Myosin light chain phosphorylation does not modulate cross-bridge cycling rate in mouse skeletal muscle

An attempt was made to determine whether phosphorylation of the myosin light chain represents a thick filament-associated mechanism for modulating the rate of cross-bridge cycling in mouse skeletal muscle. When the degree of light chain phosphorylation was varied independently of tetanus duration, there was no correlation of phosphorylation with cross-bridge turnover rate, as measured by the shortening velocity of the muscle. It is concluded that in intact skeletal muscle phosphorylation of the myosin light chain does not in itself modulate cross-bridge cycling rate and that previously reported changes in cycling rate were due to other factors that may vary with tetanus duration.     

Phosphate release and force generation in skeletal muscle fibers

Rapid laser pulse-induced photolysis of an adenosine triphosphate precursor in muscle fibers abruptly initiated cycling of the cross-bridges. The accompanying changes in tension and stiffness were related to elementary mechanochemical events of the energy-transducing mechanism. When inorganic phosphate was present at millimolar concentrations during liberation of adenosine triphosphate in the absence of calcium, relaxation was accelerated. Steady active tension in the presence of calcium was decreased but the approach to final tension was more rapid. These results suggest that, during energy transduction, formation of the dominant force-generating cross-bridge state is coupled to release of inorganic phosphate in a reaction that is readily reversible.     

Tension transients in single isolated smooth muscle cells

Tension transients were recorded in a single smooth muscle cell. The transient contains a linear elastic response and a biphasic recovery that appear to originate from the cross-bridges. A comparison of transients in smooth and fast skeletal muscle fibers suggests that the cross-bridge in smooth muscle is more compliant than the cross-bridge in striated muscle and that transitions between several cross-bridge states occur more slowly in smooth muscle than in striated muscle.     

Experimental transformation of muscle fiber properties in lobster

Like the chelipeds, the claw closer muscles of the adult lobster are asymmetric (dipmorphic). In the crusher claw the closer muscle is composed entirely of slow fibers, and in the cutter claw it has 65 to 75 percent fast fibers and 25 to 35 percent slow fibers. While claw placement in the adult is essentially random, it can be demonstrated in two ways that the muscle fiber properties are not genetically fixed: (i) if one claw is removed in the fourth and early fifth stages, the remaining closer muscle develops all slow muscle fibers, and (ii) if the animals are raised in smooth-bottomed containers, both claws can become cutter types, having closer muscles with more than 50 percent fast fibers. Thus, as in vertebrate skeletal muscle, the properties of lobster closer muscle fibers can be transformed by various experimental manipulations.     

Muscle contraction and free energy transduction in biological systems

Muscle contraction occurs when the actin and myosin filaments in muscle are driven past each other by a cyclic interaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and actin with cross-bridges that extend from myosin. Current biochemical studies suggest that, during each adenosine triphosphatase cycle, the myosin cross-bridge alternates between two main conformations, which differ markedly in their strength of binding to actin and in their overall structure. Binding of ATP to the cross-bridge induces the weak-binding conformation, whereas inorganic phosphate release returns the cross-bridge to the strong-binding conformation. This cross-bridge cycle is similar to the kinetic cycle that drives active transport and illustrates the general principles of free energy transduction by adenosine triphosphatase systems.     

