Male Sterile Lines of Zinnia elegans and Their Cytological Observations

In order to find out a new pathway for utilizing heterosis of Zinnia elegans and accelerate breeding process, the mechanism of anther development of a male sterile line was explored. Backcross, sibmating, selling of fertile plants and testcross with inbred lines were analyzed and identified in the field, and cytology was observed. Recessive nucleus male sterile line AH209AB capable of being a maintainer was obtained by successive backcrosses with male sterile plants and fertile F1 plants as male parents. Cytological and anatomical studies indicated that： （1） The wall of normal anther was constituted of four layers of cells such as epidermis, powder chamber wall, middle level and tapetum cells. The process in meiosis of pollen mother cell in Zinnia elegans was normal and cytoplasm divided simultanously. Mature pollen grain was tricellular type. （2） The petal of male sterile plant degraded as a thread-like structure, the stamens were villiform in appearance and no pollens were formed. The result showed that the anther of male sterile plant no longer proceed to differentiate spore mother cell and the pollen sac after the formation of the tissue of sporogenous cells, there was no evident boundary between tapetum cell, middle lamella and inner wall of PMC, tapetal cells did not develop from the very beginning. So the abortion type was completely structural male sterility. The male sterile line belongs to non-sporange male sterile type and is of great use in F1 seeds production.     

Development of marker Ms2 gene with a blue seed in durum and common wheat

In order to marker dominant nuclear gene Ms2 with a blue grain, a 4E disomic addition line ＇xiaoyanlanli＇（2n=44, AABBDD＋4EII） as the male parent to pollinate with male-sterile plants of durum wheat, controlled by a dominant nuclear gene Ms2, and a durum wheat line 89-2343 with Ms2 and blue seed marker on the same addition chromosome was developed. The genotype 89-2343 was crossed and backcrossed with a common wheat genotype 7739-3 to produce male fertile plants with blue seeds （MFP-BS）. To combine the blue seed marker, dwarf male-sterile plants carrying RhtlO and Ms2 were fertilized by pollen from selected MFP-BS. At last, the combination of blue seed marker, Ms2 and RhtlO was successfully produced. The segregation ratio of male sterility, seed color as well as chromosome configurations of the combinations suggested that the blue seed marker, Ms2 and RhtlO were located on the same chromosome. Cytological analysis indicated that the male sterile wheat line with a blue seed marker was 43 in chromosome number, with an additional chromosome. The transmission rate for blue seed male-sterile plants was 22.1% in common. In addition, the potential value for blue marker sterile lines in wheat breeding and hybrid production is discussed.     

Abortive Process of a Novel Rapeseed Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Line Derived from Somatic Hybrids Between Brassica napus and Sinapis alba

Somatic hybridization is performed to obtain significant cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） lines, whose CMS genes are derived either from the transfer of sterile genes from the mitochondrial genome of donor parent to the counterpart of receptor or production of new sterile genes caused by mitochondrial genome recombination of the biparent during protoplast fusion. In this study, a novel male sterile line, SaNa-IA, was obtained from the somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and Sinapis alba. The normal anther development of the maintainer line, SaNa-IB, and the abortive process of SaNa-IA were described through phenotypic observations and microtome sections. The floral organ of the sterile line SaNa-IA was sterile with a shortened filament and deflated anther. No detectable pollen grains were found on the surface of the sterile anthers. Semi-thin sections indicated that SaNa-IA aborted in the pollen mother cell （PMC） stage when vacuolization of the tapetum and PMCs began. The tapetum radically elongated and became highly vacuolated, occupying the entire locule together with the vacuolated microspores. Therefore, SaNa-IA is different from other CMS lines, such as ogu CMS, pol CMS and nap CMS as shown by the abortive process of the anther.     

