宠物级鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的饲料中补充苏氨酸对大口黑鲈生长性能、糖脂代谢和免疫的影响

试验采用初始体重为4.16±0.06g的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)作为研究对象,设计3种等氮等脂的饲料：苏氨酸对照组(TC,65.0%鱼粉),低苏氨酸组(LT,65.0%宠物级鸡肉粉添加除苏氨酸以外的必需氨基酸至TC水平组)和苏氨酸添加组(TS,LT组添加苏氨酸至TC水平组),探究饲料中不同苏氨酸水平对大口黑鲈生长性能、糖脂代谢、免疫及宠物级鸡肉粉利用率的影响,养殖试验开展8周。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,LT处理组饲料显著降低了大口黑鲈的生长性能、饲料效率和鱼体营养物质组成(P<0.05),饲料中添加苏氨酸可在一定程度上改善宠物级鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉后导致的生长性能受限、饲料效率低下和鱼体营养物质组成降低等问题(P<0.05)。宠物级鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉还显著降低了血浆中营养成分和多种游离氨基酸的含量(P<0.05),饲料中添加晶体苏氨酸能够显著提高血浆中游离氨基酸的水平(P<0.05),使之与对照组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。mRNA水平上,饲料中苏氨酸添加可显著改善鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉引起的肝脏中糖脂合成代谢抑制和分解代谢加剧的现象,同时苏氨酸添加也可显著降低细胞炎症因子的mRNA的表达水平(P<0.05)。综上所述：饲料中适量苏氨酸的添加可在一定程度上提高大口黑鲈的生长性能、促进脂肪合成和抑制脂肪分解,并增强的免疫机能。     

发酵桑叶替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、脂质代谢与抗氧化能力的影响

在基础饲料中用发酵桑叶分别替代0、15%、30%鱼粉,再对30%鱼粉替代水平饲料补充晶体赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,配制成4种等能等氮(CP 42%,GE 18 MJ/Kg)的实验饲料,分别表示为D_1、D2、D_3和D4,饲喂大口黑鲈(初始体质量10 g)8周,研究发酵桑叶替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,发酵桑叶替代30%鱼粉会显著降低大口黑鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率(SGR)、脏体比(VSI)和肝体比(HSI),补充晶体氨基酸(CAA)后会明显改善大口黑鲈的生长性能。各实验组蛋白质效率、饲料系数、摄食率、肥满度以及全鱼常规组成均无显著差异。发酵桑叶替代30%鱼粉会显著降低大口黑鲈血清总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,提高HDL-C/CHO和HDL-C/LDL-C比值。随发酵桑叶替代水平的增加,大口黑鲈血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高。研究表明,发酵桑叶替代适宜水平鱼粉不会影响大口黑鲈的生长,而替代鱼粉水平过高会显著抑制大口黑鲈的生长,但可以改善大口黑鲈的脂质代谢和机体抗氧化能力。饲料中补充晶体氨基酸可以提高桑叶的利用率,促进大口黑鲈生长。     

大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长性能、体成分、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响,以30%鱼粉组为对照组(A0),大豆小肽蛋白分别替代17%、33%和50%的鱼粉作为实验组(A17、A33和A50),配制4种等氮配合饲料。每组设置4个重复,每个重复饲喂30尾平均体重为(3.7±0.6) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼,进行为期80 d的饲养实验。结果显示,A17组生长性能与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),A33组除增重率(WGR)显著高于对照组外(P<0.05),其余指标均与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。A50组饵料系数(FCR)显著高于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05),增重率、特定生长率(SGR)及蛋白质效率(PER)显著低于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05)。各实验组肥满度(CF)和脏体比(VSI)与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼全鱼水分、灰分和粗蛋白含量无显著影响(P<0.05);然而,当大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉水平从33%升高至50%时,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05)。各实验组肠脂肪酶和肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),A33和A50组胃淀粉酶显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)活性无影响。综上所述,黄颡鱼配合饲料中鱼粉替代量小于33%时,黄颡鱼生长性能最佳,且对鱼体肝脏抗氧化功能无不利影响。本研究首次探究大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长等的影响,以期为黄颡鱼饲料配制和大豆小肽蛋白的使用等提供参考。     

