高、低糖甘蔗品种苗期糖分含量及代谢相关酶活性分析

以高糖(GT35)和低糖(B8)甘蔗品种苗期不同部位的叶和茎为材料,采用HPLC技术测定蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量,分析2个甘蔗品种叶和茎中蔗糖代谢相关酶活性与糖分含量的相关性和差异性。结果表明:2个甘蔗品种苗期叶中蔗糖含量与SPS和SS-s酶活性呈显著正相关,茎中己糖含量与NI酶活性呈显著正相关,茎中蔗糖含量与SPS酶活性呈显著正相关,而与SS-c、SAI和CIN酶活性呈显著负相关。GT35茎中蔗糖含量显著高于B8,叶中蔗糖含量显著低于B8。GT35茎中SPS和叶中SS-s酶活性均显著高于B8,茎中SS-s和SS-c酶活性低于B8,其中只有幼茎中SS-c酶活性与B8差异不显著。说明苗期叶中高SS-s酶活性,茎中高SPS酶活性,低SS-s和SS-c酶活性,可能是调节高糖甘蔗品种苗期茎中蔗糖积累的重要因素。     

甜高粱茎秆糖分及发酵制取乙醇研究进展

甜高粱作为能源植物主要是利用其茎秆中的糖分制取乙醇.对甜高粱茎秆糖分积累以及利用糖分发酵制取燃料乙醇两个方面的研究进行了综述,同时对如何进一步提高甜高粱的产量和糖分含量进行了探讨.     

A simple method for squeezing juice from rice stems and its use in the high-throughput analysis of sugar content in rice stems

Sugar content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) stem is an agronomically important trait for rice used in straw silage or whole-crop silage. However, the mechanisms underlying sugar accumulation in rice stems remain unclear, mainly due to the time-consuming method for measuring sugar content. Here, we established a simple method for squeezing stem juice from rice plants, similar to that used during breeding selection in sugarcane or sorghum. The Brix value of the stem juice, which can easily be measured using a portable refractometer, significantly correlated with the soluble sugar contents in the stem juice and tended to correlate with those in stem tissues. This indicates that the Brix value of the stem juice can be used for estimating the sugar content in rice stems. This simple estimation method will be a useful tool for high-throughput analysis of sugar content in rice stems during mutant screening, QTL analysis, and breeding selection.     

Evaluation of the juice brix of wild sugarcanes (Saccharum spontaneum) indigenous to Japan

Modern sugarcane cultivars are derived from the interspecific crossing between Saccharum officinarum and wild sugarcane, Saccharum spontaneum. The introgression of valuable characteristics from wild sugarcane is recognized as extremely important, but this process typically requires long-term effort over multiple generations of backcrosses owing to the low sugar content of the initial interspecific hybrids. In this study, we aimed to identify Japanese wild sugarcanes with high juice brix in order to promote effective interspecific crossing of sugarcane. Sixty-four accessions from the Nansei Islands and 70 accessions from the Honshu were evaluated for juice brix. Wild sugarcanes with high juice brix were demonstrated to exist among wild sugarcanes indigenous to the Honshu. A significant difference was observed between the median juice brix values of wild sugarcanes of the Nansei Islands and those of the Honshu. The relationship between juice brix and stem traits was then examined in 20 wild sugarcanes, 10 each from the Nansei Islands and the Honshu. The reproducibility of juice brix value in both experiments was confirmed. In contrast to juice brix, stem traits, such as length, diameter, and volume, were typically smaller in wild sugarcanes from the Honshu. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between the index of stem volume and juice brix. In this study, we identified outstanding wild sugarcanes with high juice brix. Using germplasms from the identified wild sugarcanes in interspecific crossing could contribute to the increases in both yield and sugar content.     

