线粒体DNA在鳞翅目昆虫系统学研究中的应用

线粒体DNA具有母性遗传与进化速率快等特点,已作为理想的分子标记广泛应用于昆虫的分类学、群体遗传学、系统发育和分子进化等研究。本文介绍了鳞翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的特征,对线粒体DNA应用于鳞翅目昆虫系统发生和分子进化等方面的研究进行了综述,并总结了线粒体基因或区段在鳞翅目昆虫不同分类阶元的适用性。     

家蚕线粒体DNA分子系统学研究展望

线粒体DNA具有独特的结构特征和进化特点,是系统进化研究的一种良好的分子标记。本介绍了动物线粒体DNA的结构特征、进化特点及其在分子系统学业上的应用,并提出通过家蚕及其近缘种的线粒体DNA进化分析,将为家蚕的起源、种系演化以及特定遗传结构的形成原因的研究提供重要证据。     

羊线粒体DNA的研究进展

近年来,关于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进化遗传学方面的研究已成为分子遗传学领域的热点,线粒体DNA作为核外遗传信息系统及其具有的遗传特点,已成为研究真核生物分子遗传学、发育生物学和分子系统进化的重要模式体系。线粒体DNA是一种核外遗传物质,与核DNA相比,具有分子质量小、结构简     

线粒体DNA在家畜遗传多样性研究中的应用

近年来动物线粒体DNA在遗传进化学方面的研究成为分子进化遗传学领域的研究热点,线粒体基因组已成为分子遗传学和系统进化的一个重要模式。作者就动物线粒体DNA的研究及其在家畜遗传多样性研究中的应用作一简要综述。     

猪线粒体DNA(mtDNA)及其在遗传育种中的应用

线粒体DNA是真核细胞内较为简单的DNA分子，具有极少发生重组、进化、速度快等特点，作为动物进化研究的一类重要标记，为动物的起源、迁移和进化提供了大量的证据。本文介绍了线粒体DNA的基本特征及其多态性，概述了猪线粒体DNA的研究概况和取得的成果。线粒体DNA的独特特性必将在猪遗传育种中发挥其重要的作用。     

猪线粒体DNA研究应用进展

线粒体DNA是分子生物学研究中的重要分子标记之一,目前在进化遗传学、动物生产性能及医学等多个领域展开研究并取得相关成果。论文简要阐述了猪线粒体DNA的基本组成和特征、研究方法及研究进展概况,并对其研究前景进行了展望,期望对猪线粒体DNA的相关研究提供一定的理论依据和参考。     

鱼类mtDNA及其非编码区的研究概况

自从上世纪80年代以来,线粒体DNA一直是分子生物学研究中的一个热点领域,已成为鱼类进化生物学和群体遗传学研究的重要分子遗传标记。文章介绍了鱼类线粒体DNA结构特征及研究方法,重点介绍了鱼类线粒体DNA非编码区结构研究的概况。     

家禽mtDNA遗传多样性和分子进化研究进展

20世纪60年代,Mnass和Snass在鸡胚中发现线粒体DNA,随着分子遗传学、分子生物学的迅速发展以及PCR技术和测序技术等研究手段的应用.至今,科学家已测定了人、牛、猪、马、驴、鸡、北京鸭等多种动物的mtDNA全序列.线粒体DNA作为分子标记因其序列容易测定、进化速度快、在群体内变异大、极少发生重组等特点,目前已广泛应用于家禽遗传多样性、分子进化、系统发育等研究领域,并取得了一些骄人的成果.     

动物线粒体DNA的研究进展

线粒体DNA作为分子标记已被广泛应用于家畜育种、系统进化、生物地理、人类学、群体遗传等领域，本文就近几年线粒体DNA的研究进展进行了综述。     

山羊绒毛干中线粒体DNA和核DNA的提取与PCR扩增

本研究以PCR缓冲液、MgCl2溶液和蛋白酶K为裂解提取液,建立了一种从山羊绒毛干中快速提取DNA的方法。结果表明,该方法不仅能从山羊绒毛干中提取出线粒体DNA和核DNA,而且能够有效地进行线粒体基因和核基因组基因的PCR扩增,为拓展羊绒样品在个体识别、遗传资源评价、分子进化和分子标记辅助育种等研究领域中的应用奠定基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.