Synthesis and application of modulated polymer gels

A class of environmentally responsive materials based on the spatial modulation of the chemical nature of gels is proposed and demonstrated here. The modulation was achieved by limiting the interpenetration of part of one gel network with another gel network. The gels so produced have an internally heterogeneous or modulated structure. Three simple applications based on the modulated gels are described here: a bigel strip, a shape memory gel, and a gel "hand." The bigel strip bends almost to a circle in response to a temperature increase or an increase in solvent concentration. The shape memory gel changes its shape from a straight line to a pentagon to a quadrangle as the temperature increases. These transitions from one shape to another are reversible. The gel "hand" in water can grasp or release an object simply by an adjustment of the temperature.     

出雏至性成熟绍鸭卵巢FSH-R与LH-R mRNA表达的变化

用反转录多聚酶链式反应 (RT PCR)方法检测绍鸭出雏至 90日龄卵巢卵泡刺激素受体 (FSH R)和黄体生成素受体 (LH R)mRNA含量的变化。结果表明 ,卵巢FSH RmRNA水平在 30和 6 0日龄较高 ,且 30日龄时极显著高于 1和 90日龄 (P <0 0 1) ,与该阶段较高的卵巢相对生长速度相对应 ;而卵巢LH RmRNA水平随日龄逐渐升高 ,30、 6 0和 90日龄极显著高于 1日龄 (P <0 0 1) ,90日龄显著高于 30和 6 0日龄 (P <0 0 5 )。提示 :卵巢在早期发育阶段 ,尤其是快速增重期 ,对FSH的反应性较高 ;而接近性成熟时 ,可能由于卵泡发育的关系而对LH的反应性升高。     

外源DNA导入创造抗枯萎病西瓜种质资源

采用ＤＮＡ浸胚法将供本瓠瓜的总ＤＮＡ导入导入西瓜,Ｄ１代获得一变异株,变异率为０．３２％,Ｄ２代是植株成株期功能叶过氧化物酶同工酶酶带数增加,出现了供体植株的酶带,变异株部分染色体的臂长、臂比、带型与受体相比产生了明显的差异,果实有２２．７％的皮色由深绿变成白色或白皮绿网纹,接近供体瓠瓜的皮色;果实形状有３１．０％发生变异;种子的形状和色泽有３３．３％发生变异。初步认为西瓜的性状变异是供体瓠瓜ＤＮ     

环境条件对乳清蛋白凝胶特性和微观结构的影响

 【目的】研究离子种类、离子强度、加热温度、pH、蛋白浓度等条件对乳清蛋白凝胶的质地性质、持水性、微观结构的影响。【方法】利用质构仪测定添加不同浓度的NaCl和CaCl2对所形成的乳清蛋白凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性的影响,利用扫描电镜观察凝胶微观结构。【结果】盐对凝胶性质影响很大,相同条件下钠盐形成凝胶需较高浓度且弹性和持水性好于钙盐凝胶;蛋白浓度达到8%～10%时凝胶质地较好。在微观结构上钠盐凝胶比钙盐凝胶内部更加致密结实。这在宏观上表现为钠盐凝胶硬度相对较大,持水性更好。【结论】钠盐凝胶具有更好的凝胶质地和功能性质。     

基于三维模型ENVI-met对黑河森林和北方森林的潜热及显热通量模拟

在非均匀混合场景下模拟区域能量,三维小气候模型比一维模型考虑因素更为全面,但三维模型较复杂,研究甚少。为探究三维模型在混合像元场景中的通量模拟能力,以ENVI-met模型为例,以黑河关滩森林和加拿大北方森林为实验区,比较森林通量模拟值和实测值的季节性和日变化差异,并模拟森林三维空间结构对通量分布的敏感性。结果表明:①模型在春季、夏季、秋季模拟拟合度（R2）分别为0.75,0.76,0.55。模拟显热通量、潜热通量日变化符合实测趋势,日平均实测值与模拟值之差均不超过10.0%。模型对显热通量、潜热通量和太阳短波辐射模拟精度分别为0.68,0.63,0.80。②模拟总体能量闭合率（E_BR）达92.9%,模型对气象参数微小变动不敏感,较为稳定。③自然参数不变场景下,团状分布通量值大于均匀分布,变化幅度剧烈,且显热通量对空间异质性较潜热通量更为敏感。研究结果肯定了ENVI-met模型模拟通量具有较好精度,且能够反映出森林空间分布格局在通量分配上的影响,为研究区域气候变化提供了有效手段。     