酸化剂对大口黑鲈生长、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响

为研究饲料添加酸化剂对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的酸化剂,配制5组等氮等脂的实验饲料,分别投喂初始体重为(21.31 ± 0.18)g的大口黑鲈64天。结果显示,大口黑鲈增重率和特定生长率随着饲料中酸化剂添加量的提高呈先升后降的变化,在0.15%组均达到最大值。与对照组相比,饲料添加0.10%-0.15%的酸化剂显著降低了大口黑鲈饲料系数,显著提高了大口黑鲈全鱼粗脂肪含量和蛋白质沉积率以及对饲料干物质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率(P<0.05)。在饲料酸化剂添加量为0.15%时,大口黑鲈肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。相比于对照组,0.15%组的甘油三酯含量和0.10%组的总胆固醇含量显著提高,0.10%组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05)。饲料中酸化剂添加量在0.10%-0.15%时,大口黑鲈血清总抗氧化能力以及肠道总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),血清谷草转氨酶活性和肝脏丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05)。0.15%组肠道绒毛长度、绒毛宽度、肌层厚度均显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.15%的酸化剂显著上调了大口黑鲈肠道抗氧化相关基因(Nrf2、CAT和Cu/Zn-SOD)的mRNA表达水平(P<0.05),显著上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)基因的mRNA表达水平(P<0.05),饲料中添加0.20%的酸化剂显著下调了促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β)基因的mRNA表达水平(P<0.05)。以增重率和饲料系数为评价指标,基于折线模型结果表明大口黑鲈饲料中酸化剂适宜添加量为0.148%-0.152%。总结,饲料中添加0.15%的酸化剂能够促进大口黑鲈的生长,提高抗氧化能力,降低肠道炎症水平以及维持肠道健康。     

紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响

研究了紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代0%(S0)、10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)的鱼粉蛋白对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响。实验幼鱼体质量(83.0±0.20)g。结果显示:1)当替代比例≤20%时,各组间星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、日摄食率(DFI)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)均无显著变化,高于此值时呈显著下降(P<0.05)。随饲料中紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的升高,鱼体肥满度(CF)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而消化道指数(DTI)则呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05);各实验组干物质、蛋白质及脂肪表观消化率均呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。以星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)为参考指标,采用折线回归分析得出,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。2)紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼肌肉水分、蛋白及粗灰分含量未产生显著性影响,肌肉脂肪含量仅S40组显著低于S0和S20组,其他各组间无显著差异;当替代比例小于20%时,肝脏水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),之后趋于平稳(P>0.05)。肝脏粗脂肪变化趋势与此相反。肝脏粗蛋白含量仅表现为S30、S50组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏粗灰分含量不受饲料鱼粉替代比例的影响(P>0.05);全鱼水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量呈显著下降(P<0.05)。S30组全鱼粗蛋白最高,S40组最低(P>0.05),除S30组外,其他各组均与S0组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间全鱼粗灰分含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。3)当替代比例>20%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量呈显著降低。各组间胆固醇(CHO)含量随紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白的添加呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例≥20%时,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性有下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例分别大于20%和40%时,谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著升高但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验鱼血浆溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随鱼粉替代比例的升高呈显著上升(P<0.05)。各实验组间血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异,但均低于S0组(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的影响(P>0.05)。结论认为,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。     