12个甜高粱品种在重庆地区的生产力和总糖含量表现

通过对12个供试甜高粱品种（组合）茎秆的鲜产量、总糖含量、总糖产量和籽粒产量的比较,结果为：茎秆鲜产量以A4为最高,达到41 385.0 kg/hm2,茎秆总糖含量以A9为最高,达到11.26%,茎秆总糖产量以A9为最高,达到4 285.4 kg/hm2,籽粒产量以A12为最高,达到2 723.4 kg/hm2。综合评价初步认为,在12个供试品种（组合）中,以A9组合和A3品种比较适合在重庆做生物质能源原料。     

甜高粱主要农艺性状的主成分分析

对国内外194份甜高粱品种进行了10个主要农艺性状调查。采用主成分分析,发现穗重、生育期、生物产量、穗长、茎粗、分蘖及含糖量等7个因子为农艺性状的主成分。在甜高粱育种中应加强生物产量选择,适当考虑含糖量及生育期,但穗重、分蘖和茎粗不宜过高,并且穗长越短越好。研究结果将为甜高粱的品种改良和创新提供理论依据。     

灌浆结实期高温对水稻籽粒蔗糖及降解酶活性的影响

选用水稻品种越光和笹锦为材料,在开花后设置自然温度和高温两种处理,研究了不同温度处理下籽粒蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量的动态变化以及蔗糖合酶、液泡型转化酶和细胞壁结合型转化酶活性的差异。高温处理下,蔗糖合酶活性值大于转化酶活性值,且与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关,表明蔗糖合酶在蔗糖的分解和淀粉的合成过程中起着重要作用;高温下两品种籽粒的蔗糖含量明显增加,但分解的葡萄糖和果糖含量并未相应增加,表明高温有利于籽粒中蔗糖的积累,而不利于籽粒中蔗糖的分解。高温下蔗糖合酶、液泡型转化酶和细胞壁结合型转化酶活性明显下降,表明蔗糖分解速率的下降与蔗糖合酶和转化酶活性下降有关。     

黑皮果蔗中碱性蔗糖转化酶基因ShINV6的克隆与表达分析

在高等植物中,蔗糖转化酶广泛参与调节植物的生长发育、生物和非生物胁迫应答等过程,在控制光合产物在不同库组织的分配上起重要作用,是决定作物经济产量的关键酶.本研究以黑皮果蔗'Badila'为实验材料,克隆了一个果蔗蔗茎中碱性转化酶基因ShINV6,并对其序列特征、表达特性及其编码蛋白的酶学特征进行了分析.生物信息学分析发...     

Effect of High Temperature on Sucrose Content and Sucrose Cleaving Enzyme Activity in Rice Grain During the Filling Stage

Global warming is due to continuous increase in greenhouse effect caused by human productive activities. Much attention has been paid to the influence brought by the increase of temperature on crop growth. Many researches in China and other countries are …     

甜高粱主要农艺性状相关性及遗传多样性初析

在广东湛江地区种植了50份国内外甜高粱种质资源,测定其生育期、单株鲜重、株高、茎粗、锤度5个主要数量农艺性状,并进行了差异显著性、相关性、遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果表明:不同品种间除生育期外,株高、茎粗、单株鲜重和锤度均存在极显著的差异;生育期、株高、茎粗和单株鲜重指标两两之间均存在显著的相关性,而锤度与其它4个主要性状没有显著的相关性;甜高粱具有丰富的遗传多样性,变异系数幅度为0.1039%～0.2931%;各性状遗传多样性指数均较大;50份甜高粱资源可分为4个类群,其中Ⅰ类群5个数量农艺性状均表现良好,产量为90t/hm2,乙醇产量3360L/hm2,可作为今后开发利用的推荐材料。     

4种蔗糖分解酶在甘薯块根品质形成中的作用

本研究以2个在可溶性糖和淀粉含量上存在显著差异的鲜食型甘薯品种为材料,对其块根中的可溶性糖（蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖）和淀粉含量以及4种蔗糖分解酶的活性进行测定与相关性分析,以明确调控甘薯块根中可溶性糖和淀粉含量的关键蔗糖分解酶种类。结果表明：（1）明确甘薯块根中活性最高的蔗糖分解酶为蔗糖合成酶（Sus）,其次为细胞质转化酶（CIN）和液泡转化酶（VIN）,细胞壁转化酶（CWIN）的活性最低。（2）本研究表明,除了已报道的VIN外,CIN活性也和己糖含量之间呈显著正相关,高己糖含量的甘薯品种块根中具有更高的VIN和CIN活性;（3）甘薯块根中Sus活性和淀粉含量之间呈极显著正相关,高淀粉甘薯品种具有更高的Sus活性;（4）CWIN活性非常低,其在块根发育中的具体作用有待进一步深入研究。总之,蔗糖分解酶对甘薯品质有重要影响,其中Sus是调控甘薯块根淀粉含量的关键酶类,而CIN和VIN是调控块根中己糖含量的关键酶类。     

