Antioxidant Capacity of Flaxseed Products: The Effect of In vitro Digestion

This study evaluated the effect of in vitro digestion of flaxseed products on Folin-Ciocalteu reagent reducing substances (FCRRS), its antioxidant capacity and prevention of oxidative DNA damage in human monocyte cell line U937. Flaxseed protein isolate was obtained from defatted flaxseed meal and the protein hydrolysate with high antioxidant capacity was obtained from hydrolysis of the protein isolate with Alcalase in a two factor central composite rotatable design (pH 8.5 and enzyme: substrate 1:90, w/w). The FCRRS content and antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP and ORAC in aqueous and 70 % methanol extracts were the highest in protein hydrolysate, followed by protein isolate, while the defatted meal showed the lowest values. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the FCRRS content of protein isolate and hydrolysate reached similar values, however the hydrolysate had the highest antioxidant capacity, measured by FRAP while the isolate had the highest ORAC values. The defatted meal showed the lowest capacity in all assays (p?<?0.05). The hydrolysate did not protect against DNA damage induced by H₂O₂ in U937 cells under the conditions of the present study. The results suggest that flaxseed protein isolate and hydrolysate are potential functional food ingredients with antioxidant capacity.     

Flaxseed Effects on Inflammation Regulatory Gene Expressions in an Obese Animal Model

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Obesity is known to be partially influenced by low-grade inflammation caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines and excess adipose tissue. Flaxseed contains...     

超临界CO2萃取亚麻籽油工艺的研究

采用超临界萃取技术优化亚麻籽油的提取工艺.探索超临界CO2萃取技术萃取亚麻籽油的萃取时间,萃取温度,萃取压力对亚麻籽油得率的影响,通过正交设计得到超临界CO2萃取亚麻籽油的最佳萃取条件.     

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and Its Total Non-digestible Fraction Influence the Expression of Genes Involved in Azoxymethane-induced Colon Cancer in Rats

The influence of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its total non-digestible fraction (TNDF) on the expression of genes involved in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer in Sprague Dawley rats was analyzed. The dose used in the animal model was two tablespoons of flaxseed per day, which is the dose recommended for humans. Flaxseed significantly decreased the crypt multiplicity (10.50?±?3.5) compared with the AOM treatment (34.00?±?11.0), which suggests that flaxseed exhibits a preventive effect against colon cancer. Both treatments (flaxseed and TNDF) influence the overexpression of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis: p53, p21, bcl-2, bax and caspase-3. Flaxseed induced the expression of p53 and p21, whereas TNDF triggered the p21-independent expression of p53. This finding suggests that both of these treatments induced cell cycle arrest. In addition, TNDF induced mitochondrial apoptosis because the TNDF + AOM group exhibited the expression of caspase-3, decreased bcl-2 expression and increased bax expression. These results suggest that the expression of the analyzed genes is associated with the presence of dietary antioxidants linked to the cell wall of flaxseed.     

不同品种亚麻籽脂肪酸含量的GC—MS分析

对35份不同品种的亚麻籽,用无水乙醚提取亚麻籽油,经皂化、甲酯化处理,采用气相色谱一质谱（GC—MS）联用技术对其脂肪酸含量进行测定。结果表明,亚麻籽油中的平均脂肪酸含量顺序为亚麻酸（41．62％）〉油酸（25．87％）〉亚油酸（17．18％）〉硬脂酸（6．59％）〉棕榈酸（6．46％）,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达85％。     

