No cross-resistance was detected for the acaricides milbemectin, fenpyroximate and diafenthiuron. A possible negatively correlated cross-resistance was observed between chlorfenapyr and spiromesifen. The evaluation of 21 T. urticae populations from several crops in the States of São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Goiás, and Bahia, in Brazil, indicated that the susceptibility of mites to chlorfenapyr was variable, with percentages of resistant mites ranging from 0.0 to 86.5%. The highest resistance frequencies were observed in ornamental plants in the State of São Paulo. Some populations from cotton and papaya also presented high frequencies of chlorfenapyr resistance. This is the first report on chlorfenapyr resistance in T. urticae on cotton and papaya in Brazil. Strategies for the management of acaricide resistance are discussed.     

二斑叶螨对阿维菌素抗性的CAPS标记

为了实现二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch对阿维菌素抗药性的快速检测,本研究建立了一种叶螨对阿维菌素抗药性的快速分子检测技术,即酶切扩增多态性序列(cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences,CAPS)标记技术,检测二斑叶螨谷氨酸门控氯离子通道(Glu Cl3)基因片段上G326E的突变频率,并采用琼脂浸叶法测定田间5个种群对阿维菌素的抗药性。结果表明,北京密云、顺义、昌平、浙江宁波和海南吉阳5个种群对阿维菌素的抗性倍数分别达1 155.63、1 317.10、844.19、314.95和1 799.69倍,均为极高抗性水平;CAPS检测发现我国二斑叶螨抗性基因存在G326E位点突变,但在供试的5个不同种群中突变频率变异很大,其中北京昌平种群G326E突变频率高达90.00%,密云和顺义种群均为26.67%,浙江宁波种群为5.00%,而海南吉阳种群不存在该位点的突变。表明该CAPS标记还需与其它抗性机制或检测技术结合来实现叶螨对阿维菌素抗性的早期检测和预警。     

The sodium channel gene in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval): identification and expression analysis of a mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance

BACKGROUND: The carmine spider mite (CSM), Tetranychus cinnabarinus, is the most harmful mite pest of various crops and vegetable plants. Pyrethroid insecticide fenpropathrin has been used to control insects and mites worldwide, but CSM has developed resistance to this compound. RESULTS: Three synergists together eliminated about 50% resistance against fenpropathrin in the CSM. A point mutation was identified from the sodium channel gene of fenpropathrin‐resistant CSM (FeR) by comparing cDNA sequences between FeR and susceptible (S) sodium channel genes, which caused a phenylalanine (F) to isoleucine (I) change at amino acid 1538 position in IIIS6 of the sodium channel and has been proven to confer strong resistance to pyrethroid in other species. The mRNA expression of the sodium channel gene in the FeR and abamectin‐resistant strain (AbR), which was included as a control, were both relatively lower than in the S. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that a mutation (F1538I) is present in the sodium channel gene in FeR of CSM, likely playing an important role in fenpropathrin resistance in T. cinnabarinus, but that decrease in the abundance of sodium channel did not confer this resistance. The F1538I mutation could be used as a molecular marker for detecting kdr resistance in Arachnida populations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pyrethroid resistance in the tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi, is associated with mutation of the para-type sodium channel

BACKGROUND: The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi (Baker and Pritchard), is a serious pest of solanaceous crops in many African countries. In this study an investigation has been conducted to establish whether mutation of the para‐type sodium channel underlies pyrethroid resistance in T. evansi strains collected in Southern Malawi. RESULTS: Two T. evansi strains from Malawi showed tolerance to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and resistance (20–40‐fold) to the pyrethroid bifenthrin, but were susceptible to two contemporary acaricides (abamectin and fenpyroximate) in insecticide bioassays. Cloning of a 3.1 kb fragment (domains IIS5 to IVS5) of the T. evansi para gene from pyrethroid‐resistant and pyrethroid‐susceptible strains revealed a single non‐synonymous mutation in the resistant strains that results in an amino acid substitution (M918T) within the domain II region of the channel. Although novel to mites, this mutation confers high levels of resistance to pyrethroids in several insect species where it has always been associated with another mutation (L1014F). This is the first report of the M918T mutation in the absence of L1014F in any arthropod species. Diagnostic tools were developed that allow sensitive detection of this mutation in individual mites. CONCLUSION: This is the first study of pyrethroid resistance in T. evansi and provides contemporary information for resistance management of this pest in Southern Malawi. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Contradictions in host plant resistance to pests: spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) behaviour undermines the potential resistance of smooth-leaved cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

BACKGROUND: Two‐spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) oviposit near leaf veins or in leaf folds on the undersides of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves where the humid boundary layer offers protection from desiccation. The authors predicted that the boundary layer of glabrous cotton leaves should be shallower than that of hairy leaves, providing some resistance to mites. The dynamics of mite populations, leaf damage, leaf gas exchange and crop yield on two leaf hair isolines (smooth versus hairy) in two genetic backgrounds was assessed. RESULTS: Mite colonies developed faster on the hairy leaf isolines, but leaf damage per mite was higher in smooth leaf isolines, indicating more intense damage. A 50% reduction in photosynthesis on the hairy isolines required 1.8 times more mites than smooth leaves. The yield of cotton was reduced in + mite treatments, but the magnitude of reduction was similar for hairy and smooth isolines. CONCLUSION: Paradoxically, the relative inhospitality of glabrous leaves may have induced mites to concentrate in protected leaf sections, causing more localised and more severe damage, negating the yield benefits from fewer mites. These results highlight interactions between leaf microenvironment, pest behaviour and plant productivity that may have implications for other instances of plant resistance. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