与黄花马蹄莲互作过程中胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌的差异表达蛋白分析

通过病原菌胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种与黄花马蹄莲组织的离体互作,运用双向电泳技术、质谱技术及Im-ageMaster 2D platinum 5.0(GE)软件对互作过程中蛋白质差异表达进行分析。结果表明:70个蛋白点在互作中存在表达差异,占蛋白点总数的18.13%。通过质谱分析发现:2个特异表达蛋白分子伴侣DnaK和1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶(DXS)均为代谢类蛋白;3个显著上调表达蛋白中ATP合酶α亚基和半胱氨酸合酶为代谢类蛋白,而β-内酰胺酶为抗生素类蛋白。     

Two-dimensional magnetic particles

Single two-dimensional (2D) atomically thick magnetic particles of cobalt and iron with variable size and shape were fabricated by combining a mask technique with standard molecular beam epitaxy. Reduction of the lateral size of in-plane magnetized 2D cobalt films down to about 100 nanometers did not essentially modify their magnetic properties; although the separation of boundaries decreased greatly, neither domain penetrated the particle, nor was any sizable shape anisotropy observed. The mutual interaction of 2D cobalt particles was negligible, and the magnetic state of a single particle could be switched without modifying the state of the neighbors. Perpendicularly magnetized iron particles did not exhibit such responses. These results suggest that only a few atoms forming a 2D in-plane magnetized dot may provide a stable elementary bit for nanorecording.     

家蚕五龄第1天与第4天后部丝腺蛋白质双向电泳图谱比较

 【目的】家蚕后部丝腺是合成分泌占蚕丝总量75%～80%丝素蛋白的器官，通过后部丝腺蛋白的研究，有利于阐明家蚕分泌丝素蛋白及蚕茧优质、高产的机理。【方法】采用蛋白质双向电泳和图像分析技术，研究了家蚕不同品种五龄第1天和第4天后部丝腺细胞的蛋白质组成变化。【结果】发现各个品种五龄第1天和第4天后部丝腺细胞的蛋白质组成存在差异，但蛋白质水平的差异，远远小于从EST分析得出的基因表达水平的差异；不同家蚕品种，从五龄第1天到第4天，后部丝腺细胞的蛋白质组成的变化规律各不相同。【结论】暗示了家蚕丝素分泌的过程可能受到多种蛋白的调控，不同的品种，在调控位点及调控蛋白上存在着一定的差异，从而导致了不同品种家蚕后部丝腺细胞在分泌丝素能力上的差异。     

麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛乳酸脱氢酶H亚基的遗传变异体

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法 ,对 1 0 9头麦洼牦牛和 1 0 0头九龙牦牛乳中的乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)同工酶进行检测。结果表明 :两品种牦牛乳中 LDH在凝胶上仅显示出由 4个 H亚基组成的 LDH1 1条区带。试验共检测到 4种 LDH1 的遗传变异体 ,按迁移率由大到小依次为 A、B、C、D,其中 D型仅存在于九龙牦牛中 ,C型在两品种牦牛中均占明显优势。麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛 LDH1 表型频率分布差异极显著     

Rainfall variability,carbon cycling,and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland

Ecosystem responses to increased variability in rainfall, a prediction of general circulation models, were assessed in native grassland by reducing storm frequency and increasing rainfall quantity per storm during a 4-year experiment. More extreme rainfall patterns, without concurrent changes in total rainfall quantity, increased temporal variability in soil moisture and plant species diversity. However, carbon cycling processes such as soil CO2 flux, CO2 uptake by the dominant grasses, and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) were reduced, and ANPP was more responsive to soil moisture variability than to mean soil water content. Our results show that projected increases in rainfall variability can rapidly alter key carbon cycling processes and plant community composition, independent of changes in total precipitation.     

