山东省不同地区棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗药性检测及酶抑制剂的增效作用研究

为明确山东省棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性水平,采用毛细管微量点滴法测定了泰安、聊城和东营3个田间种群及1个敏感种群对吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫啉、噻虫胺6种新烟碱类杀虫剂的敏感性,同时测定了磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)和增效醚(PBO)3种酶抑制剂的增效作用。结果表明:泰安棉蚜种群对烯啶虫胺的抗性倍数为16.95,处于中等抗性水平,对吡虫啉和啶虫脒的抗性倍数分别为5.69和9.57,已产生低水平抗性,对噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和噻虫啉的抗性倍数均小于3.0,仍较敏感;聊城棉蚜种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为28.51、25.88和18.16,属中等抗性水平,对噻虫啉和噻虫胺的抗性倍数分别为6.01和6.37,已产生低水平抗性,对烯啶虫胺仍处于敏感阶段;东营棉蚜种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫胺的抗性倍数分别为37.95、21.52和12.95,已产生中等水平抗性,对噻虫啉、烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为7.07、6.38和4.75,处于低水平抗性阶段。多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO和羧酸酯酶抑制剂TPP对6种供试新烟碱类杀虫剂的增效作用明显,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶抑制剂DEM对这6种药剂也具有一定的增效作用。研究表明,山东省泰安等3地区棉蚜种群对6种新烟碱类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性,多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶可能在棉蚜对该类杀虫剂的抗性中起主要作用,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶可能也具有一定的作用。     

湖北省稻飞虱抗药性试验研究

对2017年农业有害生物抗性监测结果进行综合分析,明确湖北省水稻田稻飞虱对田间常用杀虫剂抗性水平现状,以指导田间合理用药。2017年我省褐飞虱田间种群对吡虫啉、噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别是4 483.4~6 087.8、608.9~1 025.6,均处于高水平抗性阶段;对烯啶虫胺抗性倍数为7.3~11.9,处于低至中等水平抗性阶段。白背飞虱田间种群对噻嗪酮的抗性倍数是89.1~122.5,处于中等至高水平抗性阶段,对烯啶虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性倍数分别是1.4~6.1、4.7~6.9,均处于低水平抗性阶段。据此总结探讨了相应的治理对策。     

桃蚜对5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈抗性的快速检测方法

采用玻璃管药膜法,建立了以吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系(SN)的LC90值作为区分剂量,测定桃蚜对6种杀虫剂敏感性变化的方法,并与浸叶法测得的抗性水平进行了相关性分析,验证了利用区分剂量快速测定桃蚜田间种群对6种杀虫剂抗性水平的准确性。结果表明:6种杀虫剂对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值分别为150.01、1 170.81、54.19、951.34、245.98及133.60 ng/cm2。在此区分剂量下,河南省驻马店地区桃蚜种群(ZM)的死亡率在82%~96%之间;河北省玉田地区甘蓝桃蚜种群(GL)的死亡率在35%~82%之间,桃树桃蚜种群(TS)死亡率在3%~30%之间。分析表明,在选定的区分剂量下,桃蚜田间种群的死亡率与其对杀虫剂的抗性水平呈负相关,相关系数在0.818 8~0.999 9之间。同时,通过相关性方程计算得到的江苏省南京地区桃蚜种群(NJ)对6种杀虫剂的理论抗性水平与实际检测所得抗性水平结果接近。因此,以玻璃管药膜法确定的吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值作为区分剂量,通过测定桃蚜田间种群的死亡率,可以快速表征田间种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性变化,从而对其抗性水平进行初步评估。     