饲料中豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血液生化指标的影响

试验分别以豆粕替代0(对照组)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%的鱼粉蛋白设计出6种等氮等能的饲料配方, 按照配方配制试验饲料(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5和A6)。将540尾体质量为(14.67±0.51) g的齐口裂腹鱼随机分为6个试验组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复30尾试验鱼, 分别投喂6种不同的试验饲料, 养殖时间为45 d。结果表明, 豆粕蛋白替代水平对齐口裂腹鱼的生长有显著影响。豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白的比例为60%时, 试验鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料蛋白效率(PER)均达到最高(分别为118.08%、1.95%/d和207.22%), 饵料系数(FCR)最小(1.27)(P<0.05)。与其余各试验组相比, 替代比例为100%的试验组的WGR、SGR、PER显著降低, FCR显著升高(P<0.05)。通过二次多项式回归分析可知, 齐口裂腹鱼生长性能最佳时豆粕蛋白替代比例为34.25%~45.46%; 随着豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例的增大, 鱼体水分、粗灰分、肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05), 粗蛋白在豆粕蛋白替代水平为60%时达到最高(15.53%), 但在豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时试验鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P>0.05), 肝体指数则随豆粕蛋白替代水平增加而增大, 但在0~80%之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着豆粕蛋白替代比例的增加, 超氧化歧化酶(SOD)的活性有一定的波动, 在豆粕蛋白替代比例为40%达到最高, 豆粕蛋白替代比例在20%~60%时, 溶菌酶(LSZ)的活性逐渐升高, 但各组间及与对照组间的差异不显著(P>0.05), 谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)随着豆粕替代比例增加而逐渐升高, 但豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。豆粕蛋白替代比例为100%时AST、ALT活性显著高于其余各试验组(P<0.05)。说明饲料中豆粕替代一定比例的鱼粉蛋白可促进齐口裂腹鱼的生长, 提高对饲料蛋白的代谢和免疫能力, 但豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例超过80%则可引起肝损伤或组织病变。在本试验条件下, 综合考虑其生长指标、体成分及免疫指标, 齐口裂腹鱼的饲料中豆粕对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代比例为80%, 当其替代比例为34.25%~45.46%时可获得最佳生长效果。     

饲料蛋白对翘嘴红鲌蛋白质周转代谢的影响

选择健康的翘嘴红(体重12.84±0.60g)为试验鱼,以红鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个蛋白水平(31.04%、35.51%、40.89%4、6.62%、50.33%)的等能、等必需氨基酸(EAA)平衡关联度的半精制饲料;又以豆粕替代鱼粉,大豆蛋白分别替代0、13.5%、27%、40.5%、54%的鱼粉蛋白,配制5个EAA关联度的等蛋白(40%)、等能(20MJ.kg-1)的半精制饲料,探讨饲料蛋白水平和大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代对翘嘴红肌肉和肝胰脏蛋白质周转代谢的影响。8周饲养结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对翘嘴红的特定增重率(SGR)具有显著性影响(P<0.05),40.89%饲料蛋白组的SGR显著高于31.04%、35.51%饲料蛋白组(P<0.05),但与46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);饲料蛋白水平对白肌、肝胰脏蛋白质生长率具有相似的影响,40.89%饲料蛋白组的白肌、肝胰脏蛋白质生长率分别达到2.13%.d-1,显著高于31.04%和35.51%两组(P<0.05),但与46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲料蛋白水平的增加促进了翘嘴红的生长和蛋白质的合成。肌肉蛋白质合成率(Ks)、蛋白质降解率(Kd)随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加(P<0.05),肌肉蛋白质的增加归因于蛋白质合成的增加较降解的增加更占优势,蛋白质的沉积率在适宜蛋白水平时最高。当大豆蛋白分别替代13.5%2、7.0%4、0.5%的鱼粉蛋白时,翘嘴红的SGR与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而且都显著高于54.0%替代组(P<0.05)。白肌蛋白质生长率(Kg)也显著受到大豆蛋白替代的影响(P<0.01),当饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量为40.5%时,与对照组相比,Kg极显著下降(P<0.01)。随着饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量的增加,白肌Ks随之降低,当饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量达54%时,与对照组相比,肌肉Ks显著下降(P<0.05)。白肌Kd与白肌Ks的变化趋势相似(P<0.1),而PDE没有受到饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代的影响(P>0.05)。可见随着大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量的提高,氨基酸平衡关联度逐渐降低,蛋白质合成逐渐降低(P<0.05),生长下降,饲料必须氨基酸平衡程度的变化没有改变蛋白质的沉积效率。     