低温胁迫对木薯幼苗叶片转化酶及可溶性糖含量的影响

以华南124(SC124)、华南8号(SC8)和阿根廷7号(ARG7)3个木薯品种为材料,研究在持续低温胁迫下木薯幼苗叶片转化酶活性(SAI,NI)及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:可溶性酸性转化酶(SAI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高;低温胁迫均能提高3个品种木薯中SAI酶的活性,但是在耐寒品种ARG7中表现为稳定提高。中性转化酶(NI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高,低温胁迫也能提高3个木薯品种中的NI酶活性,而NI酶活性均表现为短期提高。初步推断,SAI活性与木薯的抗寒存在一定的正相关。低温胁迫后3个木薯品种叶片蔗糖、还原糖和可溶性总糖的含量均升高,且抗寒品种ARG7叶片的还原糖、蔗糖和可溶性总糖含量极显著高于SC124和SC8。     

高茎糖玉米自交系不同生育时期茎糖含量与子粒产量的关系研究

以高茎糖玉米自交系7801、25098、7208,25074、W08作为试验材料,测定玉米自交系授粉后不同时期茎秆汁液的糖锤度、茎秆总含糖量、叶片光合速率及对应的子粒经济产量,分析其相互之间的关系及变化规律。结果表明,对茎秆含糖量起决定作用的主要为锤度和产量2个性状,其中,锤度与茎秆含糖量相关性达极显著水平,产量与茎秆含糖量呈负相关关系。偏相关分析表明,单株粒重与锤度呈正相关关系,说明茎秆含糖量的提高对玉米产量有促进作用。     

菠萝果实发育过程中糖积累与其代谢酶的关系

以菠萝[Ananas comosus(L.)Merr.]"巴厘"和"台农11号"两个品种为试验材料,测定不同发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶--酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖积累与酶活性的关系进行分析.结果表明:2个品种果实中糖积累动态十分相似,即果实发育前期,糖积累缓慢;进入成熟期,蔗糖迅速积累,而己糖"巴厘"果实中前期变化较少,后期稍有积累,"台农11号"果实中前期稍有积累,后期基本不变.2个品种果实中蔗糖含量与SS和SPS活性相关系数分别达到正的显著或极显著水平,NI活性与2个品种果实中蔗糖含量呈极显著负相关,蔗糖含量与AJ的活性相关性品种间差异明显.     

Combining ability and heterosis of sorghum germplasm for stem sugar traits under off-season conditions in tropical lowland environments

Bioethanol production from sweet sorghum entails expansion and intensive production of the crop, which may include off-season production in the warm tropical lowlands. However, suitable cultivars are currently not available for this environment, especially in southern Africa. Hybrid cultivars were long ago demonstrated to be more productive than pure line varieties. Therefore a study was conducted to determine heterosis of experimental hybrids, and combining ability of parental lines for stem sugar traits. Sixty-four hybrids were generated among 16 lines in accordance with North Carolina design II mating scheme. Eight parents were cytoplasmic male sterile lines which were designated as females and were crossed with eight male fertile lines. The hybrids were evaluated at two sites in Mozambique and South Africa under off-season production conditions. Row-column alpha designs with three replications were used and standard agronomic practices were followed at both sites. Data were analysed in GenStat computer package. There was significant (P = 0.05) variation among genotypes for stem °brix and associated traits. The top 20 stem °brix performers were constituted by 17 hybrids, exhibiting heterosis of up to 112%, and three parents. General and specific combining ability effects were significant for stem °brix and associated traits implying that both additive and non-additive gene action, respectively, were important for controlling the traits. The lines ZLR1 and ICSVP3046 displayed significant and positive GCA effects for stem °brix, while 13 crosses showed positive and significant SCA effects. These lines and the crosses ISCVP3046 × ICSA4, ICSV700 × ICSA731, ICSR165 × ICSA307, ZLR1 × ICSA474 and ICSR57 × ICSA479, which combined high mean performance with positive SCA effects, would be recommended for use in breeding new varieties for tropical lowland environments.     