Expression of an Antisense BcMF3 Affects Microsporogenesis and Pollen Tube Growth in Arabidopsis

In an effort to provide some information relevant to the molecular mechanism of genic male sterility in plants, BcMF3 gene that encodes a pectin methylesterase was isolated from the fertile B line of Chinese cabbage-pak-choi （Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis, syn. B. campestris ssp. chinensis）. In the present paper, a 455-bp antisense cDNA fragment of BcMF3 was introduced to binary vector pB1121, and then was mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404. The A. tumefaciens harboring the BcMF3 antisense fragment was transformed to Arabidopsis thaliana by floral dip. Scanning electronic microscopy examination demonstrated that 47.8% of BcMF3 antisense pollen grains exhibited abnormal shape, which might lead to decreased germination of pollens, suggesting that the product of BcMF3 gene plays an important role during microsporogenesis. The evidence on burst of 45.7% of BcMF3 antisense pollen tubes in vitro and a majority of BcMF3 antisense pollens restricted within the stigmatic tissue revealed that BcMF3 is involved in aiding the growth of pollen tubes. The results suggest that BcMF3 acts at both stages of microsporogensis and pollen tube growth.     

Study on Haploid Inducing and Its Meiotic Abnormality in Maize

The haploid-inducing line Stock 6 was used to produce haploid maize and expected to obtain maize haploid plants successfully. The detailed meiotic studies on selected haploid maize （n = x = 10） were conducted. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a high frequency of meiotic abnormality occurred in both meiosis Ⅰ and meiosis Ⅱ. During the prophase Ⅰ, univalents were common configurations, and there were bivalents or trivalents in some pollen mother cells, however, a few cells containing five bivalents were also observed. After prophase Ⅰ, chromosomes did not congregate in a single metaphase plate but they were scattered in the cytoplasm. At anaphase Ⅰ, the chromosome distribution was highly irregular with almost all possible combinations. In some cells, chromosomes were grouped into the three or four masses and several spindles appeared. At the tetrad stage of meiosis Ⅱ, eytokinesis splitting abnormality occurred, and a variety of diad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, as well as decury microspores were easily observed. As a consequence of abnormalities of the two meiotic stages, various microspores and the pollen were almost completely sterile. grains with different size were formed, and its pollen grains     

Defective callose walls and cell plates during abnormal meiosis cause male-sterility in the oat mutant zbs1

During meiosis in flowering plants,degradation of the callose wall in tetrads releases newly produced microspores,which develop into mature pollen grains.In this study,we identified zbs1,a male-sterile mutant of naked oat(Avena nuda L.)that displayed complete spikelet sterility due to inviable mature pollen.The abnormal pollen grains originated from microspores with a defective callose wall and cell plate during meiosis.The defective callose wall and cell plate of the zbs1 mutant were detected by the labeling of cell wall epitopes(β-1,3-glucan) with immunogold during meiosis,and an abnormal chromosome configuration was observed by propidium iodide staining.The mature pollen grains of the zbs1 mutant were irregular in shape,and abnormal germination was observed by scanning electron microscopy.Together,our results indicate that the cause of male sterility in zbs1 is abnormal meiosis.     

Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Cytoplasmic Male-Sterile Cotton Anther

Reactive oxygen species （ROS） in plant cell, including superoxide （O2^-）, hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）, and malondialdehyde （MDA）, are thought to be important inducible factors of cell apoptosis if excessively accumulated in cells. To elucidate the metabolic mechanism of ROS production and scavenging in anthers of the cytoplasmic male-sterile （CMS） cotton, CMS line, maintainer, and hybrid F1 anthers, were employed for studying the relationship between CMS and metabolism of ROS, by comparing ROS changes in the sterile and fertile anthers at different developmental stages. The results showed that during the abortion preliminary stage （sporogenous cell division stage）, anthers of CMS line had higher contents of O2^-, H2O2, and MDA than those of maintainer or hybrid F1. Simultaneously, the higher activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and peroxidase （POD） in scavenging ROS were measured in the anthers of the CMS line, indicating that an increase of ROS in anthers of abortion preliminary stage had an inducible effect on the antioxidant enzymes. But during the abortion peak of CMS anther （pollen mother cell meiosis stage）, on the one hand, contents of O2^-, H2O2, and MDA were extraordinarily high in CMS anthers, on the other hand, the activities of SOD, CAT, and POD were excessively low, which disrupted the balance between the production and elimination of ROS and led to pollen mother cells apoptosis at this stage. In the following two stages （uninucleate microspore stage and mature pollen stage）, the contents of O2^- and H2O2 in the aborted anthers were approximated to contents in the fertile anthers of the maintainer and hybrid F1. However, MDA contents were continuously raised and enzymic activities of SOD, CAT, and POD were consistently decreased in sterile anthers, which indicated that ROS still had harmful effects on the anthers after the apoptosis of the male cells. Excessive accumulation of O2^-, H2O2, and MDA and significant reduction of ROS scavengingenzyme activities were coinstantaneous with male cells apoptosis in the anthers of the cotton CMS line. But when the restorer gene was transferred into the CMS line, excessive production of ROS could be eliminated in the anthers of hybrid F1.     