4种豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼生长、抗氧化及抗菌能力的影响

分别用9种等氮等能的饲料投喂初始体质量为(34.72±0.28)g的大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)。其中1组投喂对照饲料(含50%鱼粉,不含豆粕),另外8个试验组分别投饲由去皮豆粕(DSM)、酶解豆粕(ESM)、发酵豆粕Ⅰ(FSMⅠ)和发酵豆粕Ⅱ(FSMⅡ)替代20%和40%的鱼粉的饲料,9组分别命名为FM、DSM20、DSM40、ESM20、ESM40、FSMⅠ20、FSMⅠ40、FSMⅡ20、FSMⅡ40。在海水浮式网箱中进行7周的养殖实验后,评定4种豆粕替代鱼粉的可行性及适宜替代水平。结果显示,试验组与对照组鱼存活率和特定生长率无显著差异(P0.05)。血清生化指标显示,FM组和FSMⅡ20组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于其它试验组(P0.05),FM、DSM20、FSMⅠ40、FSMⅡ20组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于DSM40、ESM20、ESM40及FSMⅠ20组(P0.05),不同试验组的丙二醛(MDA)含量均不同程度高于对照组。酶解豆粕替代40%鱼粉导致实验鱼的血清对哈维氏弧菌的抵抗能力下降,去皮豆粕替代20%鱼粉导致血清对溶藻弧菌抵抗能力下降;但发酵豆粕不影响血清及黏液对3种菌的抵抗能力。研究表明,以特定生长率、饲料转化率和抗菌能力为评价指标,发酵豆粕是鱼粉的最佳替代源,发酵豆粕Ⅰ和Ⅱ均能替代20%~40%的鱼粉,但存在抗氧化能力下降的风险,尤其是发酵豆粕Ⅰ40%替代组;去皮豆粕和酶解豆粕替代鱼粉在抗菌能力和抗氧化能力方面无优势。     

大口黑鲈幼鱼饲料中白鱼粉与两种豆粕的适宜配比

用8种等氮、等能和等脂的饲料,以实验鱼的生长、体组成、饲料效率、非特异性免疫和血液学参数作指标,评定大口黑鲈幼鱼饲料中去皮豆粕和酶解豆粕分别替代白鱼粉的可行性和适宜配比。在4水平的去皮豆粕饲料(D1～D4)和酶解豆粕饲料(E1～E4)中,白鱼粉和两种豆粕的配比均分别为45∶5、40∶12、35∶18和30∶25。用上述8种饲料饲喂初始体质量(5.32±0.05)g的大口黑鲈,每饲料设3个重复,每重复35尾鱼。采用表观饱食投喂,每天饲喂2次(8:00和16:00)。结果显示,各组之间实验鱼的成活率和特定生长率无显著性差异。但当去皮豆粕和酶解豆粕在饲料中的含量分别高于5%和12%时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。随着饲料中白鱼粉含量从45%降低至30%,饲料的蛋白质和脂肪消化率显著升高;同时,全鱼、肌肉和内脏的蛋白质和水分含量均呈显著降低,但脂肪含量却显著升高;肝体比和肝糖含量显著降低;实验鱼的血清溶菌酶活性和血清蛋白质含量显著降低,但血清补体活性无显著差异;红细胞压积和血红蛋白含量均显著降低,但红细胞数差异不显著。实验表明,大口黑鲈幼鱼饲料中白鱼粉与去皮豆粕的合适配比为45%和5%,而白鱼粉与酶解豆粕的合适配比为40%和12%;豆粕经酶处理后能去除其中的部分抗营养因子,可替代饲料中11%的白鱼粉。     

不同水平双低菜粕替代蛋白对鱼类生长的影响

异育银鲫(Carassiusauratusgibelio)和团头鲂(Megalobramaamblycephola)鱼种随机分成6组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ-Ⅴ组分别用不同比例"华双3号"双低菜粕等氮替代对照组中的25%、50%、75%、100%的豆粕蛋白,Ⅵ组以83.66%的菜粕等氮替代对照组中100%的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白,在小型网箱中进行了生长实验。结果表明,当饲料中双低菜粕蛋白替代豆粕蛋白比例分别为25%、50%和75%时,异育银鲫和团头鲂的特定生长率、饲料转化率和平均摄食率等指标各实验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);当替代比例为100%或替代饲料中全部的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白时,两种鱼类的各项指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

