不同溶剂提取燕麦油的脂肪酸分析及抗氧化性能研究

为进一步增加燕麦油的利用价值,用石油醚、正己烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯和乙醇五种溶剂分别提取燕麦油,精炼后测定其脂肪酸组成、DPPH·清除及还原力,同时与大豆油进行比较研究。提取结果显示,溶剂极性越强,对燕麦油提取率越高。GC-MS的结果表明,随着提取溶剂极性的提高,燕麦油中不饱和脂肪酸和反油酸的含量呈现降低趋势;且燕麦油中的亚油酸、反油酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸含量均明显低于大豆油,但其他多不饱和脂肪酸的种类和含量高于大豆油。燕麦油的DPPH·清除能力及还原力高于大豆油,且随着极性的增强,大致呈现上升趋势。     

重要气象因子对农田灯光诱虫效率的影响

为提高农田灯光诱虫效率以及农田灯光诱虫装置的自动化开关灯条件的合理设计提供理论依据,实验分别于湖南南部、中部及北部3地的烟地或菜地设置若干台太阳能诱虫灯,每日收集各诱虫灯下的重要害虫和天敌,并进行鉴定、计数或烘干称重,然后比较同一地点或不同地点诱虫灯之间诱虫量的差异,并用相关-回归法分析每日诱虫量与每日重要气象因子之间的各种复杂关系。结果表明：诱虫量与大气日平均气温呈显著正相关关系（即灯光诱虫量随气温的升高而显著增加）,而与气压、降雨和相对湿度则呈显著的负相关关系（即灯光诱虫量随气压或湿度的升高以及降雨的发生而显著减少）,即高温、低湿、低气压和少雨天气有利于提高农田灯光诱虫的效率。     

国外棉花科技参考消息

用性诱剂破坏棉红铃虫自放的性诱素信息性诱剂 Hexalure(顺式—7—十六烯基醋酸盐)是一种对棉红铃虫雄虫有吸引作用的化合物,但还不是雌虫真正的性诱素。这种性诱剂用在棉田中整齐排列的蒸发器向空中连续施放。在蒸发器配置的各中心点放置虫笼,笼内雌虫放出自生的性诱素。在蒸发器施放的性诱剂达一定数量后,雄虫几乎完全找不到雌虫的所在。性诱剂气体蒸发的高度如果沿棉株顶梢形成一个水平面时,害虫自放的性诱素信息被破坏的最彻底。在7.3公顷的棉田上空     

毛黄鳃金龟性行为及性外激素利用

1986～1991年对毛黄金龟生物学习性及利用性外激素诱杀雄虫方法进行了研究,结果表明,毛黄成虫出土整齐而集中;雌虫仅能短距离爬行、交尾后即就近入土产卵,长年形成封闭式危害区域;成虫性间诱集力极强;雄虫只有一次有效交尾能力,雌虫可以多次交尾.这些特性有利于性激素使用.试验表明,性外激素在雌虫腹部产生,用乙醚提取活性最高.其粗提物可在0～10℃温度下贮存二年仍具有较强活性.在田间自然状态下释放粗提物诱杀毛黄雄虫,处理区比对照区毛黄幼虫量减退96.9％.     

多功能诱虫器的研发及其诱虫效果

目前,防治害虫的常用方法中农药的喷洒仍占主体,但是由于常年大量连续使用化学农药,已造成害虫抗药性的不断增强,防效明显下降,天敌量减少.为此,进行多功能诱虫器的研制势在必行,该诱虫器运用简单的物理原理,将黑光灯诱虫、性诱剂诱虫、黄色诱蚜等诱虫原理集成于一体,同时解决了黑光灯供能问题,通过太阳能电池为黑光灯供电;性诱水盆供水问题,由储水器自动供水,从而使田间植保诱虫工作化繁为简,极大的节省了人力、物力和财力.     

