文昌市椰树主要病虫害发生与防治

通过多次实地调查文昌市椰子产区，初步了解文昌市椰树主要病虫害发生现状，发现椰心叶甲、二疣犀甲、红棕象甲、椰子织蛾、椰子灰斑病、泻血病和芽腐病为文昌椰树主要病虫害。描述椰树主要病虫害的发生及危害，并提出防治措施。     

椰子二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros L.在我国椰子种植区的发生、分布、为害与综合防治研究

本文记述了椰子二疣犀甲在我国的发生、分布及对椰子树的为害情况。分析了二疣犀甲在椰子种植区猖獗的原因。根据二疣犀甲在椰子种植区不同的自然因素与人为因素及为害情况,划分成三个不同为害区,并提出了综合防治的意见。     

中国椰子寒害及其对策研究

椰子是一种典型的热带作物，受低温天气影响椰树会出现严重的落裂果、叶片变黄甚至整株枯死的现象；大灾之后，各地采取了一系列抗灾救灾措施，并取得了明显成效。本文对受2008年初椰树寒害的区域性、品种耐寒性进行回顾，对3年来的抗寒救灾措施进行全面总结，并对今后中国椰子生产发展提出可行性建议。     

pH、离子强度等因素对椰子分离蛋白溶解性和乳化性的影响

分析椰子分离蛋白(CPI)溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性及pH、离子强度和温度对这些功能特性的影响。结果表明,与大豆分离蛋白和棉籽分离蛋白相比,椰子分离蛋白具有较好的溶解性、乳化性、吸油性和吸水性;而pH、离子强度和温度等因素对椰子分离蛋白的溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性有显著影响。在等电点附近,椰子分离蛋白表现出最低的溶解性与乳化性;低离子强度可提高椰子分离蛋白的溶解性和乳化性,而高离子强度降低了其溶解性和乳化性;CPI在60℃时有较好的溶解性和乳化性。     

银合欢豆象在云南省的潜在分布区预测

为了掌握银合欢豆象在云南的潜在分布区,为银合欢豆象在云南省的发生、早期预警和防控提供参考资料,利用银合欢豆象的分布点数据和环境因子数据,通过Maxent生态位模型预测了银合欢豆象在云南省的适生范围区。结果表明:银合欢豆象在云南省适生范围分为4级,高适生区以绿色表示;中适生区以蓝色表示;低适生区以浅黄表示;非适生区以红色表示。利用ROC曲线分析法对预测结果进行验证表明:其训练数据和测试数据分别为0.995和0.996,远大于随机分布模型的AUC值0.5,说明预测结果可靠。     

利用最大熵模型预测药用植物海南蒟的潜在地理布局

利用获得的24个种群位点和27个环境图层,选择最大熵模型(Maxent)在地理和环境空间上模拟了我国药用植物海南蒟(Piper hainanense)的潜在地理布局。结果表明,Maxent模型的预测准确率高达87.5%,p值检验显示具有统计显著性。海南蒟的潜在区主要集中在海南、广东南部和广西部分地区,与已知的实际分布密切相关,此外在越南北部和老挝中部也有潜在分布的可能。目前已有部分分布区位于政府设定的自然保护区内,但仍有超过80%的分布区未被有效保护,常遭受人为干扰破坏。根据留一法检验和环境因子分析,部分与温度和降水有关的环境因子决定了海南蒟的潜在地理布局。     

椰子分离蛋白起泡性、黏度及其影响因素的研究

分析了椰子分离蛋白(CPI)起泡性、泡沫稳定性、黏度及pH、离子强度、温度和蛋白质浓度对这些功能特性的影响。结果表明,椰子分离蛋白的起泡性和黏度与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)相近;而pH、离子强度、温度等因素对椰子分离蛋白的起泡性和黏度有显著的影响。在等电点(pH4.5)附近,CPI的起泡性和黏度最小,但却表现出最高的泡沫稳定性(91.25%);低离子强度可以提高椰子分离蛋白的起泡性,但高离子强度使CPI的起泡性、泡沫稳定性和黏度都变小;在70℃时CPI的黏度最大;蛋白质浓度变大时,CPI的黏度也显著增大。     

基于气候适宜度的橡胶树产胶年景预测模型

为准确评估不同橡胶树种植区的年产胶潜力的变化,根据2000—2015年遥感和气候数据,分别建立了橡胶产量气象影响指数和橡胶树气候适宜性指数序列,通过统计分析和利用ArcGIS空间分析功能,研发了基于年综合气候适宜度指数的橡胶树产胶年景评估模型,模型空间分辨率1 km×1 km,实现了橡胶树种植区产胶潜力精细化评估,克服了传统意义上依靠单站数据预测橡胶产胶年景的缺陷。结果表明：该模型实现了依靠气候数据客观、定量预测种植区橡胶树在不同区域的年产胶能力变化,能从宏观上区分不同区域的差异,为橡胶树精细化气象决策服务提供技术支撑。     

云南省椰子主要病虫害种类初步调查

经过对云南省零星椰子种植区近两年的抽样调查,发现危害本区域的椰子病虫害种类较多,椰子病害主要有椰子茎干泻血病、灰斑病、芽腐病、果腐病、煤烟病,虫害主要种类有椰心叶甲、二疣犀甲、椰园蚧、红脉穗螟、黑刺粉虱等13个类群,并明确了分布范围。     

发展中国椰子科技国际合作交流的探析

介绍加强椰子科技国际合作交流的背景及中国椰子科技国际合作概况,分析中国椰子产业缺乏具有国际竞争和科技含量高的椰子深加工产品,缺乏高层次椰子科技国际合作交流的人才,缺乏与国外科研机构合作开发较大的椰子产业的科研项目等我国椰子科技国际合作存在的问题,针对以上问题对中国椰子科技国际合作交流的进一步发展提出了建议。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.