Application of Molecular Markers Linking to Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Loci to Assist Maintainer Line Selection and Their Selection Efficiency in Welsh Onion （Allium fistulosum L.）

Cytoplasmic male sterility exists widely in most natural populations of welsh onion （Alliumfistulosum L.）, which makes it possible to breed out many male sterile lines for heterosis utilization. Unfortunately, the breeding of cytoplasmic male sterility in welsh onion has a little progress due to the limitation of its biological characteristic and traditional selection approach. To study the feasibility and the efficiency of utilizing marker assisted selection for male sterile lines in welsh onion, one SCAR marker, SCS13, and one RAPD marker, S2002400, which could distinguish between N and S cytoplasm in several welsh onion cultivars, were identified. The two markers were then confirmed by Southern blotting, and used to screen the N or S cytoplasm of individual plants in seven welsh onion cultivars in this study. Male sterile and fertile plants were evaluated by aceto-carmine dying. The frequency of N-cytoplasmic plants and maintainer genotype was calculated in the seven open populations of welsh onion. The minimum number of plants needed to identify a maintainer was evaluated to be 95% reliable. Results showed that 20 to 80% decrease of crosses and self-crosses for identifying a maintainer genotype could be achieved by the marker-assisted selection compared with traditional selection method. It was proved that the molecular markers could precisely identify cytoplasmic types individually, performed by one generation of cross and two generations of testcrosses and self-crosses. Finally, several maintainer genotype plants were selected with the help of the two markers in the seven cultivars. The screened markers could assist and accelerate sterile and maintainer lines selection with less labor and cost.     

新型甘蓝型油菜核不育材料绵7AB-4-2农艺性状鉴定及分子检测(英文)

[Objective] The study was to investigate the agronomic traits and breeding characteristics of genic male sterile material Mian 7AB-4-2 in Brassica napus. [Method] The differences in agronomic traits and polymorphisms in SSR markers, between the genic male sterile material Mian 7AB-4-2 in Brassica napus and its sisterly line Mian 7AB-4-1 were investigated by hybridization and molecular identification; and the percentage of sterile individuals of Mian 7AB-4-2 and of the hybrids with its sisterly line Mian 7AB-4-1 from test cross and back cross were also studied. [Result] Mian 7AB-4-2 was not significantly different in agronomic traits from its sisterly line Mian 7AB-4-1 at 0.05 probability level. The percentages of sterile individuals in the pollinated fertile Mian 7AB-4-2 plants were over 60%, and that in its sisterly line Mian 7AB-4-1 was about 25%. In test crosses with other nine sterile lines, Mian 7AB-4-1 kept the percentage of sterile individuals of sterile lines over 90%, and the percentage of sterile individuals from back cross over 80%. With regard to molecular markers, Mian 7AB-4-2 and its sisterly line Mian 7AB-4-1 were different in the band number from SSR primers a2 and E10. [Conclusion] The results indicate that Mian 7AB-4-2 is helpful for rapeseed breeding, quickening the application of new materials in field breeding.     

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize

14 isoplasmic and allonuclear cytoplasmic male sterile lines were used as female parents, 8 tester lines as male parents, 101 F1 progenies were obtained. Fertility restoration response of 101 F1 progenies were investigated through field observation and pollen stainability examination under microscope. 14 isoplasmic and allonuclear cytoplasmic male sterile lines were developed by repeated backcross with recurrent male parent lines for more than 8 generations. The result shows: tester line Zifeng1 not only restored the isoplasmic and allonuclear sterile lines of group C backcrossed with Mo17, Yu30 and Heer, but also completely restored the isoplasmic and allonuclear cytoplasm male sterile lines of group T backcrossed with Mo17, HZS , 1792 ,292 and Yu30. Therefore, nuclear background limits the use of Zifeng1 as a tester for identification of cytoplasmic male sterility. Furthermore RFLPs of mitochondrial DNA of 6 isonuclear and alloplasmic cytoplasmic male sterile lines were analyzed with Bam H Ⅰ and Hind Ⅲ restriction endonuclease and mitochondrial DNA probes pBcmH3 and Cox Ⅱ. The same RFLPs were found within sterile cytoplasm of group C, including C,Chuan G, Lei 2 and Lei 3, but a different RFLP pattern was observed among sterile cytoplasm of group S, C,T and the normal cytoplasm. This result suggested that the RFLP markers tightly linked to sterile mitochondrial genes of different groups could be applied in the identifcation of cytoplasmic male sterility.     

