陇东旱塬地表覆盖方式对苹果生育后期叶片质量及根际土壤微环境的影响

为探明陇东旱塬区不同覆盖方式对苹果生育后期叶片质量、根际生态环境的影响，以16 a生，连续6 a覆盖的盛果期“长富2号”苹果树为试材，设清耕（CK)、覆膜、麦草覆盖、覆黑膜+麦草（膜+草）等4个处理，调查叶片养分、活性氧代谢功能，测定0～100 cm内不同深度土层土壤水分、容重、有机质等，对根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明：麦草覆盖处理可有效提高苹果叶片叶绿素与淀粉含量，增幅分别为CK的2.79%、29.09%；根系集中分布层（20～40 cm）土壤水分、有机质含量增高，分别为CK的102.93%,135.96%；土壤容重仅为CK的96.32%，并有效提高各土层土壤酶活性，特别提高土壤表层（0～20 cm）酶活性，脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性为CK的157.14%、218.5%、118.02%、193.21%，可有效提高土壤中微生物总量,为CK的134.19%，其中细菌与真菌的数量增高，放线菌的数量降低；根系活力与土壤水分、孔隙度、微生物含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶等呈极显著正相关，与土壤容重、过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关。覆膜与膜+草处理对叶片及土壤环境改善效果较差。综合分析根际土壤理化性状及土壤酶、微生物空间分布特征等，认为麦草覆盖处理是陇东旱塬区苹果园适宜的地表覆盖方式。     

麦草覆盖免耕栽培马铃薯调亏灌溉技术试验研究

2008~2009年在甘肃民乐县洪水河灌区进行了麦草覆盖免耕栽培马铃薯调亏灌溉大田试验,结果表明:麦草覆盖马铃薯栽培苗期进行轻度水分胁迫,处理的产量较覆盖充分灌溉处理没有显著降低,而马铃薯的水分利用效率、干物质、淀粉以及维生素C含量都与其它处理间存在差异,其值均达到了最大,分别为7.41 kg/m3、22.41%、15.44%1、4.56 mg/100g鲜薯;同时麦草覆盖栽培充分灌溉处理产量等各项指标均优于常规土壤起垄种植充分灌溉处理,说明该技术能更有效地提高作物水分利用效率(WUE),改良块茎品质,提高产量,且幼苗期轻度水分亏缺是覆盖马铃薯调亏灌溉的最佳时期和调亏程度。     

酿造用高粱土壤处理除草剂筛选

酿造用高粱田土壤处理除草剂种类较少,常用的除草剂配方中多数含有莠去津,筛选不含莠去津且药效较好的除草剂配方,具有较好的实践意义和现实意义。本文选取72%异丙甲草胺乳油、38%莠去津悬浮剂、25%二氯喹啉酸悬浮剂、33%二甲戊灵乳油、48%麦草畏水剂、75%噻吩磺隆水分散颗粒剂、15%硝磺草酮悬浮剂6种除草剂进行混配。通过田间试验进行安全性、除草效果及对高粱产量影响的研究。结果表明,38%莠去津悬浮剂+72%异丙甲草胺乳油、72%异丙甲草胺乳油+48%麦草畏水剂、38%莠去津悬浮剂+48%麦草畏水剂对高粱具有安全性高、除草效果好、提高产量的特点,30 d除草株总防效分别为96.5%、97.4%、93.4%,增产23.9%、23.6%和22.2%。在效益方面,莠去津+异丙甲草胺略高于异丙甲草胺+麦草畏。考虑到莠去津的长残留性及对生态的影响,建议使用72%异丙甲草胺乳油+48%麦草畏水剂。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析蔬菜中残留的麦草畏

