洋葱63A细胞质雄性不育与绒毡层的提早衰退有关

细胞质雄性不育（CMS）机理的细胞学研究在许多作物上已有报道，如拟南芥、大豆、水稻、小麦等，但在国内至今未见关于洋葱的此类报道。利用光镜和透射电镜对洋葱不育系63A和保持系63B进行花药发育过程中显微结构和超微结构观察，结果表明，不育花药花粉母细胞时期，花粉母细胞发育正常，花粉囊形状不规则，绒毡层发育迟缓。四分体时期，四分体形成正常，中层严重退化，绒毡层与药室壁完全脱离，细胞质浓缩、空泡化。利用DNA梯度技术发现不育系绒毡层细胞提早发生程序性死亡。小孢子发育时期，小孢子细胞质发生浓缩、降解，绒毡层完全解体。推测不育系小孢子败育与中层、绒毡层提前衰退有关。     

大白菜CMS96不育系和保持系电镜观察

为了研究大白菜CMS96不育系花药败育机理,采用透射和扫描电镜,观察大白菜CMS96不育系和保持系的花药发育过程、花药和花粉表面结构。透射电镜结果表明,与保持系相比,在减数分裂期,大白菜CMS96不育系绒毡层与花药壁中层分开,不育系花粉母细胞皱缩,形状不规则,空隙较大,严重影响减数分裂正常进行;在单核小孢子时期,小孢子开始液泡化,直至成熟花粉期完全液泡化为空细胞,细胞壁严重萎缩,堆积在一起,最终花粉失去功能,导致败育。扫描电镜结果表明,大白菜CMS96不育系药室内的花粉畸形,花粉粒空瘪,表现为凹陷、扁平等形状,表面纹饰也呈多种不规则形状。花粉囊不开裂,没有花粉散出。初步认为,大白菜CMS96不育系花粉的败育从减数分裂开始到成熟花粉,伴随花粉发育整个过程。大白菜CMS96不育系药室内花粉粒虽具有花粉壁的结构,但扁平、空瘪,重叠堆积在药室壁上,失去了活力,无法散开。     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系105A花药败育的细胞学观察

旨在了解并揭示不育系105A的花粉败育时期和细胞学特征,为进一步正确认识细胞质雄性不育系分子机制提供必要参考依据。采用石蜡制片法,对甘蓝型油菜杂交种‘青杂5号’的雄性不育系105A及其恢复系1831R的小孢子发生和花药发育过程进行观察,以确定其花粉败育的时期和细胞学特点。研究结果表明,在不育系105A花药败育过程中,一部分发生于造孢细胞时期,属于无花粉囊败育型;另一部分发生于单核晚期,属于单核败育型,其特点为单核晚期绒毡层细胞膨大向小孢子靠近,并逐步降解,其破裂胞质退化残余物侵入药室,与小孢子混合粘连在一起,甚至有些绒毡层细胞整块脱落,成为染色很深的团块状物质,占据药室一部分空间,最终小孢子降解,花药败育。     

Further cytological characteristics of a male-sterile mutant in soybean affecting cytokinesis and microspore development

A spontaneous male‐sterile mutation affecting microspore development has been found in BR97‐13509H line of the official Brazilian soybean breeding programme. Slightly abnormal and irregular chromosome segregation occurred in both meiotic divisions, albeit insufficient to explain total pollen sterility. The main cause of male sterility was the absence of cytokinesis after telophase II. Instead of the typical tetrads of microspores, four‐nucleate coenocytic microspores were formed. Coenocytic microspores resulting from the absence of cytokinesis have also been described in ms1 and ms4 male‐sterile soybean mutants, although with certain differential characteristics. In the BR97‐13509H mutant line, after interphase the four nuclei were rejoined in one or two metaphase plates and progressed through the first pollen mitosis. Pollen then underwent a progressive process of degeneration characterized by continuous cytoplasmic shrinkage. The second pollen mitosis failed to occur, and pollen sterility became total.     

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育发生的细胞学观察及分析

以不育系A₃晋粱5号和相应保持系B₃晋粱5号为材料,对A₃不育系花药发育及雄配子形成过程进行了细胞学观察和分析。结果表明,与A₁、A₂型CMS不同,A₃ CMS孢母细胞减数分裂正常,从四分体形成到幼龄花粉粒发育阶段都未观察到不同于B₃晋粱5号的异常现象。A₃晋粱5号花药经石蜡包埋切片观察,在造孢细胞期、减数分裂前间期及减数分裂期,均未观察到异常现象,不育系花粉母细胞能完成正常的减数分裂过程,四分体正常游离,绒毡层发育正常。但在成熟的花药中,观察到所有的花粉粒皱缩、凹陷、变形。在开花前约1周内的花粉粒成熟期,不育系花粉粒蔗糖—淀粉代谢途径受阻,花粉粒壁上无淀粉粒沉积。A₃ CMS小孢子败育发生在小孢子形成晚期的花粉粒成熟期。     