石竹雄性不育系小孢子形成过程的细胞学观察

 【目的】研究石竹不育系与可育系小孢子形成过程的异同。【方法】利用压片及石蜡切片等方法观察石竹雄性不育系与可育系小孢子发育过程。该不育系（H-37B）是通过在石竹自交6代的自交系中发现的1株雄性不育株与可育株经过连续杂交和2代回交获得的不育系（H-37B）。【结果】可育系小孢子发育经历了造孢细胞、小孢子母细胞、四分体等时期,最后发育成花粉。不育系败育现象在造孢细胞增殖期、小孢子母细胞减数分裂期以及四分体至单核期都有发生。石竹可育花粉外形饱满,圆形,生活力强;而不育花粉外形空瘪,不规则,无生活力。【结论】绒毡层的异常发育是导致小孢子败育的主要原因。     

5种甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系的细胞学观察

采用石蜡制片方法,对不缺绿ogu、陕3A型、nap、pol、758A细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的小孢子发生和花粉发育过程进行细胞学观察和比较,以确定这些不育系的败育时期和细胞学特征。结果表明,不缺绿型ogu CMS花药败育受阻于四分体至单核花粉时期,败育特点是四分体时期持续较长,绒毡层延迟退化。陕3A型、nap、Pol CMS花粉败育发生在孢原细胞时期,少数花药会继续发育产生有活力花粉粒,表现微粉现象。758A的败育时期在孢原细胞时期,败育特点为没有造孢细胞和壁细胞的分化,不能形成药室和花粉粒,败育比较彻底。     

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)两种不育类型小孢子发生的形态学比较

雄性不百类型的性质如何是小麦杂种优势利用中的关键环节之一,目前国内所利用的小麦雄性不育系多属 T 型,为细胞质雄性不育.从地方品种平度紫秸白不育株所选育的潍型不育系,属核不育.为探索这两类不育系花粉败育的具体状况,以进一步了解其相应的遗传机理,1978年以来我们曾先后对两种不育系小孢子发生和成熟花粉的形态进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察比较。     

雄性不育和可育大葱花粉细胞形态学比较研究

本研究用压片法对雄性不育和可育大葱小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了详细的细胞学观察,并用电镜扫描观察了雄性不育和可育大葱的花粉粒形态。结果表明:雄性不育和可育大葱的小孢子发生是基本一致的,两者均存在低频率的异常减数分裂行为。雄性可育大葱单核花粉经有丝分裂产生成熟的二细胞花粉,其花粉可育率为96.84%。雄性不育大葱小孢子在单核中期前是正常发育的,其败育始于单核中期,到单核末期有94.85%的花粉败育,其它5.15%的花粉败育于早期二细胞花粉。扫描电镜下的雄性不育和可育花粉粒形态特征有明显差异。     

百日草雄性不育系的获得及其细胞学观察

 【目的】获得百日草雄性不育系,并探索其花药发育机制,为百日草杂种优势的利用提供一条新途径。【方法】采用自交F2代出现的不育材料连续回交获得的不育系再进行兄妹交、可育株自交,结合与多个自交系测交进行不育类型鉴定,并对其细胞学进行研究。【结果】获得了百日草深红色单隐性雄性不育两用系AH209AB。正常可育的花药,其药壁由4层细胞构成,即表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层;花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型;成熟花粉为三细胞型。雄性不育株花瓣退化或丝状,雄蕊退化成丝状,内无花粉,外观呈绒毛状;花药在造孢细胞组织形成后,没有继续分化产生药壁结构、花粉母细胞及其花粉,为完全的结构性雄性不育类型。【结论】该雄性不育系属于无花粉囊型不育系,在F1代种子生产上具有重要的利用价值。     