马铃薯不同品种淀粉积累生理基础研究——淀粉积累与磷酸化酶、蔗糖转化酶的关系

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯２号、中淀粉品种内薯３号、低淀粉品种紫花白为材料，对不同生育时期块茎淀粉含量、淀粉积累速度与淀粉磷酸化酶、蔗糖转化酶活性的关系进行了研究，其结果表明：全生育期３个品种淀粉磷酸化酶活性均呈单峰曲线变化；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉含量与淀粉磷酸化酶活性无明显规律性；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉积累速度与淀粉磷酸化酶活性呈正相关。淀粉含量和温度是影响淀粉磷酸化酶活性的两个重要因素，而温度又起主导作用。全生育期，３个品种的蔗糖转化酶均呈苗期为最高，中期显著下降，后期略有回升的变化趋势；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉含量与蔗糖转化酶活性均呈显著负相关；不同生育时期，各品种淀粉积累速度与蔗糖转化酶活性亦呈负相关。因此，蔗糖转化酶活性可作为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择的重要生理指标。     

A mechanism for low temperature induced sugar accumulation in stored potato tubers: The potential role of the alternative pathway and invertase

The accumulation of reducing sugars in stored potato tubers is of significant commercial importance because of its effect on processing quality. The process by which the accumulation of sugars occurs involves the interaction of many metabolic pathways and is yet to be fully described. Low temperature conditions result in an accumulation of ATP in potato tissue. Published evidence suggests that low temperature activation of the alternative pathway (cyanide resistant respiration) leads to decreased ATP levels and simultaneous increases in sucrose concentrations. This sucrose becomes the substrate for vacuolar acid invertase resulting in the accumulation of reducing sugars. Inhibition of the alternative pathway results in decreased sugar accumulation thereby minimizing the sucrose available to the acid invertase and the subsequent reducing sugar accumulation. Control of the alternative pathway on its own, or in combination with acid invertase activity, may provide insight into the phenomenon of low temperature sweetening in stored potato tubers.     

不同株高和抗倒性小麦品种茎秆中几种内含物的差异

为探讨不同株高冬小麦的抗倒性与茎秆内含物的关系,以矮秆抗倒品种(矮抗58、周麦17)、高秆抗倒品种(周麦30、许科1号)、矮秆不抗倒品种(中麦895、新麦18)和高秆不抗倒品种(许科196、烟农999)为试验材料,比较了四种类型小麦茎秆糖、氮、钾等内含物的差异。结果表明,不同抗倒性小麦品种茎秆总糖含量、钾含量和全氮含量随生育时期的变化趋势一致。抗倒品种茎秆具有较高的总糖含量,其积累高峰阶段是拔节至开花期,不抗倒品种茎秆的总糖积累高峰阶段是开花至灌浆期;高秆品种的灌浆期总糖积累量显著高于矮秆品种。抗倒品种灌浆期至成熟期的茎秆钾外运量较低;矮秆品种茎秆钾含量高于高秆品种,但差异不显著。在茎秆生长阶段,不抗倒品种茎秆具有较高氮积累量和外运量,矮秆品种与高秆品种间两个指标均无显著差异。经通径分析,矮秆品种对抗倒性起主要作用的是茎秆全氮含量,高秆品种为茎秆总糖和全钾含量。从几种元素相互比值看,抗倒品种有着较高的碳氮比和碳钾比,氮钾比相对较低;同一抗倒性品种株高间不同元素比值无显著差异。茎秆中各种内含物之间相互影响,直接或间接地作用于茎秆抗倒伏能力,抗倒品种茎秆在生育前期有较高的可溶性总糖积累量、合适的碳氮比和碳钾比,灌浆期以后具有较低的钾外运量,这可能是抗倒伏的原因所在,而株高不是影响倒伏的主要因素,不同株高与品种对茎秆强度的影响因素不尽相同。生产中可以通过调节拔节期追肥改变茎秆中几种内含物比例来改善茎秆抗倒性能。