骨骼肌肌纤维形成机制的研究进展

骨骼肌是动物躯体最重要的组成部分,占到产肉动物躯体的40%,肌纤维作为骨骼肌组织的主要成分,其类型的差异是影响产肉动物肌肉品质的重要因素之一。因此,骨骼肌的生长发育与产肉动物肉的产量有着密切的联系,而其生理生化特性的差异也将会直接影响到产肉动物屠宰之后肉品的质量。一般而言,动物骨骼肌肌纤维数目在胚胎发育期间基本上就已固定,出生之后,由于肌纤维的肥大,动物躯体肌肉块才表现出增大增粗。另外,动物肌肉块在生长发育过程中,其肌纤维组成类型并不是完全固定的,它们会随着骨骼肌对代谢与功能需求的改变而发生转变。骨骼肌的生长发育,以及骨骼肌肌纤维类型的发生与发展是一个非常复杂的生物学过程,受到许多信号通路与因子的调控。随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,各种先进技术相继被应用于生物学现象的研究中,利用这些分子生物学技术很好的阐明了许多复杂生物学现象形成的分子机制。目前,骨骼肌生长发育的分子遗传调控机制取得了长足的进展,许多与骨骼肌形成发育相关的关键因子已被鉴定出来。然而,在早期研究中,人们对于骨骼肌肌纤维的研究主要集中在类型的鉴定,以及不同肌纤维类型生理生化特性的分析,对于骨骼肌肌纤维形成的具体分子遗传调控机制的研究相对较少。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,骨骼肌肌纤维形成的分子遗传调控机制也取得了突破性的进展。因此,有必要进一步对骨骼肌肌纤维类型的特性,骨骼肌肌纤维类型形成的分子机制,以及肌纤维类型与肌肉品质的关系进行全面的综述。本文首先对肌纤维的类型、特性进行了综述;进一步分别对慢型肌纤维与快型肌纤维形成的分子调控机制的研究进展进行了回顾;最后对肌纤维类型与肉品质的关系进行了讨论。总之,本综述的撰写将有助于对骨骼肌肌纤维类型形成的遗传机制的进一步了解,为将来进一步的深入研究肌纤维形成的分子机制提供参考;同时也将有助于揭示肌肉品质形成的分子遗传调控机制,为利用分子生物学技术培育高品质新品种或新品系产肉动物提供分子理论依据。     

Calcium ion release in mechanically disrupted heart cells

In cardiac muscle fibers which have had their sarcolemma disrupted intracellular stores of calcium ions can be released by the same chemical stimuli which cause their release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned skeletal muscle fibers. These stimuli are increases in calcium or caffeine concentrations and substitution of chloride for propionate or sodium for potassium in solutions bathing the fibers.     

鳜骨骼肌快肌和慢肌的组成特征比较

骨骼肌组成特征是鱼类肉质性状评价的重要基础。为全面了解鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）肉质性状的组成特征,通过制作骨骼肌石蜡切片,比较了鳜快肌和慢肌两种类型骨骼肌的组织学特征,快肌和慢肌在肌纤维细胞直径、形态上存在差异。利用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析了鳜快肌和慢肌的蛋白质组成特征,它们在50～60 ku和10～15 ku大小的条带中存在差异。克隆了鳜快肌和慢肌肌球蛋白重链（MHC）S1结构域的序列,快肌和慢肌S1结构域cDNA序列长度分别为2 523 bp、2 520 bp,编码841、840个氨基酸,氨基酸序列的相似度为87.6%,以两个loop区的差异最大。研究结果表明,鳜快肌、慢肌在肌纤维细胞形态、蛋白质组成以及肌球蛋白重链分子结构上均存在较明显的差异,这些差异与其担负不同的运动功能相关。     

MYL1基因mRNA选择性剪切体的鉴定及其在不同发育时期的蓝塘与长白猪骨骼肌中的表达

肌球蛋白轻链1基因(MYL1)的2个剪切体MLC1f及MLC3f在骨骼肌不同发育时期中发挥着重要作用。为进一步了解MYL1基因在猪骨骼肌发育过程中的重要作用,通过电子克隆、RT-PCR扩增及实时定量PCR方法克隆和鉴定了猪MYL1基因mRNA 5个选择性剪切体(MLC1f、MLC3f、MLC5f-A、MLC5f-B和MLC5f-C)。其中MLC5f-A、MLC5f-B和MLC5f-C是在猪背最长肌中鉴定到的MYL1基因的3个新转录本,目前在人、鼠等其它物种尚无这三种转录本的报道。结果表明,剪切体MLC3f在180日龄长白猪中的表达量最高,而剪切体MLC1f则是在90日龄蓝塘猪的表达量最高;剪切体MLC5f-A在蓝塘与长白猪中各发育时期的表达量都很低;除了剪切体MLC1f外,其余转录本的表达量均为随个体体重的增加而逐步增加。通过对MYL1基因不同选择性剪切体的鉴定,为其在骨骼肌不同发育阶段或组织类型特异性表达调控研究奠定了基础,为该基因功能的研究提供重要线索。     