大白菜温敏雄性不育TsCMS7311育性恢复的细胞学观察

以大白菜温敏雄性不育系TsCMS7311为试材,对发生育性恢复和未发生育性恢复的花药进行细胞学观察。结果表明,在孢原细胞期之前,二者没有明显差异。常温下,未发生育性恢复的花药在孢原细胞期就停止发育;少数花药1~2个角隅处可分化形成孢原细胞,造孢细胞,花粉母细胞,但花粉母细胞在减数分裂的第一次分裂时解体。在低温处理条件下,育性恢复,花药发育正常,经过孢原细胞期、造孢细胞期、花粉母细胞期后,可以顺利形成四分体,可育花药的四分体可以释放出小孢子并发育为成熟的花粉粒,同时绒毡层细胞开始解体,最后消失。     

枸杞雄性不育株花药败育的显微结构观察

选用枸杞"YX-1"雄性不育株不同发育时期的花蕾为试材,以当地主栽品种宁杞1号为对照,利用石腊制片技术对其花蕾不同发育时期的细胞显微结构进行比较研究.结果表明:在造孢细胞时期,雄不育植株造孢细胞有解体现象;在花粉母细胞时期,雄不育植株有的表现为花药大小分布不均,表现为绒毡层细胞内含物融合形成周原质团;在四分体期,雄不育植株花药壁有的表现为畸形,扭曲成瘤状突起,有的表现为药隔和花粉囊壁分离,四分体形成数量少;绒毡层发育异常,雄不育株绒毡层细胞内含物融合形成周原质团或细胞径向伸长形成周原质团并侵占药室,导致小孢子败育或形成数量极少的小孢子,最终形成完全不育型和不育I型 .枸杞雄不育植株的花粉败育时期可发生在造孢细胞期到四分体期.     

萝卜胞质雄性不育系小孢子母细胞发育的组织学观察

利用石蜡切片的方法对萝卜雄性不育系RS-CMS2的小孢子母细胞发育过程进行了组织学观察。结果表明:萝卜雄性不育株在四分体时期开始出现败育现象;绒毡层细胞膨大,出现大的液泡;随后绒毡层细胞破裂,侵入药室,细胞彼此之间难以分清界限;小孢子粘连在一起,胞质进一步收缩,并开始出现降解。该研究为进一步揭示萝卜细胞质雄性不育的作用机制、提高育种效率有重要的参考价值。     

花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19花药败育的细胞学及转录组分析

【目的】对花椰菜温敏雄性不育系的花器形态、花药败育时期和败育分子机理进行研究,明确其不育特性发生的细胞学和分子机理,为进一步研究其雄性不育奠定理论基础。【方法】以花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19为试验材料,不同温度(15℃和20℃)处理,采用形态学、细胞学方法及高通量测序技术(Illumina Hi Seq 2500),研究其形态特征、花药败育的细胞学及分子机理。【结果】花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19的育性转换受温度控制,高温(20℃)不育,低温(15℃)育性恢复。GS-19不育株与可育株花器差异显著,不育株花器显著小于可育株。花药细胞学观察发现GS-19的花药发育过程有花粉母细胞的分化,形成正常花粉囊,不产生花粉粒或者产生微量的无生活力的花粉粒,花药发育受阻于花粉母细胞到四分体时期,形成了花粉粒外壁发育异常的拟"四分体孢子",逐渐降解,剩下花粉空壳,属于花粉母细胞败育类型。GS-19不育株和可育株花蕾转录组分析共获得67 930个Unigene,其中Nt数据库比对到相似序列数最多(52 191个),Nr数据库比对到相似序列次之(46 447个),KOG数据库比对相似序列最少(13 198个);GO注释到25 336个Unigene;KOG注释到13 198个Unigene;KEGG注释到14 778个Unigene。基因差异表达分析发现GS-19不育株花蕾和可育株花蕾中有2 170个基因差异表达,1 078个基因上调表达和1 092个基因下调表达。【结论】花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19为高温不育类型,不育株花器显著小于可育株,花丝显著缩短,花药萎缩、干瘪,花药发育受阻于花粉母细胞到四分体时期,属于花粉母细胞败育类型。转录组测序获得了67 930个Unigene,差异表达基因2 170个。