蜡质玉米淀粉凝胶的冻融稳定性

【目的】采用多次冻融循环(FTC)处理手段,研究蜡质玉米淀粉凝胶与冻融稳定性相关的物性变化,为蜡质玉米淀粉在冷冻食品中的推广应用提供科学支撑。【方法】以一个普通玉米淀粉样品(YM)为对照、两个蜡质玉米淀粉样品(WCS1、WCS2)为研究对象,采用离心过滤方法测定淀粉凝胶的析水率;差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定淀粉凝胶的糊化焓、回生焓、冰晶熔化焓;Brabende黏度仪测定淀粉凝胶的糊化特性;物性测试仪测定蜡质玉米淀粉凝胶的质构特性;流变仪测定淀粉凝胶的凝胶动态黏弹性;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察淀粉凝胶截面的微观结构。【结果】析水率测定结果显示首次FTC后,WCS表现超强持水能力,其中WCS2持水能力最强,析水率为5.75%,而YM持水能力最弱,析水率超过50%。随着冻融循环次数的增加,淀粉凝胶的回生率和冰晶熔化焓均逐渐增大,且1、3、5次FTCs之间差异显著,说明多次冻融使淀粉的回生程度和可冻结水含量增加。WCS的回生率在首次FTC时达到17%—18%,而YM的在40%—50%。WCS的冰晶熔化焓在首次FTC时达到540 J·g~(-1)左右,而YM的在555 J·g~(-1)左右。5次FTCs后淀粉凝胶硬度均发生明显的增大,其中WCS凝胶硬度较小(45—100 g),远低于YM淀粉凝胶硬度(440 g左右)。凝胶动态黏弹性结果显示随着冻融次数的增加,淀粉凝胶的tanδ均逐渐降低,但WCS的tanδ值始终大于YM的,表明WSC凝胶较黏软。WCS的糊化特性也表明其在冷却过程中不易老化。5次FTCs后的淀粉凝胶结构均发生明显变化,WCS凝胶形成的网络结构较不规则,淀粉壁出现的孔道不明显且相互黏连缠绕;YM凝胶形成比较致密的网络状结构,结构较规则,淀粉壁出现的孔道完整,淀粉壁光滑。【结论】蜡质玉米淀粉凝胶经冻融处理后,其抵抗由温度波动造成的不良物理变化的能力强,比普通玉米淀粉凝胶的冻融稳定性好,本研究结果对蜡质玉米淀粉在冷冻食品中的应用具有重要参考价值。     

天宝岩自然保护区森林景观格局演变

以研究区1996、2005年的SPOT卫星影像为原始数据,运用3S技术进行数据处理和信息提取分析,采用景观格局指数分析方法,分析了福建省永安市天宝岩国家级自然保护区的森林景观结构变化。结果表明,从1996-2005年,整体景观斑块平均面积减少了73 690.2 m2,平均斑块周长减少了223.3 m,而各景观组分斑块总周长明显增加。珍贵针叶树种形状指数增加了0.41,破碎度增加了0.051。景观多样性、均匀度指数降低,优势度指数增加。对研究区和相关地区的自然地理、社会经济等研究表明,地形、地貌、土壤和旅游开发等是森林景观变化的关键性驱动力。     

58个香菇菌株的酶谱分析及其鉴别

应用浆丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析了58个不同来源的香菇(Lentinusedodes)菌株的酯酶,根据分析结果,可区分为28个类型。并对其中3种香菇菌株的不同培养菌龄的酯酶加以分析,获得了条带位置相同,而条带强弱不同的酶谱;同时分析了其中13个菌酶的苹果酸脱氢酶,谷氨酸脱氢酶以及乙醇脱氢酶。根据苹果酸脱氢酶的酶谱,可分6个类型,谷氯酸脱氢酶以及乙醇脱氢酶条带较少,各分成两个类型。对其中两种香菇菌株的单核丝及其双核菌丝的4种酶谱作了比较。酯酶变化差异较大,对于香菇菌株的早期鉴别,是一种稳定、有效、简便的方法,而苹果酸脱氢酶以及谷氨酸脱氲酶、乙醇脱氢酶,除少数菌株之外,未表现出特殊的差异。     

Design and fabrication of topologically complex, three-dimensional microstructures

Two concepts for use in the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with complex topologies are described. Both routes begin with a two-dimensional (2D) pattern and transform it into a 3D microstructure. The concepts are illustrated by use of soft lithographic techniques to transfer 2D patterns to cylindrical (pseudo-3D) substrates. Subsequent steps-application of uniaxial strain, connection of patterns on intersecting surfaces-transform these patterns into free-standing, 3D, noncylindrically symmetrical microstructures. Microelectrodeposition provides an additive method that strengthens thin metal designs produced by patterning, welds nonconnected structures, and enables the high-strain deformations required in one method to be carried out successfully.     

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Plasma from Clinical Healthy Cows and Mastitic Cows

The current research presents the protein changes in plasma from healthy dairy cows and clinical mastitic cows using two- dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE）. After staining with silver nitrate and Coomassie Blue, differential expression proteins were detected by PDQuest 7.4 software, and then subjected to ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a Surveyor HPLC System, differential spots of protein were identified. Three protein spots that originated from preparation gels were identified to be two proteins. Overall, haptoglobin precursor was up-regulated in cows infected with clinical mastitis and could be a mastitis-associated diagnostic marker, whereas SCGB 2A1 （secretoglobin, family 2A, member 1） was down-regulated protein. Plasma protein expression patterns were changed when cows were infected with mammary gland inflammation; it suggests that analysis of differential expression protein might be useful to clarify the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology, and find new diagnostic markers of mastitis and potential protein targets for treatment.     