大黍的大小孢子发生,雌雄配子体发育及其淀粉动态

通过石蜡切片,在光学显微镜下系统观察了大黍有性生殖过程中大小孢子发生、雌雄配子体发育及其淀粉动态。大黍花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层４层细胞组成。在花药发育过程中,表皮细胞始终积累大、小不等的圆球状内含物,该内含物经ＰＡＳ、苏木精分别染色均呈负反应。表皮细胞外壁在花粉成熟时期略有增厚,且具小刺状突起。绒毡层细胞属腺质型。小孢子母细胞在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂属连续型。成熟花粉粒富含较大颗粒的淀     

洋葱细胞质雄性不育系及保持系小孢子发生的细胞学观察

为揭示洋葱细胞质雄性不育系小孢子的败育时期,利用石蜡切片技术对洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A及其保持系8B的小孢子发育过程进行观察和比较。结果表明：石蜡切片洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A和保持系8B造孢组织时期小孢子的生长发育没有明显的差异;洋葱不育系8A花药绒毡层在花粉母细胞时期就与中层完全分离,并逐渐膨大挤压花粉母细胞,最后逐渐降解。其降解后的残余物侵入药室,与小孢子混合粘连在一起,占据药室的一部分空间,并且不能供给小孢子生长发育所需要的营养物质,最终小孢子降解,花药败育。试验明确了洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A的小孢子败育时期为花粉母细胞时期。因此,在洋葱雄性不育系8A的不育机理研究中,应重点在花粉母细胞时期进行深入研究。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育小孢子母细胞败育的细胞学研究

对具有哈克尼西棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍｈａｒｋｎｅｓｓｉｉ）细胞质的显性无腺体细胞质雄性不育系小孢子母细胞发育过程进行了细胞学研究。不育系可以正常形成孢原细胞、造孢组织细胞以及小孢子母细胞，其药壁分化正常。但在减数分裂前期，绒毡层解体，小孢子母细胞液泡化而退化，减数分裂不能进行。棉花细胞质雄性不育系小孢子母细胞败育可能与作为营养源的绒毡层提前解体有关。     

红麻GMS与CMS小孢子败育过程的细胞学及组织化学比较

以红麻细胞质雄性不育系(GMS)L23A、保持系L23B及从该保持系中发现的细胞核雄性不育系(CMS)L23BS为材料,采用石蜡显微制片技术,在光学显微镜下比较观察了三者花药发育过程中小孢子的发育过程及组织化学变化。结果表明,L23A的花药发育过程中,小孢子发育的不同阶段均出现败育现象,最早的败育表现为花粉母细胞在减数分裂之前的退化解体,最终形成空的花粉囊; 有的因花粉母细胞减数分裂过程异常而导致不能形成小孢子四分体;有的因小孢子在四分体中不能正常释放而败育,同时绒毡层细胞过度液泡化,并提早解体死亡; 花药发育早期含有少量蛋白质和淀粉,随着花药的发育逐渐变少。而L23BS小孢子败育的时期集中于四分体至单核花粉期间,表现为小孢子发育异常,有些小孢子不能从四分体里释放出来而影响其正常发育。在四分体以前与可育系类似,花药含丰富的蛋白质和淀粉。在败育的过程中,花药中的蛋白质和淀粉含量渐渐减少,但药隔组织中的在颗粒淀粉含量几乎不变。     

芝麻核雄性不育系ms86-1小孢子败育过程的超微结构

运用透射电子显微镜对芝麻核雄性不育系ms86-1的可育和不育花药进行了超微结构的比较观察。根据小孢子的细胞学形态特征,将芝麻花粉发育过程划分为小孢子母细胞形成期、减数分裂期、四分体期、单核小孢子早期、单核小孢子中期、单核小孢子晚期、花粉成熟期7个时期。对比观察表明芝麻核雄性不育的败育迹象起始于小孢子母细胞形成期,并伴随着进一步发育,败育现象逐渐明显,小孢子母细胞形成期小孢子母细胞壁形状不规则;减数分裂期小孢子母细胞壁严重扭曲变形,质膜外缺少早期外壁成分--原基粒棒;四分体期胼胝质壁外沉积物异常,呈绒毛状;四分体解体后形成畸形小孢子,孢子外壁不健全,绒毡层异常肥厚、降解延迟,释放极少量的畸形乌氏体;随后小孢子愈发皱缩,胞质凝集,内含物减少并逐渐凝聚成一团电子致密物质,最终走向完全败育。本研究揭示了不育小孢子的败育过程和败育特征,为深入研究芝麻核雄性不育败育机理奠定了基础。     

Disintegration of microsporocytes in a male sterile mutant of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L. is possibly associated with endoplasmic reticulum-dependent autophagic programmed cell death