The proximate composition and glycoalkaloid content of three potato meals

The proximate composition and glycoalkaloid content of a dried potato by-product meal (tater meal) and two dried potato pulp meals (potato meal and potato meal plus 10% molasses) were determined. All three feeds demonstrated variable compositions: the tater meal averaged 8.7% moisture, 9.1% crude protein, 5.4% ether extract, 5.0% crude fiber, 4.1% ash and 56.8% nitrogen-free extract; the potato meal averaged 14.5% moisture, 6.0% crude protein, 0.5% ether extract, 9.5% crude fiber, 2.2% ash and 57.1% nitrogen-free extract; the potato meal plus 10% molasses averaged 15.3% moisture, 6.4% crude protein, 0.3% ether extract, 8.0% crude fiber, 2.6% ash and 57.8% nitrogen-free extract. The phosphorus concentration was determined to be approximately 0.2% for the three samples. Other minerals were found in lesser concentrations. The riboflavin and thiamine concentrations of the three potato meals were less than 10% of the values reported for raw potato pulp and peel. The niacin concentration was approximately 40% of the values reported for raw potato pulp and peel. Tater meal contained 11.5 mg a-chaconine and 6.5 mg α-solanine per 100g meal. Analysis of potato meal gave 15.8 mg α-chaconine and 7.8 mg α-solanine per 100g meal while the potato meal plus 10% molasses was found to contain 13.2 mg α-chaconine and 7.3 mg α-solanine per l00g meal.     

The nutrient and glycoalkaloid content of a new potato meal

The nutrient and glycoalkaloid content of a new potato meal produced as a by-product of starch manufacture using low temperature dehydration was determined. Comparisons were made between the new potato meal and the previously manufactured meal which was prepared by high temperature dehydration. The glycoalkaloid content of the new potato meal was 15.53mg α-chaconine and 4.75mg α-solanine per 100g meal compared to 15.79mg α-chaconine and 7.83mg α-solanine in the potato meal produced by high temperature dehydration. The new potato meal contained 2% more protein and 1.9, 3.4 and 1.2 times more niacin, riboflavin and thiamin, respectively than the previous by-product. The potassium and phosphorus concentrations were approximately 2.0 and 0.2%, respectively. Other minerals were found in lesser concentrations with the sodium content being only 7.4mg/100g potato meal. A 28g serving would provide approximately 5, 7 and 4% of the RDA for protein, niacin and thiamin, respectively.     

Effects of processing on protein nutritive quality of coconut Cocos nucifera products

Pared, comminuted and blanched coconut meat was freeze-dried at25 ^°C for 24 hours and pulverized. Whole coconut meal wassolvent extracted with n-hexane to yield a defatted meal while full-fatcoconut protein concentrate (FFC-PC) containing 27.60% protein wasprepared by alkali extraction of undefatted meal followed by isoelectricprecipitation. Defatted coconut meal had a significantly (p 0.05)lower crude fat but higher protein content than whole coconut meal.Similarly, FFC-PC had a significantly (p 0.05) higher proteinbut lower carbohydrate content than whole coconut meal and defattedcoconut meal. Whole coconut meal, defatted coconut meal and FFC-PChad PERs of 1.98, 2.18 and 2.48 respectively, with NPRs of 2.86, 3.28and 3.92, respectively. Protein digestibility values of 88.75%, 89.30%and 94.02% were obtained for whole coconut meal, defatted coconutmeal and full-fat coconut protein concentrate, respectively. Growthresponse of animals showed that FPC-PC was superior to all other testdiets.     

Effects of a locally produced blood meal on performance, carcass traits and nitrogen retention of broiler chickens

The study was designed as a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement with main effects of feeding blood meal as a replacement of 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of dietary fish meal and the duration of this substitution at 1-42 or 21-42 days of age. One thousand 1 day old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks assigned randomly to each of 40 floor pens (25 birds/pen) and were fed five isonitrogenous and isocaloric feeds formulated to contain 20.38 and 17% crude protein and 2900 and 3000 kcal kg(-1) metabolizable for starter and grower periods, respectively. Duration of dietary manipulation didn't affect the measured parameters. More than 25% blood meal/fish meal substitution ratios significantly increased chickens daily weight gain and decreased the cost of producing a unit of meat. Other traits didn't affect by dietary fish meal/blood meal replacement ratio. Spleen and proventriculus percents and small intestine length affected by level of replacement but didn't follow a distinct pattern. These results indicate that this locally produced blood meal is a suitable substitute for dietary fish meal and a full replacement didn't cause any adverse effect on performance, carcass important traits and dietary nitrogen retention of broiler chickens.     