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(HPLC-MS/MS)建立了蔬菜中麦草畏的残留分析方法,其中蔬菜基质包括白菜、黄瓜、番茄、豇豆、萝卜、芹菜和葱。样品经 V (乙腈) : V (甲酸) : V (水)=49.5 :0.2 :0.3的混合溶剂提取,并用氯化钠盐析,旋转蒸发浓缩后直接用HPLC-MS/MS测定。采用C18色谱柱,以5 mmol/L的甲酸铵-甲醇为流动相,梯度法洗脱,以电喷雾负离子化模式在多反应监测模式下测定。结果表明,麦草畏在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数( r )为0.999 7。对空白蔬菜样品进行的3个水平(0.01、0.05、0.1mg/kg)的添加回收实验结果表明,麦草畏的平均回收率和相对标准偏差( RSD )分别为80%~120%和0.58%~18.23%,方法检出限为2.0 μg/kg。该方法快速、灵敏,适用于蔬菜中麦草畏的残留分析。     

3个草甘膦复配组合对非耕地杂草的防除效果

采用室内盆栽喷雾法和田间茎叶喷雾法,研究草甘膦的复配应用技术。室内测试结果表明:草甘膦与麦草畏配比为(0.5~512)∶1对旱稗和空心莲子草均表现为相加作用;草甘膦与2甲4氯配比为(2.85~5.24)∶1对旱稗和藜均表现为相加作用;草甘膦与草铵膦配比为(0.90~10.32)∶1对旱稗表现为相加作用,对藜表现为增效作用。田间药效结果表明:药后30 d,35%麦草·草甘膦水剂在1 200~1 500 g/hm2剂量下,总草株防效和鲜质量防效分别为93.16%~97.96%和95.24%~99.42%;36%2甲·草甘膦水剂在1 296~2 592 g/hm2剂量下,对总草株防效和鲜质量防效分别为91.09%~94.77%和90.04%~95.07%;36%草甘膦·草铵膦水剂在1 404~2 808 g/hm2剂量下,总草株防效和鲜质量防效分别为92.30%~97.66%和93.08%~97.65%。3个复配剂均能有效防除非耕地杂草,持效期达30 d以上。草甘膦与除草剂复配具有较好的配伍性,与麦草畏、2甲4氯或草铵膦复配均表现为相加或增效作用,室内复配筛选结果与田间药效结果一致。3个复配剂与单剂相比,既增加了药效又提高了速效性。     

麦田布顿大麦草的化学防除药剂筛选

布顿大麦草为麦田入侵杂草, 为尽早建立对该杂草的化学防除技术, 本研究采用室内盆栽法测定了布顿大麦草对21种除草剂的敏感性?结果表明:土壤处理剂41%氟噻草胺悬浮剂对布顿大麦草具有良好的防除效果, 42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂?60%丁草胺乳油?40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂?960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油对布顿大麦草的防除效果一般, 50%扑草净可湿性粉剂?50%异丙隆可湿性粉剂?45%二甲戊灵微囊悬浮剂?50%吡氟酰草胺可湿性粉剂防除效果不理想; 茎叶处理剂7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂?12.5%烯禾啶乳油?41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对布顿大麦草防除效果好, 5%咪唑乙烟酸水剂?8%炔草酯水乳剂?30 g/L甲基二磺隆可分散油悬浮剂?8%烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂?7%双唑草腈颗粒剂?70%氟唑磺隆水分散粒剂对布顿大麦草的防除效果一般, 5%唑啉草酯乳油?7.5%双环磺草酮颗粒剂?69 g/L精噁唑禾草灵水乳剂防除效果不理想?氟噻草胺?在推荐剂量492 g/hm2下, 处理21 d后对布顿大麦草的鲜重抑制率为75.40%; 啶磺草胺?草甘膦异丙胺盐?烯禾啶在推荐剂量14?1 500?187.5 g/hm2下, 处理21 d后对布顿大麦草的鲜重抑制率分别为73.96%?60.60%?65.07%?综合本研究结果及除草剂使用特性, 麦田布顿大麦草可采用氟噻草胺土壤封闭或者啶磺草胺茎叶喷雾处理进行有效防除; 油菜田布顿大麦草可采用烯禾啶进行防除; 非耕地布顿大麦草可采用草甘膦异丙胺盐进行防除?     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定玉米中莠去津及其代谢物的残留量和风险评估