The mechanism of anther abortion in a male sterile (ms) line (Longyou 9S) of Brassica napus L. was evaluated by a combination of light and electron microscopies. Light microscopy showed that the tapetal cells of the ms line appeared smaller than those of its fertile line, sporogenous cells were rich in vacuoles, and pollen mother cells dismantled before the tetrad stage. Electron microscopy demonstrated that sporogenous cells were also rich in very long, plate-shaped endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that actively encircled portions of cytoplasm with organelles. In later stages, many large membrane-bound inclusions were observed in the sporogenous cells. These membrane-bound inclusions were lined by single or multiple layer(s) of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and contained vacuoles, ribosome, plastid, mitochondria, small membrane-bound inclusion, and/or intact nuclei. In meiotic interphase and early meiosis prophase I, many vesicle aggregations and multivesicular bodies containing numerous vesicles appeared in pollen mother cells. More interestingly, some of the multivesicular bodies lay in deep cytoplasm or near cell wall, and some appeared fused with plasmalemma and released the inner vesicles out of plasmalemma. Such released vesicles gradually dispersed and later disappeared. The observations suggest that active endoplasmic reticulum-dependent autophagic programmed cell death and multivesicular body-dependent polar vesicle trafficking are probably present in the studied male sterile line.     

An ms2 male-sterile, female-fertile soybean sharing phenotypic expression with other ms mutants

Genetic and cytological studies of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis were conducted with a natural male‐sterile, female‐fertile soybean mutant (BR97‐17971) found in an F₄ breeding line of the Brazilian soybean breeding programme. Allele tests with ms Type Collection from USDA/ARS showed that the gene was allelic to ms2. Conventional analysis of microsporogenesis revealed a differential meiotic behaviour from the normal one reported in ms2 male‐sterile plants. Sterile plants have different levels of meiotic abnormalities related to chromosome segregation. Despite segregational abnormalities in the first and second divisions leading to micronuclei formation, the main meiotic cause of pollen sterility was absent or the defective cytokinesis following telophase II. Absent or defective cytokinesis has never been reported in ms2 mutants, but it was reported in the ms1 and ms4 mutants. After telophase II, one to four nucleate microspores underwent degeneration. Cross‐sections of sterile plant anthers showed that, at telophase II, the tapetal cells with large vacuoles degenerated. Despite callose deposition around meiocytes, sterile plants did not form tetrads. They degenerated and collapsed after callose dissolution, forming an amorphous mass. Anthers from male‐sterile plants were shrivelled.     

甜椒雄性不育两用系小孢子发育的显微观察

以甜椒雄性不育两用系为试材,对不育株与可育株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体行为、花药和小孢子发育过程进行了研究。结果表明,不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为未见异常,败育发生在四分小孢子形成之后。导致小孢子败育的原因与四分体胼胝质壁不适时解体和绒毡层细胞发育异常、延迟解体有关。     

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育发生的细胞学观察及分析

以不育系A₃晋粱5号和相应保持系B₃晋粱5号为材料，对A₃不育系花药发育及雄配子形成过程进行了细胞学观察和分析。结果表明，与A₁、A₂型CMS不同，A₃ CMS孢母细胞减数分裂正常，从四分体形成到幼龄花粉粒发育阶段都未观察到不同于B₃晋粱5号的异常现象。A₃晋粱5号花药经石蜡包埋切片观察，在造孢细胞期、减数分裂前间期及减数分裂期，均未观察到异常现象，不育系花粉母细胞能完成正常的减数分裂过程，四分体正常游离，绒毡层发育正常。但在成熟的花药中，观察到所有的花粉粒皱缩、凹陷、变形。在开花前约1周内的花粉粒成熟期，不育系花粉粒蔗糖—淀粉代谢途径受阻，花粉粒壁上无淀粉粒沉积。A₃ CMS小孢子败育发生在小孢子形成晚期的花粉粒成熟期。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育系胞质类型鉴定及花粉败育研究

为分析化学诱变产生的玉米细胞质雄性不育材料的不育类型,采用田间育性调查、花粉粒活力检测、结果表明,不育系85218A田间败育彻底,I₂-KI染色后花粉粒呈淡黄色,属于典型的圆败,PCR扩增为C型不育系,对C型小斑病菌表现中抗,花粉粒败育关键时期为单核后期。该研究拓宽了我国玉米雄性不育种质资源。     

小麦同核异质雄性不育系花粉发育的超微结构

对小麦８３（２１）３５核背景下三种细胞质雄性不育系（Ｔ,Ｖ,Ｋ）及保持系的花粉发育过程进行了超微结构研究,发现Ｔ型和Ｖ型不育系花粉败育前和败育中,液泡膜处于解体状态,细胞质和液泡间的有效分隔被破坏,液泡对细胞质的吞噬细胞强烈,线粒体等细胞器解体或退化,Ｖ型不育系花绒毡层内表面缺乏乌氏体分泌,在Ｋ型不育系花粉败育前,没有观察到线粒体,质体等细胞器结构方面的异常变化,但见到一种同心圆复合膜状结构以很高     

