微量元素水溶肥对大白菜生长和生理特性的影响

本试验采用0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25 g/L四种浓度的微量元素水溶肥对大白菜进行叶面喷施,研究了不同浓度微量元素水溶肥对大白菜生长和生理特性的影响。结果显示,四种浓度微量元素水溶肥料处理的大白菜的植株高度、叶长、叶宽、鲜质量等形态指标均有明显提高,对植株可溶性蛋白含量、维生素C、叶绿素含量影响显著。高浓度处理效果优于低浓度处理,其中,1.00 g/L处理的大白菜叶最长;播后35 d,株高最大;维生素C含量最高,植株硝酸盐的降低效果最佳。以上结果表明,微量元素水溶肥料的叶面喷施促进了大白菜的生长发育,提高了大白菜的品质和风味,其中以1.00 g/L处理的效果最佳。     

钙肥袋控缓释对葡萄钙吸收的影响

【目的】针对葡萄果实因缺钙造成的软果现象,研究钙肥袋控缓释施肥方法对葡萄钙吸收的影响。【方法】以6 a(年)生连续2 a发生软果现象的自根砧‘夏黑’葡萄为试材,设钙肥一次撒施、钙肥二次撒施、钙肥袋控缓释、不施钙肥4个处理,施肥后定期采集土壤样品,测量土壤中总钙和交换性钙含量。分别在幼果期、果实膨大期、果实转色期、果实成熟期对葡萄植株进行破坏性取样,将植株进行解析,测量不同器官钙浓度和含量。【结果】软果葡萄土壤中施用钙肥后提高了土壤中总钙和交换性钙浓度,钙肥撒施处理随时间推移土壤总钙和交换性钙浓度降低。钙肥袋控缓释处理土壤总钙和交换性钙浓度变化小,保持土壤总钙和交换性钙浓度在一个稳定范围内。钙肥袋控缓释处理果穗器官生物量显著高于不施钙肥处理,多年生器官生物量不同施肥处理影响差异不显著。葡萄各器官中根系钙浓度最高,其次为叶片,果实最低。果实钙浓度随生长发育逐渐降低,其他器官随生长发育钙浓度变化小。叶片内钙浓度膨大期、转色期和成熟期钙肥袋控缓释处理显著高于其他处理,幼果期各施肥处理间差异不显著。果穗内钙浓度钙肥袋控缓释处理显著高于其他处理。根系是葡萄最主要的含钙器官,其次是叶片。根系钙含量采样期内变化小,叶片内钙含量随生长发育进行逐渐提高,幼果期到膨大期提高最多,增加量是果实成熟期总量50%以上。果穗内钙含量随生长发育进程逐渐提高,幼果期到膨大期提高最多,增加量是果实成熟期总量50%以上。叶片和果穗内钙含量钙肥袋控缓释处理显著高于其他处理。钙肥袋控缓释处理果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量分别为506.84 mg·cm-2和20.2%,显著高于不施钙肥处理。【结论】钙肥袋控缓释起到良好的钙缓释效果,葡萄生长季土壤中钙供应稳定、持久。钙肥袋控缓释有利于葡萄结果,提高了葡萄各器官钙浓度和钙含量,提高了果实后期钙吸收量,提高了葡萄果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量。     

不同基因型大白菜对外源钙敏感性鉴定评价

为探讨大白菜钙敏感性鉴定的便捷指标,以20个大白菜品种为试材,研究不同钙水平对大白菜不同生育期干烧心指数及植株生长量、叶片叶绿素含量及钙含量的影响。结果表明:不同基因型大白菜干烧心指数差异较大,总体上均随钙水平的升高明显降低,而相同钙水平下则随生育期延长而升高;幼苗期钙水平0 mmol·L~(-1)和莲座期、结球期钙水平0.5mmol·L~(-1)处理的干烧心指数聚类结果基本一致。采用多元逐步回归分析建立的幼苗干烧心指数回归模型中,仅幼苗期0.5mmol·L~(-1)与4.0 mmol·L~(-1)钙水平下的植株鲜质量及叶片叶绿素含量相对值入选,且以入选变量为参数进行聚类分析的结果与幼苗期干烧心指数聚类结果完全一致,均可将参试大白菜品种分成钙敏感型、钙迟钝型和中间型3类,说明幼苗期0.5mmol·L~(-1)和4.0 mmol·L~(-1)钙水平下的大白菜植株鲜质量与叶片叶绿素含量相对值可作为大白菜品种钙敏感性鉴定的便捷指标。     

铜处理对大白菜芝麻状斑点病发生及总酚含量的影响

选择感病品系03B9 与抗病品系C24 为试材,在水培条件下,研究不同铜浓度处理对大白菜芝麻状斑点病发生、总
酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着铜处理浓度的升高,两品系芝麻状斑点病的斑点数明显增加,03B9 芝麻
状斑点病发生程度明显高于C24。铜处理期间C24 总酚含量、PPO 活性较03B9 平均高出25.6% 和77.0%。试验结果初步表
明,水培条件下铜胁迫促进了大白菜芝麻状斑点病的发生,铜浓度与芝麻状斑点病发生程度有关,同时影响了叶柄总酚含量
及PPO 活性。     