分析莠去津(ATZ)及其代谢物脱乙基莠去津(DEA)、脱异丙基莠去津(DIA)、脱乙基脱异丙基莠去津(DDA)与2-羟基莠去津(HYA)在玉米中残留特性和安全性。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测ATZ、DEA、DIA、DDA、HYA在玉米中残留量。样品用乙腈-甲酸溶液(体积比,9:1)提取,经二氯甲烷液-液分配净化,用Agilent EC-C18色谱柱分离,电喷雾电离串联质谱正离子多重反应监测(MRM)模式进行测定。ATZ、DEA、DIA、DDA、HYA在0.005～0.5μg/m L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均 0.99;在鲜食玉米、玉米、玉米秸秆中的定量限均为0.01mg/kg;不同添加水平下,鲜食玉米、玉米、玉米秸秆中ATZ的平均回收率分别为95%～102%、95%～103%、94%～104%,RSD分别为2%～5%、2%～4%、1%～4%; DEA的平均回收率分别为90%～97%、93%～97%、94%～100%,RSD分别为4%～6%、3%～4%、3%～6%; DIA的平均回收率分别为86%～106%、101%～107%、99%～106%,RSD为3%～7%、2%～10%、4%～8%; DDA的平均回收率分别为90%～107%、88%～107%、99%～106%,RSD分别为2%～7%、2%～6%、2%～5%; HYA的回收率分别为88%～102%、90%～105%、91%～103%,RSD分别为3%～5%、3%～8%、3%～7%。膳食风险评估结果表明:普通人群莠去津的国家估算每日摄入量是0.084μg/(kg·d),占日允许摄入量的0.4%。该方法操作简单,回收率和精密度均较高,可同时检测玉米中莠去津及其代谢物的残留量,能满足玉米中莠去津的监测及该药的登记试验需求。玉米中莠去津的长期膳食摄入风险可以接受。     

麦草光防除麦田杂草试验总结

“麦草光”是一种内吸传导型选择性的苗后除草剂。为了明确该药剂对麦田杂草的防除效果 ,于２０００年１２月在道真自治县三江镇三江村杠上村民组进行了田间药效试验 ,现将试验结果总结如下 :１供试药剂１５ %噻磺隆可湿性粉剂（麦草光） ,通用名 :Ｔｈｉｆｅｎｓｕｒｏｎ -ｍｅｆｈｙｌ，由江苏省大丰市农药厂生产。２试验处理与设计２．１６６７ｍ２ 用１５ %麦草光粉剂１０ｇ和１５ｇ２．２６６７ｍ２ 用清水４０ｋｇ作对照２．３设置３个重复 ,重复间设保护行３试验方法３．１喷药时间在小麦４叶１心、杂草２～４叶进行施药。３．２施药…     

小麦族6种根茎型牧草叶表皮气孔特性与抗旱性的研究

本文对小麦族 6种根茎型牧草叶的气孔特性与抗旱性的关系进行了研究 ,结果表明 :6种禾草间气孔特性存在着基因型的本质差异 ;赖草属中 ,赖草叶对水分的蒸腾、气体交换的调控功能强于羊草和大赖草 ,其抗旱性强 ;在偃麦草属中 ,中间偃麦草叶的水分的蒸腾、气体交换的调控功能弱于其他 2种 ;在同种不同品种中 ,巴顿硬叶偃麦草叶的抗旱性强于茹莎娜硬叶偃麦草 ;6种禾草中 ,赖草属植物抗旱性强于偃麦草属植物。     

草甘·麦草防除苹果园杂草的效果

草甘.麦草是由麦草畏和草甘膦异丙胺盐复配成的广谱除草剂。田间小区试验结果表明,40%草甘.麦草AS 150~250 m l/667m2对苹果园马齿苋的株防效为100%,对杂草的总株数防效为56.5%~92.0%,总鲜重防效为86.1%~97.3%。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.