甘蓝胞质雄性不育系CMS158小孢子发生的细胞学研究

利用石蜡切片法,对Ogura胞质甘蓝雄性不育系CMS158及其保持系B158的花药发育过程进行解剖学观察比较。结果表明,甘蓝胞质雄性不育系和保持系小孢子发育有明显差异,不育系CMS158小孢子败育时期发生在四分体时期至单核花粉期,与可育花药相比,不育系的绒毡层细胞高度液泡化,挤压小孢子,导致小孢子相互粘连,不能形成正常花粉粒而导致败育。     

结球甘蓝胞质雄性不育系与保持系小孢子发育的比较

以结球甘蓝胞质雄性不育系99-A及其保持系99-B为试材,采用石蜡切片技术,对结球甘蓝胞质雄性不育系的花粉败育过程进行了研究。结果表明:与雄性不育保持系99-B相比,不育系99-A的减数分裂行为基本正常,大多能发育至四分体时期,少数能发育到小孢子阶段;但在减数分裂前期,不育系99-A绒毡层细胞便开始肥大生长和液泡化,到小孢子时期绒毡层细胞肥大和液泡化达到最大程度,药室内的小孢子相互粘连、集聚,随后小孢子便退化解体,药室干缩,彻底败育。     

植物胞质雄性不育机理的分子生物学研究进展

植物的胞系雄性不育的机理十分复杂,国内外学者从细胞形态学、组织化学以及生理生化等各方面对败育的机理进行了广泛研究,但败育的机理仍是个难解的谜。从理论上讲,胞质雄性不育系经多代回交转育后同保持系在核基因组成上是一致的,因此雄性不育系和保持系育性的表达差...     

辣椒胞质雄性不育的研究进展

对目前国内外已报道的胞质雄性不育的来源、败育的细胞学、生化研究结果进行了综述。其胞质雄性不育源大多来自自然突变,后经回交转育出不育系和保持系。雄性败育大多发生在四分体形成之后至单核花粉粒形成之前。可观察到不育系花药绒毡层细胞发育过程中异常膨大,不育系花药部分酶活性的异常变化,不育系花药营养物质的积累少等,而表现出不育。     

甘蓝胞质雄性不育系的选育

结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)具有明显的杂种优势,并在生产中广泛应用,取得了显著的经济效益.利用甘蓝的杂种优势生产杂种一代主要有2种途径,即利用自交不亲和系制种和利用用雄性不育系制种.利用自交不亲和系制种一直是甘蓝配制杂种一代的主要方法[1].和自交不亲和系相比,利用雄性不育系配制杂交种,可以克服人工蕾期授粉繁殖亲本成本高、长期连续自交生活力衰退、杂交率易受留种环境制约等缺陷(杂交率很难达到100%).与核不育相比,胞质雄性不育具有转育简单、不育性容易保持的优点[2].因此,育种工作者在开展甘蓝的杂种优势利用研究中都在积极寻找利用雄性不育这一有效途径[3,4].本试验试图利用发现的甘蓝胞质雄性不育材料,通过与不同甘蓝自交系杂交及连续回交,选育出不育性稳定、综合经济性状良好的甘蓝胞质雄性不育系.     

新型红菜薹细胞质雄性不育系的花药发育细胞学观察

采用石蜡切片方法,对新型红菜薹细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系俞优的花药发育过程进行细胞学观察,以确定其花药败育的时期、方式和特点。研究结果表明:此红菜薹胞质不育系的花药败育发生于单核小孢子早期,表现为绒毡层细胞异常膨大,挤压单核早期小孢子,从而导致其败育。     

Cytological study of anther abortion in a novel cytoplasmic male-sterile line of purple Cai-tai

采用石蜡切片方法,对新型红菜薹细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系俞优的花药发育过程进行细胞学观察,以确定其花药败育的时期、方式和特点.研究结果表明:此红菜薹胞质不育系的花药败育发生于单核小孢子早期,表现为绒毡层细胞异常膨大,挤压单核早期小孢子,从而导致其败育.     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系1193A的选育及分析

【目的】细胞质雄性不育系统是当前利用油菜杂种优势的主要途径,也是最重要的授粉控制系统之一,而利用远源杂交引入近源种胞质来获得异源细胞质雄性不育是发掘新型胞质雄性不育系和提高雄性不育育性稳定性的有效手段。【方法】本研究以新疆野生油菜与甘蓝型油菜湘油15号属间杂种后代为基础,通过多代回交育成了不育性稳定的油菜细胞质雄性不育系1993A。【结果】研究表明不育系1193A自交不结实,异交结实正常,具有典型的不育性状,恢保关系比较表明其与pol CMS具有不同的恢保关系,败育的时期主要发生在单核花粉期,在花药败育过程中绒毡层出现径向肥大和液泡化,挤压小孢子,最终导致花药败育。【结论】该油菜细胞质雄性不育系1993A不育性稳定彻底,与pol CMS是不同的细胞质雄性不育系。     