EMS 处理对大白菜种子萌发及主要生化指标的影响

为了探讨大白菜诱变育种的新方式，研究了不同浓度EMS 处理对大白菜种子萌发、幼苗生长及其主要生化指标的影响。结果表明：在0～1.0% 浓度范围内，随着EMS 浓度的增加，大白菜种子的发芽势、发芽率逐渐降低，幼苗根尖和叶缘褐化程度逐渐加剧，成活率下降，种子浸出液电导率以及种子和幼苗的MDA 含量均逐渐增加；EMS 对种子及幼苗SOD、POD 活性影响表现为低浓度促进，高浓度抑制。适宜大白菜种子诱变处理的EMS 浓度范围为0.4%～0.6%。     

不同钙源对苹果钙素吸收的影响研究

为明确不同钙源对苹果植株钙素吸收及生长发育的影响,以2年生瑞林/平邑甜茶嫁接苗为试材,选择7种钙源进行钙素吸收效果比较研究。结果表明,硝酸钙处理增钙效果最好,根系及叶片中的钙含量最高,生物量及新梢生长量最大;硫酸钙增钙效果最差,其他5种处理介于二者之间。     

膨大素对樱桃番茄生长发育的影响

以樱桃番茄品种“冀东216”为试材,研究了不同时期喷施不同浓度膨大素对樱桃番茄生长发育的影响,以确定喷施的最佳时期及喷施浓度.结果表明:开花期喷施膨大素的效果显著好于坐果后喷施;经膨大素处理的番茄,生长速度、单果重、产量明显提高;可溶性固形物含量、坐果率、果穗附近的叶绿素含量及硬度也有不同程度的增大.以1 100倍液浓度的花期喷施膨大素对樱桃番茄的膨大效果最佳.     

采前喷施糖醇钙对橘湘早温州蜜柑果实品质和贮藏性的影响

以特早熟温州蜜柑橘湘早为试材，在采果前15 d喷施糖醇钙50、500、1 000倍液（钙浓度分别为3.5、0.35、0.175 g/L）和氯化钙（钙浓度0.35 g/L），研究其对果实品质和果实常温贮藏的影响。结果表明，在果实采收时，糖醇钙500倍液处理的果实品质最佳，其可溶性固形物、维生素C含量分别较对照增加了8.58%和6.37%，可滴定酸含量降低了9.52%。在果实常温贮藏14 d后，所有采前喷施糖醇钙的处理均能延缓果实贮藏品质变劣，其中糖醇钙1 000倍液处理对贮藏果实可溶性固形物和维生素C含量提升的效果最为显著；糖醇钙500倍液处理延缓果实失水的效果最为显著；糖醇钙50倍液处理能显著加速贮藏期果实可滴定酸含量的下降幅度，且在贮藏期内未观察到呼吸高峰。相比氯化钙处理，相同钙浓度的糖醇钙处理（糖醇钙500倍液）更能促进田间果实可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的形成，且对贮藏果实也有促进维生素C含量的形成和推迟呼吸高峰的作用。综合分析认为，采前喷施糖醇钙是改善柑橘品质和耐藏性能的有效措施，且以糖醇钙500倍液处理的效果最优。     

富钾地区农田增施钾肥对大白菜产量的影响

在钾素含量丰富的黄河谷地大白菜田,研究了在氮、磷施肥量相同的条件下增施不同量钾对大白菜生长发育及产量的影响.结果表明:在钾素含量丰富的碱性土壤中,增施钾肥可相应提高大白菜长势,并能明显提高大白菜的产量,但其增产效能随着施肥量的增加明显降低.     

采后不同钙浓度处理对贮藏期间苹果硬度及果胶含量的影响

以"富士"苹果为试材,采用0%、2%、3%、4%4种不同浓度的CaCl2浸泡果实,研究了苹果采后不同浓度钙处理对贮藏期间苹果果实硬度和不同种类果胶含量的影响,以期探明莱西地区"富士"苹果采后钙处理的最适应浓度。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,苹果果实的硬度下降,水溶性果胶(WSP)含量增加,共价结合果胶(CSP)含量减少,离子型果胶(ISP)含量变化不大;苹果果实硬度与WSP含量呈极显著负相关,与CSP含量呈极显著正相关,与离子型果胶(ISP)无显著相关性;与对照相比,不同浓度的钙处理都能改善贮藏期间苹果果实的硬度,能减缓WSP含量的增加和CSP含量的减少;4种浓度的钙处理中以2%CaCl2处理的效果最好;采后钙处理能有效保持苹果在贮藏期间的硬度,有效减缓WSP含量的增加和CSP含量的减少,从而延缓了果实的软化,延长了苹果的货架寿命。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量