全新方案助力农药清洁生产甘氨酸废副产品有望全面获利用

入侵害虫美国白蛾已经对中国的森林、城市绿化树和农作物造成了极为严重的破坏，目前主要应用进口的性信息素诱芯监测陔虫的发生发展动态，成本较高。另外，进口性诱芯的信息素组分和比例未必符合美国白蛾中国种群，所以开发一种适合美国白蛾中国种群的性信息素诱芯来监测该虫在我国的发生发展动态，显得尤为必要。     

玉米象对破损玉米粒趋性的研究

在黑暗条件下的养虫笼内放入盛有完整玉米粒、破损玉米粒、完整与破损混合的玉米粒以及空白的培养皿,然后接入100头玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)成虫观察其趋性,重复3次。试验结果表明,与完整玉米粒相比,玉米象对破损玉米粒的趋性更强。取食完整玉米粒的玉米象仅有3.89±0.40头,取食完整与破损混合的玉米粒有29.22±1.44头,取食破损玉米粒的则有47.22±1.74头。取食完整玉米粒的玉米象与取食破损玉米粒的玉米象在数量上存在显著差异,性别上无显著差异。生产中可以使用在诱捕器内放入破损玉米粒的办法减少玉米象对入仓玉米的为害。     

不同色板对果树害虫及天敌的引诱作用差异

为减少果园中农药的使用,降低农药残留及其对环境的污染,寻求果园害虫无公害防治的方法,作者选用10种不同颜色的诱虫板分别在芒果园和杨桃园进行诱虫试验。结果表明：黄板诱集果园害虫种类较多,对姬蜂、小绿叶蝉和实蝇类害虫有很强的引诱力,而蓝板对蓟马引诱力极其显著,对其他种类害虫效果较差;黄板对害虫天敌的诱虫量略大于其他颜色,单板平均诱虫7.2头。黄板和蓝板对果园害虫有很强的引诱力且对天敌影响较小,可用于果园害虫防治。     

茶毛虫性信息素引诱剂对茶毛虫的防治效果研究

在贵州黔南州都匀茶场研究了荼毛虫性信息素引诱剂大面积诱杀茶毛虫的效果。结果表明荼毛虫性信息引诱剂以A3型效果最好，依次为A4、A2、A1、64d内(第一代为21d，第二代为43d)共诱到8906头，第一代每盆每晚平均可诱到3．52头，最高可诱到45头，第二代平均每盆每晚可诱到2．82头，最高可诱到38头，诱捕区内茶毛虫的寄生率增加了22．22％，大面积使用区内毛茶虫幼虫数量减少了60．05％，即茶毛虫性信息素引诱剂诱蛾效果非常明显，可作为茶园害虫防治、保护天敌，用于茶树综合治理的一个重要措施。     

枣园桃小食心虫防治阈值的研究

试验旨在明确累积诱蛾量与采收期虫果率之间的关系,确定小枣园桃小食心虫防治的成虫阈值,为桃小食心虫的科学防治提供依据。非试验区随机放置诱捕器并记录成虫诱集数量;根据试验区成虫诱集数量,在不同物候期累积蛾量出现较大变动时,用细纱网套果500个左右,并在采收期调查虫果率;当诱集蛾量出现较大变动时,延后3~4天喷施1%甲维盐乳油和40%辛硫磷乳油的混合药剂进行防治,喷药后,用细纱网套果500个左右,采收期调查虫果率;用SPSS 17.0数据处理系统对结果进行分析,并用Excel 2007拟合累积诱蛾量与小枣虫果率的关系。结果表明：桃小食心虫在沧州枣园1年发生2代,于6月中下旬出土,蛾量高峰出现在7月中下旬,至9月中旬结束。枣园中桃小食心虫的累积蛾量与虫果率呈显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05)：在自然生长的枣园,综合2年数据为Y=-0.000001X²+0.008X+3.342(r2=0.874,P＜0.05);在药剂防治条件下,综合2年数据为Y=-0.000002X²+0.006X+0.179(r2=0.890,P＜0.05)。试验证实,在小枣稳定坐果后,当累积蛾量在15头或以下时进行防治,虫果率至采收期就可控制在2%以内甚至更少。     

气相色谱法测定芝麻油掺伪的研究

在广泛收集不同产地芝麻油纯正样品基础上,用气相色谱进行分析,得到纯芝麻油的特征脂肪酸组成,以此作为实际样品鉴别的基础,并对人为掺入大豆油、葵花籽油、玉米油等植物油的模拟样品进行脂肪酸组成分析,经统计分析形成具有代表性的方程式和图表,作为芝麻油掺伪定性和定量的判断依据。     

Status and perspectives of breeding for enhanced yield and quality of oilseed crops for Europe