Cytological and molecular characterization of a new cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed

It is very important for rapeseed hybrid production to develop and utilize a novel cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system concerning the possible risk because of a narrow cytoplasm background. Here the anatomy of anther development in the CMS system, named NCa , was observed using light microscope and transmission electron microscope, and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of mitochondrial DNA of NCa sterile line were also performed in comparison with the other rapeseed sterile lines, such as pol , nap , ogura , and tour . The anther abortion of this CMS line occurred at the later uninucleate microspore stage, and the anatomic aborting characteristics were obviously different from all the other rapeseed CMS lines reported before. The RFLP analyses revealed that five probe/enzyme combinations could distinguish the five CMS lines. The results of anatomic observations and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism indicated that the NCa CMS system is a novel one which differs from the pol , nap , ogura , and tour systems.     

Conversion of the genic male sterility (GMS) system of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)

Non‐pungent bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) lacks the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) nuclear restorer allele, Rf, and CMS cannot be employed in its F₁ hybrid seed production. To demonstrate that the genic male sterility (GMS) system in non‐pungent bell pepper can be converted to the CMS male sterility system, the conversion of GMS to CMS for non‐pungent bell pepper line GC3 was conducted by introgression of S‐type cytoplasm and the Rf allele from tropical pungent donors. After morphological traits were evaluated, two lines from BC₁F₁ containing S‐type cytoplasm and four lines from BC₂F₂ containing Rf allele, phenotypically similar to GC3, were obtained and could be employed as CMS male sterile lines and restorer lines for non‐pungent bell pepper. Four molecular markers potentially linked to traits of interest were also evaluated in BC₁F₁ and BC₁F₂ populations. This is the first time that GMS has been successfully converted to CMS in bell pepper, a significant contribution for bell pepper hybrid seed production.     

玉米细胞质雄性不育性与乙烯的关系

研究了玉米Ｍｏ１７核背景三种雄性不育细胞质（Ｔ、Ｃ、Ｓ）系及正常可育细胞质（Ｎ）系小孢子发育不同阶段花药组织的乙烯释放量，发现不育系小孢子败育前的一、二个时期内花药组织乙烯释放量显著增加。同时设计的乙烯利及其合成抑制剂外源喷施实验也表明了其对雄性育性的逆转效应。讨论了植物激素对玉米细胞质雄性不育性的调控作用     

甘蓝型油菜温敏细胞核雄性不育系160S花药败育的形态学特征和细胞学研究

明确甘蓝型油菜温敏核雄性不育系160S花器形态变化、花药败育的时期和细胞学特征,初步探究败育的原因,为深入研究不育系160S的内在分子调控机制提供理论基础,也对其在油菜两系杂交育种中的实际应用具有指导意义。本研究在15℃和28℃条件下培养试验材料160S,利用体式显微镜分别观察花发育形态特征;采用醋酸洋红染色方法观察各时期小孢子发育形态;通过石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色对可育植株(MaleFertile/160S-MF)和不育植株(MaleSterile/160S-MS)花药细胞学特征进行显微观察;TUNEL染色法检测花药发育各时期绒毡层细胞凋亡情况。160S-MF在15℃表现为可育,雄蕊正常发育,成熟的花药呈黄色,形态饱满,正常开裂,表面一层有活性的花粉附着在上面;28℃条件下, 160S-MS花朵的雌蕊、萼片与160S-MF花朵无差异,但花瓣变小,花丝变短,雄蕊明显退化,花药干瘪呈黄褐色,无花粉粒附着在花药上,表现出雄性完全不育。160S-MF的小孢子能正常发育为成熟有活力的花粉。而160S-MS由于雄蕊完全败育,未观察到小孢子和花粉粒。160S-MS花药在造孢时期和花粉母细胞时期与160S-MF无明显差异,但在减数分裂期,160S-MS花药绒毡层形态和结构出现异常,绒毡层细胞排列不整齐,细胞空泡化,伴随提前解体。同时花粉母细胞发育受阻,无四分体结构形成,最终在减数分裂期完成前形成空的花粉囊。TUNEL检测发现, 160S-MS花药绒毡层细胞在减数分裂期开始凋亡。本研究结果表明, 160S属花粉母细胞败育型不育系,败育时期发生在减数分裂期,绒毡层异常降解,绒毡层未向腺质型转化,不能提供花粉母细胞发育所需要的营养物质,致使花粉母细胞发育受阻无法形成四分体结构,从而导致小孢子无法形成,花药形成空的花粉囊,产生雄性不育。