The favorite dosage of garlic meal as a feed additive in broiler chickens ratios

This experiment carried out as a completely randomized design with six treatments and 3 replicates pens of 100 birds each (total of 1800 birds). Treatments were consisted of a common corn-soybean meal based starter and grower diets supplemented by 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2% garlic meal. At 1-21 days of age, daily feed intake per chicks influences by dietary garlic meal level so that the birds fed diets with 0.125 and 0.25% garlic meal had a significantly higher daily feed intake (p < 0.05) than birds fed 0.5% dietary garlic meal. At 22-42 days of age and the whole experimental period (1-42 days of age), garlic meal level didn't affect daily feed intake. No significant difference recorded for daily weight gain of experimentally birds at 1-21 days of age, But at 22-42 days of age and the whole experimentally period (1-42 days of age) the birds fed the control diet (free of garlic meal) and the diet containing the highest garlic meal dosage (2%) had a significantly lower daily weight gain in compare to other birds (p < 0.05). At 1-21 days of age the birds fed diet supplemented with 0.5% garlic meal had a lower feed conversion ratio than the control birds (p < 0.05) but at 22-42 days of age and the whole experimentally period (1-42 days of age) birds fed the control diet and the diet whit 2% garlic meal supplement showed a higher feed conversion ratios in compare with birds fed diets containing 0.125, 0.5 or 1% garlic meal. No significant differences were detected in carcass percentage and interior organs between birds fed experimental diets. The weight gain reduction in birds fed 2% dietary garlic meal means that herbal additives have their limitations too and needs more investigation.     

Feruloyl esterase hydrolysis and recovery of ferulic acid from jojoba meal

There is growing interest in recovering ferulic acid from plant sources for use as feedstock for several high-value applications. Jojoba meal was examined as a potential source of ferulic acid. The feruloyl esterase domain of the Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal xylanase was employed to hydrolyze ferulic acid from defatted jojoba meal. Esterase treatment produced 6.7 g of ferulic acid/kg of jojoba meal. The predominant source (86%) of the ferulate was found to originate from the meal's water-soluble simmondsin fraction. Seven feruloyl simmondsin species from jojoba meal were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Only one species, a didemethylsimmondsin ferulate, displayed an enzymatic hydrolysis rate distinctly faster than the other feruloyl simmondsins. Complete hydrolysis of all feruloyl simmondsin species was achieved in 24–48 h at 60 °C with a 100:1 meal:enzyme weight ratio. Ferulic acid was efficiently recovered from the medium by ethyl acetate extraction. The recovered ferulic acid was readily converted to ethyl ferulate, demonstrating a facile procedure for producing a valuable product from defatted jojoba meal.     

Feather meal-based thermoplastics: Methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer improves material properties

The poultry meat processing industry produces large amounts of feather meal, which is traditionally used as lowvalue plant fertilizer or fish nutrient. A higher value application for feather meal is described in this paper - a thermal blending and compression molding method to create compostable composites out of environmentally friendly materials: feather meal, glycerol, and a biodegradable copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (MVEMA). The composite’s mechanical, microstructural and chemical characteristics are described. Feather meal plasticized only with glycerol is mechanically fragile, with average tensile strength of 1.7 MPa, Young’s modulus of 296 MPa and strain-at-failure of 0.6 %. With the addition of MVEMA copolymer, feather meal is transformed into a ductile plastic composite, with tensile modulus reduced 2- to 5-fold and strain-at-failure increased 4- to 25-fold. These properties are ideal for creating feather mealbased compostable bioplastics for agricultural and industrial applications.     

Blends of castor meal and castor husks for optimized use as organic fertilizer

Production of oil from castor (Ricinus communis) generates two main by-products: husks and meal. For each ton of castor oil, 1.31 ton of husks and 1.13 ton of meal are produced. Castor meal is the most important by-product due to its high nitrogen content, and presently it is predominantly used as an organic fertilizer. This greenhouse study aimed to find optimized blends of castor husks and meal as organic fertilizer for growth of castor plants. The by-products were mixed to sandy soil in the doses (v:v) of 0 + 10%, 2.5 + 7.5%, 5.0 + 5.0%, 7.5 + 2.5% and 10.0 + 0% of castor meal and castor husks, respectively. At 50 days after sowing, data was taken on plant growth and shoot nutrients content. Blends of castor meal and castor husks used as fertilizer promoted substantial plant growth up to the dose of 4.5% (in volume) of meal. Doses higher than 4.5% caused reduction in plant growth and even plant death. It seems that rapidly mineralizing nitrogen from the castor meal is the reason for both the intensive plant growth in low doses, and the reduction of plant growth in high doses due to excessive mineral N. Increments in castor meal dose resulted in increased N and Ca shoot contents. Other macronutrients were not influenced. Castor meal is a good organic fertilizer, due to its high N and P contents, but blending with castor husks is not necessary.     