Vegetable oils are a high-value agricultural commodity for use in refined edible oil products and as renewable industrial or fuel oils, and as the world population increases demand for high-quality seed oils continues to grow. Worldwide the oilseed market is dominated by soybean (Glycine max), followed by oilseed rape/canola (Brassica napus). In Europe the major oilseed crop is oilseed rape (B. napus), followed some way behind by sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and other minor crops like linseed (Linum usitatissimum) or camelina (Camelina sativa). The seed oil of these crops is characterized by a specific quality, i.e. fatty acid composition and other fat-soluble compounds: Camelina and linseed oils are characterised by high contents of linolenic acid (C18:3); in sunflower very high-oleic (up to 90% C18:1) types exist in addition to classical high-linoleic (C18:2) oilseeds; in B. napus a broad diversity of oil-types is available in addition to the modern 00 (canola) type, e.g. high-erucic acid rapeseed or high-oleic and low-linolenic cultivars. Moreover, vegetable oils contain valuable minor compounds such as tocopherols (vitamin E). Increases of such contents by breeding have lead to value-added edible oils. After oil extraction, oilseed meals—such as rapeseed extraction meal—contain a high-quality protein that can be used as a valuable animal feed. However, in comparison to soybean the meal from oilseed rape also contains relatively high amounts of anti-nutritive fibre compounds, phenolic acids, phytate and glucosinolates. Breeding efforts with respect to meal quality are therefore aimed at reduction of anti-nutritive components, while increasing the oil content, quality and yield also remains a major aim in oilseed rape breeding. This review article provides a general overview of the status of oilseed production in Europe and uses examples from winter oilseed rape to illustrate key breeding aims for sustainable and high-yielding production of high-quality vegetable oil. Emphasis is placed on analytical tools for high-throughput selection of overall seed quality.     

Genetic variability of tocopherol composition in sunflower seeds as a basis of breeding for improved oil quality

The variability of seed tocopherol content in wild sunflower species, the expressivity of tph1 and tph2 mutations in different lines and the oxidative stability of sunflower oil with altered tocopherol and fatty acid composition were objectives of this research. Near-isogenic lines for three genes, i.e. Tph1, Tph2, and Ol, were developed and investigated. Tocopherol content was determined with TLC and HPLC, as well as fatty acid composition with GC of methyl esters. Rancimat tests were used to estimate the oxidative stability of the oil. The seed tocopherol composition of wild sunflower species was shown to be uniform with a prevailing content of the α-homologue (90-99%). The genetic background of different near-isogenic lines was found to influence expressivity of mutations for tocopherol composition. High content of strong antioxidants, such as β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols increased oil oxidative stability of linoleic and oleic types of oil by 1.2–3.0 times. The breeding model of sunflower hybrids should include antioxidant and vitamin parameters balanced for oils of different applications.     

油葵HaDGAT2基因的功能及表达特性分析

二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)在植物油脂合成中起关键作用,其活性高低与植物含油量显著相关。为探明油葵二酰甘油酰基转移酶2基因(HaDGAT2)的功能,本研究以‘新葵杂5号’为试验材料,从油葵中扩增HaDGAT2基因序列并构建酵母穿梭表达载体pYES2-Ha DGAT2,将重组载体转入酿酒酵母INVSc1后提取酵母总脂肪酸,甲酯化后GC-MS分析。结果显示,在酿酒酵母中可成功诱导HaDGAT2基因,且转HaDGAT2基因酵母中棕榈油酸(16:1)和油酸(18:1)含量与对照相比得到提高。结果表明,HaDGAT2基因在调控油脂合成的过程中具有重要作用。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明HaDGAT2基因在油葵根、茎、叶、花、子叶和不同发育时期的种子中都有表达,且在开花后31天的种子中表达量高,说明该基因表达无组织特异性,在油葵种子油脂积累后期起关键调控作用。本研究为深入了解油葵油脂和调控机制提供了基础,为今后利用分子育种手段提高并改良葵花籽油的品质提供了理论基础。     