An evaluation of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal in the diets of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): Growth,nutrition utilization and intestinal histology

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on growth performance, nutrition utilization and intestinal histology of largemouth bass. The basal diet contained 350 g/kg FM (control), and then, FM was replaced with SBM or FSBM of 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% respectively. The results showed that the specific growth rate of fish fed FSBM‐60, SBM‐45 and SBM‐60 diets significantly decreased, and the feed conversion ratio of SBM‐30, SBM‐45, SBM‐60, FSBM‐45 and FSBM‐60 groups increased when compared to the control group (p < .05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein of SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < .05), and the substitution of FM with SBM and FSBM (45% and 60%) significantly reduced the protein retention (p < .05). Serum total protein contents of SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups and serum cholesterol contents of SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < .05). The SBM‐30 and SBM‐60 groups showed significantly higher alanine aminotransferase activity than the control group (p < .05). The intestinal histology analysis resulted that the villus length of the SBM‐60 group and the villus width of the SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups decreased when compared to the control (p < .05). In conclusion, FSBM could replace 30% FM in diet of largemouth bass containing 350 g/kg FM, while the substitution level of FM with SBM was only 15%.     

Partial Replacement of Fish Meal by Fermented Soybean Meal in Diets for Black Sea Bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii,Juveniles

The effect of fish meal (FM) substitution with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in the diets of the carnivorous marine fish, black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, was investigated. An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted with black sea bream (11.82 ± 0.32 g; mean initial weight) in indoor flow‐through fiberglass tanks (25 fish per tank). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated, in which FM was replaced by FSBM at 0% (control diet), 10% (FSBM10), 20% (FSBM20), 30% (FSBM30), 40% (FSBM40), or 50% (FSBM50), respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish twice daily to apparent satiation. The results showed that there was no difference in survival of black sea bream during the feeding trial. Fish fed the FSBM10 or FSBM20 diet showed comparable growth performance compared with fish fed the control diet (P > 0.05), whereas more than 30% replacement of FM adversely affected weight gain and specific growth rate (P < 0.05). Feed intake was significantly lower for fish fed the FSBM50 diet compared with fish fed the control diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to increase with increasing dietary FSBM with the poorest FCR observed for fish fed the FSBM50 diet. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive values showed similar patterns. Apparent digestibility of nutrients significantly decreased with increasing dietary FSBM level. With the exception of protein content, no significant differences in whole body and dorsal muscle composition were observed in fish fed the various diets. Fish fed the FSBM50 diet had significantly lower intraperitoneal ratio than fish fed the control or FSBM10 diet. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were unaffected by dietary treatments. This study showed that up to 20% of dietary FM protein could be replaced by FSBM protein in the diets of juvenile black sea bream.     

Effects of fish meal replaced by fermented soybean meal on growth performance,intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) and soybean meal (SM) on growth performance, intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The basal diet contained 350 g/kg FM (CON), and then, FM was replaced with SM and FSM at the ratios of 30% and 60% (SM‐30, SM‐60, FSM‐30 and FSM‐60), respectively. The largemouth bass (4.43 ± 0.13 g) were fed for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain of fish fed with FSM‐60 and SM‐60 diets was significantly lower, and feed conversion ratio of SM‐30, SM‐60 and FSM‐60 groups was significantly higher than the CON group (p < .05). The intestinal villus height of SM‐60 group and the villus width of SM‐60 and FSM‐60 group were significantly lower than the CON group (p < .05). The 30% FM replacement by SM and FSM significantly increased the abundance of Cetobacterium and Mycoplasma, respectively (p < .05). In conclusion, FSM could replace 30% FM in diet without negative impacts on the growth performance of largemouth bass, while the SM should be controlled below 30%.     