Assessment of the camellia seed meal impact on loaches in paddy fields

In Taiwan, Camellia seed meal is often sprayed on rice paddies during rice transplantation season to stop the growth of Pomacea canaliculata. However, the application of camellia seed meal endangers muciferous mollusks and fishes in paddy fields. Though researchers have examined the effects of the saponin in the camellia seed meal on Pomacea canaliculata, previous studies ignore the effects of saponin on fish. Loaches often inhabit the rivers, lakes, ponds, paddy fields, and canals of low elevation where there have muddy layer with plant chips. This study uses vanillin-sulfuric acid method and field tests on loaches in paddy fields to determine the duration of camellia seed meal’s effect on loaches (Misgurnue Angullicaudatus). Results indicated that the best application to stop the growth of Pomacea canaliculata is to seal the rice field immediately after transplantation, apply the camellia seed meal, and then irrigate the field 2?days after camellia seed meal application for the summer transplantation, and 3?days for the spring transplantation. Water should not be drained from the paddy field after the application of camellia seed meal to reduce the chance of endangering loaches in irrigation canals. Field Tests show that high water temperature during summer also has a negative effect on loaches in paddy fields and irrigation canals.     

菜籽饼粕生物转化与高值化利用技术研究进展

菜籽饼粕是一种利用价值很高的优质植物蛋白资源。由于饼粕中存在硫甙、芥酸、植酸等多种有害成分和抗营养因子,其利用价值和应用范围受到极大限制。生物技术法对于改善饼粕饲用品质、提升综合利用价值、拓宽应用领域等方面具有独特的优势。本文重点介绍了生物技术法在饼粕脱毒、饲用品质改良、发酵生产食用菌和酶制剂等产品的生物转化与高值化利用方面的最新研究进展,并概述了生物技术法应用于饼粕的发展方向。     

Homogeneous lauroylation of ball-milled bamboo in ionic liquid for bio-based composites production: Part I: Modification and characterization

Ball-milled bamboo meal was completely dissolved under constant conditions (130 °C, 6 h) in the ionic liquid ([C₄mim]Cl) and then the lauroylation was carried out at different conditions. The various factors, such as molar ratio and temperature, were investigated to evaluate the effect of modification. Results showed that the molar ratio played a very important role for the lauroylation. The weight percent gain (WPG) ranged from 167% to 528% when the molar ratio increased from 1.0 to 2.0 for 2 h. It has been shown that the highly substituted bamboo derivatives could be obtained by reacting bamboo meal with lauroyl chloride as the molar ratio is 2.0. All reactions were performed under mild conditions, low excess of reagent and a short reaction time as compared to the heterogeneous chemical modification. The physicochemical properties of the bamboo derivatives were also widely investigated. Results obtained from FTIR and NMR spectroscopies confirmed that the lauroylated derivatives were successfully synthesized in one step. It was also found that thermal stability of the esterified derivatives is lower than that of the unmodified bamboo meal. Moreover, the morphological properties of the esterified bamboo meal were significantly changed by chemical modification. The rough appearance of bamboo meal changed into a relatively homogeneous and smooth surface morphology after lauroylation. Furthermore, the lauroylated bamboo meal had excellent solubility in chloroform, which provides feasibility to electrostatic spinning of modified bamboo meal as biomaterials for industries.     