华南8号木薯及其四倍体块根淀粉及蛋白表达谱的差异分析

【目的】通过对华南8号木薯及其四倍体块根淀粉含量与结构及蛋白质组学分析,揭示染色体加倍对木薯块根淀粉含量与结构的影响及其蛋白质调控机制。【方法】植后10个月收获木薯块根,采用空、水重测定块根鲜薯的淀粉含量,分光光度法分别测定淀粉中支链淀粉与直链淀粉的比例,采用Excel 2013和DPS v7.05统计软件对数据进行分析,差异显著性标准采用新复极差法,通过扫描电镜对块根淀粉体的大小、形态及数量进行显微结构观察,利用蛋白质印迹（Western blot）技术对参与淀粉合成与降解的酶表达水平进行验证,采用双向电泳技术分离块根蛋白质,Delta 2D软件分析差异倍数在2.0以上的差异蛋白质点,并通过基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术（MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS）鉴定差异蛋白质,结合KEGG数据库将其按照功能进行分类。【结果】木薯染色体加倍后,块根干物率、淀粉含量及单株鲜薯重均显著下降,分别比二倍体降低了12.18%、11.41%和35.34%;而淀粉中直链淀粉和支链淀粉比例无显著变化;淀粉体形态无明显差异,主要为球形,不规则球体、椭球体也有存在,大小较均一,淀粉体排列较为疏松,空间间隙较大,视野内淀粉体数量减少;蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）表达水平降低,β-淀粉酶表达水平升高,而颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶I（GBSSI）表达水平无显著变化;经软件分析得到的20个表达差异显著的蛋白质点中上调表达的有2个,下调表达的有18个;经质谱技术成功鉴定到其中的19个,1个下调表达的蛋白质点16未得到匹配,17个下调表达的蛋白质其功能涉及到碳代谢及能量代谢（4个）、结构蛋白（3个）、DNA和RNA代谢（2个）、分子伴侣（2个）、HCN代谢（2个）、抗氧化与解毒（1个）、蛋白质合成（1个）及未知功能（2个）;2个上调表达蛋白质为茎特异性蛋白TSJT1。【结论】参与碳代谢及能量代谢、核酸代谢、分子伴侣等7个代谢途径相关蛋白质表达水平下调;淀粉体疏松排列,数量减少;参与淀粉代谢合成过程的SPS表达水平的下降,参与淀粉降解过程的β-淀粉酶表达水平的升高。表明四倍体块根淀粉合成能力降低,分解能力提高,从而降低了块根的淀粉含量,而直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例无显著变化。     

Clay Sols versus Clay Gels: Biological Activities Compared

Clay gels were prepared by extrusion of sodium-Wyoming bentonite pastes through a small orifice. Clay sols were prepared from the gels by rapping on the laboratory bench for disturbance. Lettuce seeds germinated faster, microbes generated more heat, and corn seedlings absorbed more (22)Na in the sols than in the gels. These differences in biological activity are attributable to changes in water properties and ion activities that accompany transformation from gelsol.     

"Debye-Scherrer Ellipses" from 3D fullerene polymers: An anisotropic pressure memory signature

High-pressure studies on fullerenes have previously shown the existence of one- and two-dimensional (2D) polymerized C60 structures. Synchrotron radiation measurements, performed on C60 samples quenched from 13 gigapascals and 820 kelvin, yield unambiguous proof for the existence of a three-dimensional (3D) polymerized C60 derivative. Moreover, unusual ellipsoidal Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns are observed, which shows that the giant anisotropic deformation induced by the nonhydrostatic compression is retained in the quenched samples. The multiple bonding possibilities of the highly symmetrical C60 allow the retention (down to ambient pressure) of the deformation, a phenomenon reported previously only under high pressure.     

Coherent two-dimensional nanoscopy

We introduce a spectroscopic method that determines nonlinear quantum mechanical response functions beyond the optical diffraction limit and allows direct imaging of nanoscale coherence. In established coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy, four-wave-mixing responses are measured using three ingoing waves and one outgoing wave; thus, the method is diffraction-limited in spatial resolution. In coherent 2D nanoscopy, we use four ingoing waves and detect the final state via photoemission electron microscopy, which has 50-nanometer spatial resolution. We recorded local nanospectra from a corrugated silver surface and observed subwavelength 2D line shape variations. Plasmonic phase coherence of localized excitations persisted for about 100 femtoseconds and exhibited coherent beats. The observations are best explained by a model in which coupled oscillators lead to Fano-like resonances in the hybridized dark- and bright-mode response.