Effects of the partial substitution of dietary fish meal by differently processed soybean meals on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and activity of intestinal brush border enzymes in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

This study evaluated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) in the diet of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) with differently processed soybean meals on growth performance; apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs); the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the brush border digestive enzymes: leucine amino peptidase, maltase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; and the fish morphometric and flesh quality. European sea bass with an initial average body weight of 187.8 ± 1.4 g, were fed either a FM based (control) diet or a soy replacement isoproteic, isolipidic and isocaloric diet. The treatments consisted replacing FM protein by: 25% toasted, dehulled and solvent-extracted soybean meal (SE25); 50% dehulled and toasted soy seeds subjected to dry extrusion and mechanical oil extraction (ME50); 50% enzyme-treated soybean meal (ET50) and an inclusion of 60% composed of 30% toasted, dehulled and solvent-extracted soybean meal and 30% enzyme-treated soybean meal (SE + ET/60). ADCs values of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy did not significantly differ between ME50 and SE + ET/60 but both of them were inferior to the other treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with the control FM-based diet, only the group that consumed the ME50 diet had lower specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and gross protein retention efficiency values (P < 0.05). The protein efficiency ratio did not differ between the FM-based control group and all other soy derivate groups (P > 0.05). In order to gain more insight on the effects of the diet on fish growth, activity of the brush border enzymes was measured. No significant differences were found in leucine amino peptidase and maltase activities, between the control group and the other soy derivate groups. The activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was significantly higher in the upper section in fish that consumed the control diet compared with fish that consumed the soy derivate diets. Yet, the main activity of this enzyme was found in the lower intestinal section. In all the soy derivate diets except for the SE25 diet, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower than its activity in the control diet. Feeding diets that include various types and levels of soybean derivatives did not affect the whole body composition and slaughter yield but significantly reduced liver weight. The results show that in methionine supplemented diets, FM can be replaced in terms of protein by 25% SE, 50% ET or 60% soy composed of 30% SE and 30% ET without hampering fish performance. The inclusion of 50% protein from ME resulted in significantly lower growth performance and feed utilization.     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

南极磷虾粉对大菱鲆生长、非特异性免疫及氟残留的影响

以鱼粉、南极磷虾粉和豆粕为蛋白源,以南极磷虾粉蛋白分别替代饲料中的0(对照组)、20%、40%、60%的鱼粉蛋白制成4种等氮等能的饲料,并以此饲料饲喂大菱鲆(37.36±2.12g)56d。试验结果显示,饲料中南极磷虾粉水平对大菱鲆的成活率及特定生长率(SGR)没有显著性影响(P>0.05);对各组的饲料干物质表观消化率均有显著性影响(P<0.05),替代40%组与替代60%组蛋白质表观消化率较对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05);对大菱鲆血清中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力无显著性影响(P>0.05)。大菱鲆各组间肌肉中氟残留量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),且肌肉中氟含量均在可食用范围内,大菱鲆各组间骨骼中氟残留量均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。     

发酵豆粕、肉骨粉及其混合物替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响

为探究2种蛋白源单一和混合替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响,实验用发酵豆粕(FSM)、肉骨粉(MBM)和发酵豆粕+肉骨粉(FSM+MBM)混合物(1∶1)等蛋白替代基础饲料(FM,含鱼粉350 g/kg)中150 g/kg的鱼粉,使鱼粉含量降为200 g/kg,共配制成4种等氮等脂的实验饲料,记为FM (对照组)、FSM、MBM和FSM+MBM组,投喂初始体质量为(21.2±0.1) g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示,与对照组相比,各替代组的增重率均无显著差异,但FSM组的增重率显著低于FSM+MBM组。此外,FSM组的饲料系数较对照组和MBM组显著升高。各组在全鱼成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分)和干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率以及蛋白质沉积率上无显著差异,而FSM组的蛋白质效率和脂肪沉积率显著低于对照组。此外,FSM组的血清谷草转氨酶显著增加,而血清总抗氧化能力以及超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活性显著降低。在前肠形态学方面,各替代组的绒毛宽度均显著低于对照组,FSM组的绒毛高度、肌层厚度以及绒毛周长显著高于对照组。以上结果表明,在鱼粉含量为350 g/kg的饲料中,MB...     