贵州省6地小贯小绿叶蝉种群对杀虫剂的敏感性

为明确贵州小贯小绿叶蝉[Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii]对茶园主要杀虫剂的抗性现状,采用室内浸梢法测定了贵州省安顺、六枝、清镇、都匀、湄潭、凤冈6地小贯小绿叶蝉种群对吡虫啉、茚虫威、吡蚜酮、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒、虫螨腈的抗药性。发现贵州小贯小绿叶蝉种群对吡虫啉处于敏感至中抗水平(抗性倍数2.39～13.65),对茚虫威处于敏感(敏感性下降)至低抗水平(3.11～5.83),对吡蚜酮处于敏感至中抗水平(2.67～13.68),对啶虫脒处于低抗至中抗水平(9.18～14.87),对虫螨腈处于敏感至敏感性下降阶段(1.91～3.24),对联苯菊酯处于敏感阶段(1.16～1.57)。     

新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的抗性与分析

应用浸叶法研究了新疆B型烟粉虱对4类不同作用机制杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,被测种群对氯氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的抗性指数分别为2100～6200和1000～2200,属于高抗性;对氯化烟酰类杀虫剂产生了低至中等抗性,对吡虫啉的抗性指数为4～86,且抗性指数呈上升趋势,对噻虫嗪的抗性指数为10～22,对啶虫脒的敏感性最佳;对昆虫生长调节剂吡丙醚的抗性指数为22～54;对阿维菌素仍然表现敏感。由此认为,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在新疆已不再适用于烟粉虱的防治,而对受抗药性影响较小的氯化烟酰类杀虫剂(如吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒)、昆虫生长调节剂吡丙醚以及阿维菌素等新型杀虫剂,仍然可以限制性地在不同化合物间交替使用。     

氟啶虫胺腈对麦蚜的防治效果

测定了河南许昌、山东汶上、江苏邗江3地两种麦蚜对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性水平,并在3地开展了田间防效试验。室内抗性监测结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜种群对吡虫啉处于敏感至低水平抗性状态(抗性倍数0.30~7.00倍),对氟啶虫胺腈处于敏感状态;麦长管蚜种群对吡虫啉、氟啶虫胺腈都处于敏感状态。田间试验结果表明,在河南许昌、山东汶上、江苏邗江3地试验田50%氟啶虫胺腈WG对麦蚜田间防治效果药后3d为81.6%~88.0%,药后7d为79.2%~89.7%,明显优于对照药剂10%吡虫啉WP、5%啶虫脒WP的防治效果。结合室内抗药性监测和田间防治效果,说明氟啶虫胺腈作为新型杀虫剂品种,可作为轮换或替代药剂用于麦蚜的抗性治理。     

贵州省烟蚜抗药性监测

本文采用浸渍法测定了贵州省德江、长顺、麻江、湄潭、清镇和兴仁共6个烟区的烟蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性水平,并进一步测定了贵州6烟区烟蚜种群对杀虫剂的交互抗性。结果表明:与相对敏感种群相比,湄潭烟区烟蚜种群对灭多威表现为低抗,其余5烟区烟蚜种群均处于低抗以下水平;长顺烟区烟蚜种群对阿维菌素表现为低抗,其余5烟区烟蚜种群均处于敏感水平;德江、湄潭和清镇烟区烟蚜对乐果表现为低抗,其余3烟区均处于敏感性下降阶段;6烟区烟蚜种群对啶虫脒、溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉均处于低抗以下水平。啶虫脒与乐果的交互率最高,达到77.46%,灭多威与吡虫啉的交互率最低,为30.11%。     

宁夏地区烟粉虱对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性

采用浸叶法分别测定了宁夏8个地区烟粉虱成虫田间种群对4类5种杀虫剂的抗性。结果表明,供试烟粉虱种群对高效氯氰菊酯已产生了中等至极高水平抗性,抗性倍数为33.31~227.98倍;对烯啶虫胺产生了中等至高水平抗性,抗性倍数为12.14~69.33倍;对毒死蜱和吡虫啉产生了低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为7.63~38.85倍和6.05~22.43倍,个别地区种群对吡虫啉尚处于敏感水平;对阿维菌素处于敏感性降低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数为4.54~13.22倍。烟粉虱对5种杀虫剂的抗性有明显的区域性,抗性最为普遍且严重的地区为贺兰新平和吴忠,其次为贺兰产业园、石嘴山大武口、中卫和永宁,而西夏区军马场、固原烟粉虱种群的抗性则相对较低。对银川3地烟粉虱抗药性监测结果表明,在5种杀虫剂中,其对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性发展最为迅速,其次为烯啶虫胺,对阿维菌素和吡虫啉的抗性发展相对较慢,而西夏区军马场和贺兰产业园种群对毒死蜱敏感性有所恢复。     