水稻雄性不育系的胚囊育性及其对异交结实的影响

以3个光温敏核不育系W7415S、安农S、培矮64S和4个质核互作雄性不育系珍汕97A(夜公胞质)、珍汕97A(野败胞质)、华农A(夜公胞质)和华农A(野败胞质)为材料,通过观察各不育系成熟胚囊结构,并对异交结实率进行调查,以明确水稻雄性不育系异交结实率是否与胚囊育性有关。结果表明：不同水稻雄性不育系的胚囊育性与异交结实率呈显著正相关;对于光温敏核不育系,胚囊育性受不育系遗传、环境以及两者互作的影响,不育期的胚囊育性比可育期低,可育期的胚囊育性接近早季质核互作不育系;对于质核互作不育系,胚囊育性主要受环境的影响,早季比晚季的胚囊育性低;光温敏核不育系的胚囊对环境的敏感度高于质核互作不育系,尤其是W7415S对环境的影响较为敏感。水稻雄性不育系的胚囊育性是影响其异交结实的重要因素,在选育不育系时需考虑胚囊育性及其对环境的敏感度。     

细胞质雄性不育棉花小孢子发生的细胞学观察和线粒体DNA的RAPD分析

以美国的哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育系DES-HAMS277的花药和一个陆地棉品种可育花药作为对照,对我国6个细胞质雄性不育棉花品系进行了小孢子发生的细胞学特征的研究和线粒体DNA的RAPD分析。研究结果表明,不同不育系不但在雄性败育时期上而且在线粒体基因型上存在着明显的分化。中棉所12A和NM-1A的败育时期与对照不育系DES-HAMS277的败育时期基本相同,是在造孢细胞增殖或小孢子母细胞形成时期;104-7A、湘远4-A、NM-2A和NM-3A的败育时期比DES-HAMS277迟,是在减数分裂时期。这一细胞形态学的划分与线粒体DNA的RAPD标记归类基本一致。造孢细胞和小孢子母细胞退化导致雄性不育的主要细胞形态学特征是：染色体行为异常,胞内常含有2～4个微核,核仁穿壁很普遍,细胞质液泡化,认为绒毡层的退化与小孢子母细胞的败育密切相关。线粒体DNA的RAPD的分析还表明恢保关系相同的不育系之间可以存在着细胞质基因型的分化。     

有性多倍化白菜四倍体雄性不育花药发育的解剖学研究

[目的]对有性多倍化雄性不育系花药的败育时期和方式进行研究,为雄性不育基础研究提供理论依据。[方法]以同源四倍体白菜为母本,以秋水仙素诱导筛选出含2n配子较高的二倍体为父本杂交获得四倍体不育系及其保持系为材料,采用常规石蜡切片法对其花药进行解剖学研究,观察其花药的败育时期。[结果]退化的雄蕊可分为4种类型,均败育于孢原细胞分化期,始终处在孢原细胞期,无绒毡层与花粉母细胞的分化,不形成药室,属孢子体败育型。[结论]有性多倍化白菜四倍体雄性不育的4种类型都是孢子体败育型。     

Differences in Nuclear DNA Between Male-Sterile and Male-Fertile Lines of Sorghum bicolor

Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is determined by nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. Up tonow, most studies are focused on the comparison of cytoplasmic DNAs of male-sterile lines and male-fertilelines, and analysis of nuclear DNA has not been documented yet. In order to find out the possible difference innuclear genome of male-sterile line A1 Tx623 and corresponding male-fertile line Tx623 of sorghum, randomamplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) approach was used to analyze their cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes.Total DNAs of them were amplified at first to screen primers, which were able to generate reproducible bandsspecific to male-sterile line or male-fertile line. Then the selected primers were used to amplify their mitochon-drial DNA (mtDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). The origins of all the polymorphic fragments were ana-lyzed. After ruling out those amplified from cytoplasmic DNA, seventeen polymorphic fragments were deter-mined to be amplified from nuclear DNA. These fragments originated from nuclear DNA indicate that diffe-rences in sequence exist between the nuclear DNA of male-sterile line and male-fertile line of sorghum, whichdo not agree with the traditional standpoint that they have identical nucleus.     

A Co-Dominant Marker BoE332 Applied to Marker-Assisted Selection of Homozygous Male-Sterile Plants in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

The dominant genic male sterility (DGMS) gene CDMs399-3 derived from a spontaneous mutation in the line 79-399-3 of spring cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), has been successfully applied in hybrid seed production of several cabbage cultivars in China. During the development of dominant male sterility lines in cabbage, the conventional identification of homozygous male-sterile plants (CDMs399-3/CDMs399-3) is a laborious and time-consuming process. For marker-assisted selection (MAS) of the gene CDMs399-3 transferred into key spring cabbage line 397, expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSR) and SSR technology were used to identify markers that were linked to CDMs399-3 based on method of bulked segregant analysis (BSA). By screening a set of 978 EST-SSRs and 395 SSRs, a marker BoE332 linked to the CDMs399-3 at a distance of 3.6 cM in the genetic background of cabbage line 397 were identified. 7 homozygous male-sterile plants in population P1170 with 20 plants were obtained finally via MAS of BoE332. Thus, BoE332 will greatly facilitate the transferring of the gene CDMs399-3 into the key spring cabbage line 397 and improve the application of DGMS in cabbage hybrid breeding.     