鸭发育早期骨骼肌TNNI1基因mRNA表达 及与肌纤维生长的相关性分析

为探讨慢收缩骨骼肌型Tnl(slow skeletal muscle troponin I,TNNI1)基因在鸭早期肌肉发育中的m RNA表达规律及与肌纤维发育的相关性,以地方品种高邮鸭为素材,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测胚胎期21、25、27胚龄及出雏后5日龄时腿肌腓肠肌外侧头中TNNI1基因m RNA表达量,结果发现,25胚龄是TNNI1基因的表达高峰期,之后显著下调,并持续至5日龄。肌纤维类型变化则是随时间的推移,慢肌纤维比例逐渐升高,快白肌纤维比例逐渐下调;25胚龄时,慢肌纤维直径和横切面积均出现显著增高(P0.05),快白肌纤维横切面积则出现下调;之后,3种类型肌纤维直径和横切面积在各个时间点之间无显著差异(P0.05);相关性分析结果显示,TNNI1基因m RNA表达量与快红肌纤维比例呈显著负相关(P0.05),与肌纤维直径、横切面积均无显著相关性(P0.05)。提示TNNI1可能在鸭发育早期骨骼肌肌纤维类型转换中具有重要的作用。     

Calcium-dependent stress maintenance without myosin phosphorylation in skinned smooth muscle

Stress development depended on calcium-stimulated myosin phosphorylation in an arterial smooth muscle preparation in which the concentration of calcium was controlled. However, developed stress was maintained at a concentration of calcium that did not support phosphorylation. These results, in conjunction with other evidence, suggest that the interaction of two regulatory mechanisms with different calcium sensitivities regulate both stress and the rate and energetics of contraction.     

Myosin I can act as a molecular force sensor

The ability to sense molecular tension is crucial for a wide array of cellular processes, including the detection of auditory stimuli, control of cell shape, and internalization and transport of membranes. We show that myosin I, a motor protein that has been implicated in powering key steps in these processes, dramatically alters its motile properties in response to tension. We measured the displacement generated by single myosin I molecules, and we determined the actin-attachment kinetics with varying tensions using an optical trap. The rate of myosin I detachment from actin decreases >75-fold under tension of 2 piconewtons or less, resulting in myosin I transitioning from a low (<0.2) to a high (>0.9) duty-ratio motor. This impressive tension sensitivity supports a role for myosin I as a molecular force sensor.     

不同脱水速率对玉米胚抗氧化系统的影响

【目的】以授粉后20、24和32d的玉米胚为材料,研究不同脱水速率对胚抗氧化系统的影响。【方法】常规方法种植玉米,在花期对其进行人工授粉,授粉后套袋20、24和32d采摘,并剥出完整的胚进行慢速和快速脱水试验,检测玉米胚生理指标的变化。【结果】不同套袋玉米种子发育时间越长,慢速脱水时脱水速率降低越慢。在慢速脱水时,玉米胚具有较高的存活率和较低的电解质渗漏速率。快速脱水条件下,3个时期的玉米胚均具有较高的MDA含量、GR和DHAR活性,而AsA含量极低,未能检测到;GSH含量在20DAP的玉米胚中快速脱水和32DAP玉米胚慢速脱水时均较高,24DAP时两种脱水速率下含量差异不明显。【结论】相对于快速脱水,玉米胚更耐慢速脱水,慢速脱水对玉米胚的伤害更小。GSH含量对玉米胚脱水耐性的获得具有重要作用。     

Rapid beta-adrenergic modulation of cardiac calcium channel currents by a fast G protein pathway

beta-Adrenergic agonists activate the G protein, Gs, which stimulates cardiac calcium currents by both cytoplasmic, indirect and membrane-delimited, direct pathways. To test whether beta-adrenergic agonists might use both pathways in the heart, isoproterenol was rapidly applied to cardiac myocytes, resulting in a biphasic increase in cardiac calcium channel currents that had time constants of 150 milliseconds and 36 seconds. beta-Adrenergic antagonists of a G protein inhibitor blocked both the fast and slow responses, whereas the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin produced only the slow response. The presence of a fast pathway in the heart can explain what the slow pathway cannot account for: the ability of cardiac sympathetic nerves to change heart rate within a single beat.     