花生蛋白粉的制取及在食品工业中的应用

研究了低温脱脂花生蛋白粉的生产工艺，并对产品的功能性及营养成分进行测定。结果表明，低温脱脂花生蛋白粉的水溶性蛋白含量、氮的可溶性指数高于其他脱脂方法的花生蛋白粉；脱脂花生蛋白粉的起泡性、吸油性、泡沫稳定性优于大豆蛋白粉，蛋白质、脂肪、含硫氨基酸含量高于大豆蛋白粉，但赖氨酸偏低。花生蛋白粉可用于肉类制品、谷物焙烤制品、饮料、冷食以及副食品、调味品和休闲食品。     

软质小麦品质的辅助选择

为建立软质小麦品质的筛选和评价体系,对黄淮麦区和长江下游麦区20个不同硬度小麦品种的Puroindoline基因型以及全麦粉和面粉的部分相关品质性状进行了检测.结果表明,20个品种中,2个品种为Pina-D1b硬质突变型,6个品种为Pinb-D1b硬质突变型,其余12个品种为软质小麦;硬、软质小麦的全麦粉硬度和SDS沉淀值的差异均达到极显著水平,但碱水保持力差异不显著;硬、软质小麦面粉的碱水保持力和溶剂保持力均达到极显著差异.性状间的相关分析表明,全麦粉硬度与SDS沉淀值、面粉的碱水保持力、水溶剂保持力、碳酸钠溶剂保持力、蔗糖溶剂保持力均呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.64、0.94、0.94、0.91和0.81,SDS沉淀值与乳酸溶剂保持力相关也极显著,相关系数0.80.这些结果说明Puroindoline基因型检测、全麦粉硬度和SDS沉淀值检测可以作为软质小麦的早代筛选方法.     

Effect of some variables on the extractability of proteins,urease activity,free alpha-amino groups and soluble carbohydrates from soybean meals

The effect of several variables on the extraction of soybean meal protein has been investigated. Solubility studies of the meal show that globulin is the main protein component. Overnight suspension and a meal to solvent ratio 1:10 (w/v) were found to extract maximum amount of protein in distilled water adjusted to pH 6.4 (91.07%). More protein was extracted by diluted sodium hydroxide solutions (0.02 M) adjusted to various alkaline pH-values. Results with several other salts show that concentration as well as pH are very important factors in controlling the percentage of protein extracted. The optimum temperature of extraction was 70°C for 30 minutes, although over a temperature range of 60–75°C the extraction remains essentially constant. Destruction of urease activity was achieved by heating the suspended meal at 75°C for 45 Min. The kinetic inactivation of the enzyme was studied and the energy of inactivation was found to be 32.575 K cal. The level of free alpha amino groups in soybean meals ranged from 5.50 grams: 16 gram nitrogen in meal extracted with 0.1 N HCL adjusted to pH 5.0 to 1.71/100 grams protein (in meal extracted with distilled water.). Their level correlated significantly (p=0.01) upon heat treatment with the carbohydrate content of the corresponding meal. Contrary tothe protein solubility pattern, the -NH₂ groups decrease considerably upon longer exposure to temperatures between 60–75°C.     

Degradation of ricin in castor seed meal by temperature and chemical treatment

Oil from the seed of the castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is an important commodity for a number of industries, ranging from pharmaceuticals to renewable energy resources. However, the seed and subsequent seed meal contain ricin (RCA₆₀), a potent cytotoxin, making it an unusable product. In order to investigate the efficiency of previously researched methods of reducing the toxicity of the meal, cold-pressed oil extracted seed meal known to contain ricin was boiled in the presence of 50 mM calcium hydroxide (pH 12.5). However, boiling of this seed meal in the presence of calcium hydroxide produced no significant difference from boiling alone. Therefore, heat and chemical treatments were performed to determine their effects on the denaturation of the ricin within whole seed, milled un-extracted seed, and cold-pressed extracted seed. Boiling and autoclaving showed varying degrees of effectiveness depending on the sample type. Ricin within the cold-pressed extracted meal was rendered unresponsive to antibody probing after 10 min of boiling or autoclaving. In contrast, treatment of cold-pressed extracted meal with 8 M urea and 6 M guanidine–HCl for 60 min produced no observable reduction in the response of the ricin to the antibody. Critically, hot pressing of the castor seed produced meal that exhibited no reactivity with the antibody, indicating that the ricin had been denatured during the oil extraction. By removing the toxic component of the castor meal, this by-product could create a new commodity from the production of castor oil, thereby making castor oil production more profitable.