华北地区棉蚜对5种杀虫剂的敏感性监测

采用浸叶法检测了山东、河北和河南7个棉蚜田间种群对5种常用杀虫剂的敏感性.生测结果表明:山东临沂地区,采自花椒树上的棉蚜对5种杀虫剂的敏感性高,仅对噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯产生了低水平抗性,对吡虫啉、氟啶虫胺腈和毒死蜱处于敏感水平.7个棉蚜田间种群对毒死蜱的抗性水平较低,抗性倍数在1.50～7.56倍之间.山东、河南地区...     

四种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及初级风险评估

采用饲喂管法和点滴法,分别测定了吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、啶虫脒4种原药及其制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的急性毒性,并采用危害商值(HQ)法进行了初级风险评价。结果表明:饲喂管法测得97.3%吡虫啉原药、25%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、96%噻虫嗪原药、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、97%噻虫胺原药、5%噻虫胺可湿性粉剂、96%啶虫脒原药及40%啶虫脒可溶性粉剂的经口毒性48 hLD50值分别为有效成分8.04×10-3、9.46×10-3、7.04×10-3、4.64×10-3、11.8×10-3、5.25×10-3、5.22和6.31μg/蜂;点滴法测得各药剂的接触毒性48 h-LD50值分别为有效成分2.46×10-2、1.33×10-2、3.63×10-2、9.27×10-3、1.52×10-2、2.21×10-2、5.82和5.07μg/蜂。按《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的毒性等级划分标准,啶虫脒原药及其可溶性粉剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为中等毒,其他6种药剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为高毒;根据危害商值(HQ),啶虫脒对蜜蜂为低风险,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对蜜蜂均存在高风险。     

Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in field populations of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoid insecticides were first used commercially for Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] control in the United States in 1995, and since then have been critical for management of this pest. Field populations from the northeastern and midwestern United States were tested from 1998 to 2010 for susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam using standard topical dose assays with adults. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2001, imidacloprid resistance was present in only a few locations in the eastern United States. By 2003, imidacloprid resistance was common in the northeastern Unites States. In 2004, imidacloprid resistance in Colorado potato beetle was detected for the first time in the midwestern United States. In 2003, the first case of resistance to thiamethoxam was found in a population from Massachusetts. Neonicotinoid resistance in summer‐generation adults was higher than in overwintered adults from the same locations. By 2009, 95% of the populations tested from the northeastern and midwestern United States had significantly higher LD₅₀ values for imidacloprid than the susceptible population. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides raises concerns for the continued effective management of Colorado potato beetles in potatoes and highlights the need for more rigorous practice of integrated pest management methods. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated neonicotinoid resistance in the house fly Musca domestica L

Neonicotinoids play an essential role in the control of house flies Musca domestica. The development of neonicotinoid resistance was found in two field populations. 766b was 130- and 140-fold resistant to imidacloprid and 17- and 28-fold resistant to thiamethoxam in males and females, respectively. 791a was 22- and 20-fold resistant to imidacloprid and 9- and 23-fold resistant to thiamethoxam in males and females, respectively. Imidacloprid selection of 791a increased imidacloprid resistance to 75- and 150-fold in males and females, respectively, whereas selection with thiamethoxam had minimum impact. Neonicotinoid resistance was in all cases suppressed by PBO. The cytochrome P450 genes CYP6A1, CYP6D1 and CYP6D3 were constitutively over-expressed in resistant strains and CYP6D1 and CYP6D3 differentially expressed between sexes. The highest level of CYP6A1 expression was observed in both gender of the imidacloprid-selected strain after neonicotinoid exposure. CYP6D1 expression was increased after neonicotinoid exposure in resistant males. CYP6D3 expression was induced in both sexes upon neonicotinoid exposure but significantly higher in females.     