饲料中添加复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响

为研究饲料中添加由桑叶黄酮、栗木单宁和桑叶多糖组成的复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响,实验设计3个处理组,每组4个重复,分别投喂添加0、0.1%、0.2%复合植物提取物的等氮等脂饲料(J0、J1、J2),养殖周期为56 d。结果显示,与J0组相比,J2组大口黑鲈的末均重、增重率及特定生长率分别显著提高8.34%、11.24%和5.88%;3组大口黑鲈机体粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分、钙和总磷,肥满度、脏体比均无显著差异,粗蛋白含量随着复合植物提取物添加量的增加呈上升趋势,与J0组相比,J2组显著提高5.61%;J1和J2组肝体比显著降低9.10%～10.28%,血清白蛋白含量和白蛋白/球蛋白值显著提高8.28%～12.62%和13.56%～23.73%,J2组血清球蛋白含量显著降低9.47%,J1和J2组血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和血糖含量分别显著降低31.25%～46.88%、7.69%～12.54%和20.90%～22.40%;J1和J2组胆固醇和甘油三脂含量呈降低趋势,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈升高趋势;J1和J2组肝脂空泡化程度显著...     

饲料中添加两种蛋白水解物对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长性能及肠道组织学结构的影响

本研究共配制了3种等氮等脂的实验饲料,其中,对照组饲料使用15％鱼粉提供部分饲料蛋白,2个实验组饲料分别用鱼水解蛋白和鸡水解蛋白替代了饲料中10％的鱼粉蛋白.对初始体重为4.16g左右的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼进行了为期12周的投喂,研究了其对大菱鲆生长性能及肠道组织学结构的影响.结果显示,鱼水解蛋白组(PHf)的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白效率比和蛋白质沉积率较对照组(FM)无显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于鸡水解蛋白组(PHc)(P＜0.05);3组实验鱼的摄食率无显著差异(P＞0.05);PHf和PHc组的鱼体蛋白含量显著高于FM组(P＜0.05),3组实验鱼的脂肪含量无显著差异(P＞0.05).PHf和PHc组的鱼体肌肉必需氨基酸含量显著高于FM组(P＜0.05).PHf和PHc组的前肠和中肠黏膜皱襞高度大于FM组,且PHf组较FM组差异显著(P＜0.05);3组实验鱼的前肠和中肠上皮细胞的高度无显著差异(P＞0.05);FM组前肠和中肠的肠壁厚度大于其他2组,且显著大于PHf组(P＜0.05).大菱鲆饲料中使用鱼水解蛋白替代部分鱼粉蛋白在生长性能及肠道组织学结构方面要优于使用鸡水解蛋白.     

Feeding fermented soybean meal diet supplemented with taurine to yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata affects growth performance and lipid digestion

Feeding experiment was conducted to determine whether fermentation and taurine supplementation of soybean meal (SBM) fed to yellowtail improve growth performance and lipid digestion. Six diets were formulated and designated as SBM, SBM supplemented with taurine (SBM + T), SBM fermented by Bacillus spp. (FSBM1), SBM fermented by Lactobacillus spp. (FSBM2), FSBM2 supplemented with taurine (FSBM2 + T), and fish meal (FM). Yellowtail fingerlings with an initial body weight of 42 g were stocked in 200‐L tanks. The fish were fed, each diet was fed twice daily in two separate tanks for 8 weeks. Results showed that lipid digestibility of the SBM diet was significantly lower than that of the FM diet, but SBM diet lipid digestibility was improved by taurine supplementation and fermentation. Lipase activity in anterior intestinal digesta, lipid contents in liver and muscle, and bile acid concentrations in gallbladder and anterior intestinal digesta were significantly lower in fish fed SBM diet than in fish fed FM diet; these parameters were not significantly different between fish fed SBM + T, FSBM2, FSBM2 + T diets and FM diet. Although taurine supplementation or fermentation improved lipid digestibility compared with FM diet, growth parameters were only improved in the fish fed FSBM2 + T diet, indicating that apart from a lack of taurine, SBM contains other factors responsible for inferior growth of yellowtail. These factors can be partially eliminated by Lactobacillus spp. fermentation.