Regulation of calcium release is gated by calcium current, not gating charge, in cardiac myocytes

In skeletal muscle, intramembrane charge movement initiates the processes that lead to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In cardiac muscle, in contrast, the similarity of the voltage dependence of developed tension and intracellular calcium transients to that of calcium current suggests that the calcium current may gate the release of calcium. Nevertheless, a mechanism similar to that of skeletal muscle continues to be postulated for cardiac muscle. By using rapid exchange (20 to 50 milliseconds) of the extracellular solutions in rat ventricular myocytes in which the intracellular calcium transients or cell shortening were measured, it has now been shown that the influx of calcium through the calcium channel is a mandatory link in the processes that couple membrane depolarization to the release of calcium. Thus, intramembrane charge movement does not contribute to the release of calcium in heart muscle.     

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选猪Calsarcin-1基因相互作用蛋白

 【目的】利用酵母双杂交系统研究与猪Calsarcin-1相互作用的蛋白,了解Calsarcin-1在猪骨骼肌纤维类型形成和信号通路的调控功能。【方法】首先用长白猪Calsarcin-1基因构建既无自激活性又无毒性的pGBKT7-CS1诱饵载体;然后从猪的骨骼肌组织样中提取mRNA,利用SMART技术合成并纯化双链cDNA;最后通过酵母双杂交系统的共转化法筛选与Calsarcin-1相互作用的蛋白,在GenBank中比对分析相互作用基因,分析Calsarcin-1在骨骼肌中的功能。【结果】构建了pGBKT7-CS1诱饵载体,获得具有完整3′端的猪骨骼肌单链cDNA,并合成双链cDNA。筛选出4个与Calsarcin-1相互作用的蛋白,经与人的基因比较分析,发现Calsarcin-1与α-1肌动蛋白和α-3辅肌动蛋白互作,与骨骼肌Z线附近结构形成有关;与肌集钙蛋白-1和肌钙蛋白T3互作,影响钙离子的调控。【结论】分析所筛选出的蛋白功能,推测Calsarcin-1通过结合这些蛋白,维持细胞结构的稳定,影响相关蛋白的钙离子结合能力,从而参与钙离子调控;而钙离子浓度的变化将影响到其它控制肌纤维分化的因子,或其它调控通路,共同调节快慢肌纤维的形成与转化。     

Hypothalamic reward mechanism: two first-stage fiber populations with a cholinergic component

Refractory periods were estimated for fibers of the hypothalamic substrate of brain stimulation reward. Two nonoverlapping populations were evident: a homogeneous fast population and a more heterogeneous slow population. Cholinergic blockade eliminated the contribution of the fast but not the slow fibers, while dopaminergic blockade reduced responding without significantly influencing either directly activated fiber population. These data indicate that the hypothalamic reward substrate is more complex than has been widely appreciated; it contains two or more parallel subsystems, and one of these subsystems has a cholinergic link.     

Human skeletal muscle: properties of the "chemically skinned%" fiber

A "skinning%" procedure is described for irreversibly disrupting the sarcolemmal membrane of human skeletal muscle and allowing calcium and other diffusible solutes (such as adenosine triphosphate) access to the myofilament space. Single skinned fibers give isometric tensions of about 1.5 kilograms per square centimeter when exposed to ionized calcium event after 1 to 2 weeks of storage at 5 degrees C. For up to 5 days the preparation will sequester and, under appropriate conditions (anion substitution, caffeine addition, or magnesium withdrawal), release calciumn. The regulation of intracellular calcium distribution and the calcium-induced activation of the contractile proteins are discussed and related to the morphology of humnan fibers and to similar processes occurring on other muscle preparations.     

Sodium and potassium effects on skeletal muscle microsomal adenosine triphosphatase and calcium uptake

The relationship between the (Na(+) and K(+))-activated adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system implicated in sodium-transport by cell membranes and the calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, which is generally associated with calcium uptake, was examined in microsomes from skeletal muscle. Whereas sodium and potassium did not modify the relatively low adenosine triphosphatase activity seen in the absence of calcium, a pattern similar to that of the sodium-transport enzyme system was seen afer the addition of CaCl(2). The calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase was stimulated equally by sodium or potassium alone, but both the rate and extent of calcium uptake were enhanced more by potassium than by sodium at concentrations below 0.12 mole per liter. In the absence of either of these ions addition of calcium failed to activate adenosine triphosphatase although significant amounts of calcium were taken up by the microsomes.     

Regenerative calcium release within muscle cells

Free calcium appears to trigger the release of stored calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned skeletal muscle fibers immersed in solutions with a low concentration of magnesium ion.