七种新烟碱类杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫及蚯蚓的选择毒力

为筛选出高效安全的韭蛆防治药剂,室内采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法比较了吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉与毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯等6种对照药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的毒力,同时用人工土壤法测定了13种药剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性,并通过盆栽试验验证了其对韭蛆和蚯蚓的选择毒力。结果表明,吡虫啉、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊4龄幼虫的毒力明显高于6种对照药剂,对虫酰肼的相对毒力倍数分别为101.6、55.0、32.9、27.2、13.6;13种供试药剂中,除吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫胺、呋虫胺对蚯蚓中等毒性外,其余均为低毒;盆栽试验中,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱、噻唑膦、高效氯氟氰菊酯的防虫效果和保苗效果均分别高于其它药剂,但其中只有噻虫嗪对蚯蚓没有明显致死作用。     

Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii

BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid has been a major neonicotinoid insecticide for controlling Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and other piercing–sucking pests. However, the resistance to imidacloprid has been recorded in many target insects. At the same time, cross‐resistance of imidacloprid and other insecticides, especially neonicotinoid insecticides, has been detected. RESULTS: Results showed that the level of cross‐resistance was different between imidacloprid and tested neonicotinoid insecticides (no cross‐resistance: dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and clothianidin; a 3.68–5.79‐fold cross‐resistance: acetamiprid, nitenpyram and thiacloprid). In the study of sublethal effects, imidacloprid at LC₂₀ doses could suppress weight gain and honeydew excretion, but showed no significant effects on longevity and fecundity of the imidacloprid‐resistant cotton aphid, A. gossypii. However, other neonicotinoid insecticides showed significant adverse effects on biological characteristics (body weight, honeydew excretion, longevity and fecundity) in the order of dinotefuran > thiamethoxam and clothianidin > nitenpyram > thiacloprid and acetamiprid. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that dinotefuran is the most effective insecticide for use against imidacloprid‐resistant A. gossypii. To avoid further resistance development, the use of nitenpyram, acetamiprid and thiacloprid should be avoided on imidacloprid‐resistant populations of A. gossypii. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring neonicotinoid resistance in biotype B of Bemisia tabaci in Florida

BACKGROUND: Biotype B of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), is a worldwide pest that has developed resistance to many insecticides, including the neonicotinoid class. Florida field populations were monitored for susceptibility to the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiamethoxam using a cut leaf petiole bioassay method. RESULTS: Average RR₅₀ values for imidacloprid increased from 3.7 in 2000 to 12.0 in 2003; decreased to 5.0 and 2.5 in 2004 and 2005, respectively; and then increased to 26.3 and 23.9 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Populations with RR₅₀ values of about 50 to 60 during generation one reverted to RR₅₀ values of ?4 in six generations, when reared without further exposure to imidacloprid. Average RR₅₀ values for thiamethoxam increased from 2.0 in 2003 to 24.7 in 2006 and decreased to 10.4 in 2007. Populations with RR₅₀ values of about 22, 32 and 53 during generation one declined to 8, 5 and 6, respectively, after being reared for five generations without exposure to thiamethoxam. The correlation coefficient from the 26 populations that were bioassayed both with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam showed a significant positive correlation (R² = 0.58) between these populations. CONCLUSION: The high level of RR₅₀ values to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam suggest an unstable decline in the susceptibility of B. tabaci to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, with possible cross‐resistance or predisposition for dual resistance selection. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Resistance of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to insecticides in southern Spain with special reference to neonicotinoids

The tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) which occurs in various parts of the world, has developed a high degree of resistance against several chemical classes of insecticide, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The present studies were done in order to monitor the susceptibility of whitefly populations in southern Spain to insecticides commonly used there. Systemic bioassays using Spanish field populations of B tabaci collected in 1994, 1996 and 1998 indicated an increase, albeit a slow one, in resistance to imidacloprid over this period. Comparative studies of other neonicotinoids using the same bioassay revealed a high degree of cross‐resistance to acetamiprid and thiamethoxam. Leaf‐dip bioassays with adult females from these populations revealed a high level of resistance to cyfluthrin, endosulfan, monocrotophos, methamidophos, and pymetrozine, each at 200 mg litre⁻¹. Buprofezin and pyriproxyfen were tested against second‐instar nymphs and eggs, respectively. Buprofezin also showed a lower efficacy against ESP‐98, a strain of B tabaci received from Almeria in 1998, but pyriproxyfen resistance was not obvious when tested against eggs of strain ESP‐98. Field trials in 1998 revealed good efficacy of imidacloprid in one farm in the Almeria region and two greenhouses in Murcia and Sevilla, but a loss of activity by imidacloprid in another farm in the Almeria region. Cross‐resistance between imidacloprid and thiamethoxam was also confirmed under field conditions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Two cytochrome P450 genes are involved in imidacloprid resistance in field populations of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in China

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae), is an invasive and damaging pest of field crops worldwide. The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid has been widely used to control this pest. We assessed the species composition (B vs. Q), imidacloprid resistance, and association between imidacloprid resistance and the expression of five P450 genes for 14–17 B. tabaci populations in 12 provinces in China. Fifteen of 17 populations contained only B. tabaci Q, and two populations contained both B and Q. Seven of 17 populations exhibited moderate to high resistance to imidacloprid, and eight populations exhibited low resistance to imidacloprid, compared with the most susceptible field WHHB population. In a study of 14 of the populations, resistance level was correlated with the expression of the P450 genes CYP6CM1 and CYP4C64 but not with the expression of CYP6CX1, CYP6CX4, or CYP6DZ7. This study indicates that B. tabaci Q has a wider distribution in China than previously reported. Resistance to imidacloprid in field populations of B. tabaci is associated with the increased expression of two cytochrome P450 genes (CYP6CM1 and CYP4C64).     

Resistance and cross-resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and spinosad in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), has developed resistance to many insecticides used for its control, recently including imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid compound. Other neonicotinoids are now being deployed to control this pest. A key point in the strategies of resistance management is the monitoring of resistance and cross-resistance. In the summer of 2003, imidacloprid-resistant adult Colorado potato beetles collected from Long Island, New York, USA were bioassayed using topical applications of imidacloprid and nine other neonicotinoids. Compared to a standard susceptible strain, the Long Island beetles showed 309-fold resistance to imidacloprid, and lower levels of cross-resistance to all other neonicotinoids, despite these never having been used in the field, i.e., 59-fold to dinotefuran, 33-fold to clothianidin, 29-fold to acetamiprid, 28-fold to N-methylimidacloprid, 25-fold to thiacloprid, 15-fold to thiamethoxam, 10-fold to nitenpyram, but less than 2-fold to nicotine. In injection bioassays, high resistance to imidacloprid was also found (116-fold). Piperonyl butoxide partially suppressed resistance to imidacloprid, but the resistance level was still over 100-fold, indicating that other mechanisms were primarily responsible for resistance. Low levels of resistance (8- to 10-fold) were found to the nicotinic activator, spinosad, in an imidacloprid-resistant strain collected from the same field in 2004. The cross-resistance seen with all the neonicotinoids tested suggests that the rotation of imidacloprid with other neonicotinoids may not be an effective long-term resistance management strategy. Rotation with spinosad also carries some risk, but it is unlikely that spinosad resistance in this case is mechanistically related to that for the neonicotinoids.