用杂交方法鉴定我国三种常见叶螨

本文报道通过杂交试验,连代隔离饲养观察和阳具端锤的形状区别将北京花卉上发现的绿色种叶螨、红色种叶螨和菜豆上发现的红色种叶螨作了鉴定。绿色种与两红色种之间均存在着生殖隔离,杂交产生不育后代或不能交配,因此它们是各自独立的种。绿色叶螨应是二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae),连代隔离饲养证明雌成螨始终体呈绿色(滞育型除外),其遗传性是稳定的,这可以作为二斑叶螨和其近似种相区别的直观特征。从阳具端锤的形状差别可以区分两种红色螨分别是硃砂叶螨(T.cinnabarinus)(采自花卉)和截形叶螨(T.truncatus)(采自菜豆)。据此,作者对国内目前通行的有关棉叶螨(T.urticae)和红叶螨(T.cinnabarinus)的学名和中文名称的混乱问题,进行了讨论。认为棉叶螨不是T.urticae,红叶螨不一定全是T.cinnabarinus。     

He Problem of the Mite Species Tetranychus urticae Koch on Cotton in Iran

The cotton spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch has become a serious pest, in the Gorgan and Gonbad areas during the last few years. This problem is due to various factors such as continuous use of organochlorines, presence of different wild host-plants around the cotton fields, cultivation of early growing crops in cotton growing areas, and exposure of mite populations to sub-lethal doses of pesticides. During 1969 and 1970 different experiments were conducted to find a suitable acaricide to control mites. Twelve pesticides were used and percentages of mortality were calculated. The data were analyzed statistically, and it was shown that Neoron and Morocid, respectively, caused the highest mite mortality. Fifteen different species of wild hosts were surveyed to count their mite populations. It was found that Althea sp. (marsh mallow) had the highest number of mites on its leaves. Other plants such as Chenopodium album (goose-foot), Rubus sp. (red raspberry), Solanum nigrum (black night-shade), and Convolvulus tricolor (tri-coloured bindweed) were also heavily loaded with mites.     

Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry

BACKGROUND: The spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is the major strawberry pest in Brazil. The main strategies for its control comprise synthetic acaricides and predatory mites. The recent register of a commercial formula of azadirachtin (Azamax^® 12 g L^?1) can be viable for control of T. urticae. In this work, the effects of azadirachtin on T. urticae and its compatibility with predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis in the strawberry crop were evaluated. RESULTS: Azadirachtin was efficient against T. urticae, with a mortality rate similar to that of abamectin. In addition, the azadirachtin showed lower biological persistence (7 days) than abamectin (21 days). Azadirachtin did not cause significant mortality of adult predatory mites (N. californicus and P. macropilis), but it did reduce fecundity by 50%. However, egg viability of the azadirachtin treatments was similar to that of the control (>80% viability). The use of azadirachtin and predatory mites is a valuable tool for controlling T. urticae in strawberry crop. CONCLUSIONS: Azadirachtin provided effective control of T. urticae and is compatible with the predatory mites N. californicus and P. macropilis. It is an excellent tool to be incorporated into integrated pest management for strawberry crop in Brazil. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quantitative impact assessment of spray coverage and pest behavior on contact pesticide performance

BACKGROUND: Standard procedures for evaluation of pesticide performance do not take into account pest behavioral response or incomplete spray coverage. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments was conducted with two non‐systemic miticides (propargite and hexythiazox) applied to cotyledon cotton plants, which were subsequently infested with spider mites. The results of these laboratory experiments are discussed through a comprehensive pest population dynamics model. RESULTS: When cotton leaves were submerged in miticide solutions, both miticides provided effective control of spider mites. In a two‐choice test it was demonstrated that propargite was repellent to spider mites, but not hexythiazox. Finally, the spray coverage on cotton plants was varied, and, for both miticides, significantly positive relationships between spray coverage and spider mite mortality were shown. However, propargite required higher spray coverage (20%) than hexythiazox (10%) to control spider mites. A theoretical model showed that, without repellency, the pesticide performance is positively correlated with target pest mobility. If the pesticide is repellent, the probability of exposure decreases, especially for a less mobile pest. CONCLUSION: With an experimental and theoretical modeling approach, it was demonstrated how the combination of behavioral avoidance and low spray coverage can markedly reduce pesticide performance. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Environmental management and biological aspects of the two eriophyoid fig mites Aceria ficus (Cotte) and Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer in Egypt

Mites associated with abandoned fig trees in Egypt were observed during a 2-year study. This study included species diversity and seasonal fluctuations as well as some biological aspects of common eriophyoid species. Three phytophagous species consisted of the fig bud mite Aceria ficus (Cotte), the fig leaf mite Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, representing a basic trophic level, were fed upon by three of predacious mites (Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor), Amblyselus swirskii Athias-Henriot, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez). Population abundance of the injurious mites were affected by the prevailing climatic conditions, action of predators and leaf age. A control measure of one summer pesticide (abamectin) application throughout the year seemed to be the most successful management of harmful mites. Life table parameters showed that the population of A. ficus multiplied 28.52 times in a generation time of 17.90 days, while R. ficifoliae population increased 16.50 times in a generation time of 14.61 days. Field and laboratory studies indicated that the viviparity is a typical character in the reproduction of R. ficifoliae.