芝麻EST-SSR标记的开发和初步研究

为了加速分子标记在芝麻研究中的应用,利用网上现有的芝麻EST(expressed sequence tags)数据信息,开展了芝麻EST-SSR功能性标记的开发和利用研究。 在所有的3 328条芝麻EST序列中共确认得到1 785条非冗余EST序列。其中,在含有微卫星重复的148条序列中共检测有155个EST-SSR。非冗余EST序列总长为774.266 kb,平均每4.99 kb含有一个EST-SSR。EST-SSR的分布频率和特征分析表明,以AG/TC为重复基元(motif)的SSR出现最多,占总SSR的37.42%。利用这些序列,设计开发了50对EST-SSR引物,并分别选用36个芝麻、2个棉花、2个大豆和2个油葵进行多态性和通用性研究。其中44对引物在供试芝麻材料中扩增出条带,共产生108个位点,平均每对引物产生2.45个位点,多态信息含量(polymorphism information content, PIC)平均值为0.390。根据遗传相似性系数进行聚类,有26个芝麻材料聚类在两个大的亚类(III和IV)中,聚类结果表明芝麻的基因型与地理来源之间没有必然的联系。此外,分别有2对、3对和4对引物可以在棉花、大豆和油葵中进行通用性扩增。本研究证实这种全新开发的芝麻EST-SSR标记在芝麻遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建以及比较基因组等研究方面有广阔的利用前景。     

不同加工处理方式对芝麻油风味的影响研究

以传统作坊式水代法芝麻油、传统作坊式压榨芝麻油、商品芝麻油为研究对象，采用顶空固相微萃取与气质联用技术（HS-SPME-GC/MS）和聚类分析对不同芝麻油挥发性化合物进行了检测和系统对比。结果表明：通过聚类分析，发现水代芝麻油和商品芝麻油的挥发性化合物组成相似程度更高；此外，芝麻油中吡嗪类化合物、含硫杂环化合物和苯系物因不同加工处理方式的差异显示出较大变化，其中3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、4-甲基噻唑、愈创木酚等可作为区别三种芝麻油的关键风味物质。     

燕麦—小麦混合粉的粉质特性研究

以小麦粉为对照,研究不同配比的燕麦—小麦混合粉的粉质特性。结果表明,随着燕麦粉质量分数的增加,燕麦全粉—小麦粉混合粉和燕麦精粉—小麦粉混合粉的吸水率均呈增大趋势,稳定时间均是先增大后减小;在燕麦粉质量分数为5%～40%,随着燕麦粉质量分数的增加,形成时间的变化趋势均是先减小后增大,弱化度的变化趋势均是先减小后增大。     

芝麻种质营养品质研究

对410份芝麻种质分析表明,脂肪平均含量为53.13％,变异系数为3.53％,蛋白质平均含量为26.39％,变异系数为7.03％,并建立了二者的回归方程。分析出脂肪中有6种脂肪酸,其中油酸、亚油酸含量总和在80％以上。脂肪酸组分对脂肪含量的通径分析表明,油酸和亚油酸的直接效应分别为0.6907和0.9322。筛选出19个脂肪含量高达56％以上,同时又具有蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸优质性状的品种。探讨了粒色与营养品质的关系,表明脂肪含量随着粒色加深而下降,显示出芝麻品种的粒色演进为黑粒——褐粒——黄粒——白粒。     

A new sunflower high oleic mutation confers stable oil grain fatty acid composition across environments

The oil industry demands sunflower oils with high oleic acid content. New varieties producing high oleic oils independently of the growing environment are needed as growers could receive an extra prime for offering them. Oil fatty acid composition of high oleic sunflower hybrids currently available carrying the Pervenets mutation could however be affected by the temperature during the grain filling period. A new high oleic mutation has been obtained to attain oils with ultra-high oleic levels (>90%oleic acid content). This new structural mutation would be able to reduce the variation in oleic acid percentage to changes in the minimum night temperature (MNT). The aim of this work was to assess the response of oil fatty acid composition of the new high oleic mutation to MNT compared to traditional and Pervenets genotypes. Field experiments in different sowing dates and locations and one growth chambers experiment were performed to explore a wide range of temperatures (11.8–23.2 °C) during grain filling. The oleic acid percentage in traditional and high oleic Pervenets genotypes varied between 15.0–50.9% and 87.4–91.2%, respectively, while the new mutation genotype presented values of oleic acid between 91.3 and 92.5%. Moreover, the oleic acid percentage of traditional and Pervenets genotypes showed a linear and positive response to temperature (slopes 2.95 and 0.28%oleic acid °C⁻¹, respectively). No response to temperature was detected in the new mutation genotype. The ultra-high oleic quality from the new high oleic sunflower mutant could be obtained in a wide range of environments as the fatty acid composition was not affected by temperature during grain filling, representing an advantage over the high oleic Pervenets and traditional genotypes.