白菜核不育两用系与玻里马胞质不育系及其保持系的性状比较分析

用比较分析的方法,对白菜核不育两用系与玻里马胞质不育系及其保持系的植株性状、育性、花器结构和花粉扫描电镜形态等进行观察研究.结果表明,玻里马不育系及其保持系的生长势强于核不育两用系,其中不育株的生长势强于可育株,且分枝数也较可育株多.两用系不育株的花蕾松软,花朵花冠较小,花丝短缩,花药戟形、褐色无粉,花粉粒空瘪畸形.玻里马不育系花蕾瘦瘪,花瓣皱缩,花色较淡,花粉粒多瘦瘪.两用系不育株花粉败育比玻里马不育系要明显,而花药败育则相反.两用系可育株与玻里马保持系花粉粒都比较饱满,保持系的网脊细,网眼大.实验还表明,该玻里马不育系转育容易,在大白菜、塌菜中可以找到恢复系.     

Cytological Observation of Microsporogenesis in Male-Sterile Lines of Chinese Pink （ Dianthus chinensis L.）

This study addressed the differences in microsporogenesis between male sterile and fertile lines of Chinese pink. The microsporogenesis processes of male sterile and fertile lines were histologically examined in squashed pollen grains and in paraffin embedded sections. A stable male-sterile line （H-37B） was obtained following six generations of inbreeding in a self-fertile line, followed by two generations of backcrossing. In the corresponding fertile line, development of the mature pollen grains was followed through the initiation of the sporogenous cell, microsporocyte formation, and the tetrad developmental period. In the male-sterile line, abortion of the developing pollen grains was observed to take place at various stages, namely, sporogenous cell growth, mother cell meiosis, and tetrad transformation to the uninuclear state. The pollen grains of the fertile line were spheroid, turgid, and viable. By contrast, the male-sterile line produced pollen that was irregular in shape, empty, and nonviable. The abortion of the microspore in the male-sterile line appeared to relate to abnormal growth of the tapetum layer.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic proteins

It has been established that the content of proteins in cytoplasm is 10 times higher than in mitochondria. Of the four analyzed genotypes, the male-sterile line is characterized by the minimum content of cytoplasmic and maximum content of mitochondrial proteins in all investigated organs. Treatment with gibberellins stimulates the biosynthesis of proteins in three genotypes and inhibits their biosynthesis in line RW637Rf, both in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions. By means of electrophoresis, a protein with a molecular mass of 16 kDa, related to cytoplasmic sterility in sunflower and being a product of mitochondrial gene orfH522, has been found in leaves and flower heads of male-sterile line SW501CMS and fertile line SW501 treated with gibberellins. Its content is higher in the mitochondrial fraction of these genotypes.     

同核异质玉米细胞质雄性不育系的细胞学比较研究

用光镜对八个同核异质系及其保持系进行了花粉发育的细胞学观察,发现了四种方式的败育,多发生于减数分裂期。绒毡层对小孢子发育起重要作用。细胞学观察可作为不育胞质分类的补充指标,新选G胞质与CMS—C,T,S三大类型有差异。败育方式看来主要决定于胞质基因和核相对不育基因。     

矮脚黄白菜核基因雄性不育系的创制与利用

以复等位基因遗传的早熟大白菜雄性不育“两用系”AB01和“临时保持系”B01为试材,设计定向转育方案,采用连续回交转育性状的同时,测交筛选基因型的方法,向源自金冠的矮脚黄白菜自交系Y中转育雄性不育基因,育成了不育株率和不育度均为100％、园艺学性状与自交系Y相近的矮脚黄白菜核基因雄性不育系GMS401.结果表明,用GM...     

白菜胞质雄性不育系及保持系叶片色素含量及其超微结构

以白菜胞质雄性不育系、原不育材料及其保持系为试材，比较了不同发育时期叶片色素含量及其超微结构的差异。结果表明，莲座期原不育材料色素含量极显低于新不育种质及保持系；而在苗期及抽薹期，色素含量差异均不显。各时期不育材料细胞器发育明显滞后于保持系。莲座期，原雄性不育材料叶绿体呈椭圆形，片层结构疏松，叶绿体数目及叶绿素含量明显低于新不育种质及保持系。保持系及新不育种质叶绿体发达，片层结构较多。同期保持系线粒体结构发达，内脊丰富，内含物充实；而不育系线粒体结构简单，内脊较少，线粒体的数目高于保持系。到抽薹期，无论叶绿体还是线粒体都呈退化状态，叶绿体内累积淀粉粒，线粒体内脊减少，不育系线粒体严重空泡化。