糯与非糯近等基因系谷粒灌浆及贮藏特性的差异

糯稻品种的千粒重和比重略小于籼粳稻品种,使其产量要比近等质的籼、粳稻品种平均低5％左右。对糯玉米及其等质基因系非糯玉米成熟过程中籽粒水分含量的研究发现糯与非糯有差异。武田和义用水稻品种台中65及台中65糯     

水稻不同外植体培养效果及其相关性分析

 以23个水稻品种（组合）或品系 (基因型)为材料，对不同外植体（花药、幼穗、幼胚和成熟胚）进行愈伤组织诱导和绿苗分化，结果表明，4种外植体的培养效果存在基因型差异，不同外植体的培养效果差异明显。花药与幼穗、成熟胚间的愈伤组织诱导率呈显著正相关，幼穗与幼胚的愈伤组织诱导率也呈显著正相关；绿苗分化率之间则不存在相关性；4种外植体的愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率之间无相关性。     

小麦花药培养特性的数量遗传分析

为探讨小麦花药培养特性的遗传特点和规律,分别以高花药培养特性和低花药培养特性的小麦材料为母本和父本,采用主基因 多基因遗传模型,对两个组合不同世代小麦材料的花药出愈率、愈伤组织绿苗分化率、花药绿苗率三个花培性状进行了遗传分析.结果表明,花药出愈率在组合Ⅰ检测到一对主基因,组合Ⅱ中检测到两对主基因.愈伤组织绿苗分化率和花药绿苗率均检测到两对主基因.主基因的加性效应(d)为增效,显性效应(h)除组合Ⅱ的愈伤组织绿苗分化率外均为减效.互作效应在组合Ⅰ中,愈伤组织绿苗分化率的jab(第一对主基因的d与第二对主基因的h间的互作效应)和花药绿苗率的jba(第一对主基因的h与第二对主基因的d间的互作效应)较小.在组合Ⅱ中,花药出愈率的jba较小;愈伤组织绿苗分化率的l(显性互作效应)较大;花药绿苗率的各效应值比较平均.多基因效应中,对于组合Ⅰ的花药绿苗率和组合Ⅱ的花药出愈率,d和h均为增效,且h大于d;组合Ⅱ中愈伤组织绿苗分化率的d和h均为减效,且d大于h.不同组合F2代花药出愈率的主基因遗传率存在明显差异,组合Ⅰ为55.01%,组合Ⅱ为84.54%,其余两花培性状主基因遗传率差异较小,均在90%以上.研究认为,3个性状受主基因和多基因共同影响,且主基因起决定作用,花药出愈率可以作为衡量小麦花药培养特性的重要指标之一.     

根癌农杆菌介导的水稻转化系统的优化及转反义Wx基因植株的获得

以具不同直链淀粉含量的籼粳稻品种为受体材料,试验了适宜于根癌农杆菌介导转化的水稻愈伤组织诱导培养基及其诱导培养的时间。结果表明,一种基于MS基本培养基的商品培养基较适合作为籼粳稻幼胚愈伤组织的诱导培养基;对于籼型杂交稻亲本协青早B,转化前幼胚较适合的愈伤组织诱导培养天数为8 d左右。在此基础上,将反义蜡质（Wx）基因分别导入上述受体亲本中,获得了一批转基因水稻植株。PCR和Southern杂交分析表明反义Wx基因已经整合进了转基因水稻的基因组中。遗传分析表明外源基因在转基因水稻后代中的分离符合3∶1的理论比例。     

1个籼粳杂交F_1花药培养及其影响因素研究

以籼粳杂交(沈农265/R99)F1及其亲本为试验材料,对低温预处理、不同基本培养基、基因型、不同激素配比等影响花药培养效果的因素进行了研究。结果表明:(1)不同低温处理时间沈农265/R99 F1的愈伤诱导率、绿苗分化率和花药培养力差异达到极显著水平,低温预处理7 d的花药培养效果最好。(2)3个基因型的愈伤诱导率、绿苗分化率以及花药培养力差异很大,沈农265/R99适合在SK3培养基上培养,沈农265适合在改良N6培养基上培养,R99适合在M8培养基上培养,培养基与基因型存在互作效应。(3)沈农265/R99F1花药诱导愈伤的最佳的激素配比为2,4-D(2 mg.L-1)、NAA(1mg.L-1)、KT(0.5 mg.L-1)。     

水稻糯性突变对淀粉理化特性的影响

比较了籼、粳两个糯性突变品种与原亲本品种淀粉的理化特性。糯性突变后除了直链淀粉含量显著降低外,淀粉的糊化温度变高、胶稠度增大、RVA谱(rapid viscosity analyzer)参数下降。RVA谱参数降低的幅度从高到低依次是消减值>回复值>冷胶粘度>热浆粘度>最高粘度>崩解值,表明控制直链淀粉含量的Wx位点对淀粉糊化特性和粘滞性是有影响的,存在多效性。同时,两个糯稻品种之间的RVA谱差异较大,其中崩解值和最高粘度差值均大于糯性突变对它们的影响,说明除直链淀粉外,支链淀粉也影响淀粉的理化特性。对Wx位点鉴定的结果显示扬辐糯4号wx基因第一内含子剪切位点＋1位的碱基由原品种的G突变成了T,扬糯2号与其原品种相同(均为T);两个糯稻突变品种wx基因前导区的(CT)n微卫星重复序列与原品种相比都发生了变化。     

提高野栽稻杂交后代花药培养率的研究

取普通野生稻与普通栽培稻杂交组合共１０个，研究了不同组合、不同世代、培养基配比及培养时变温处理等与花药培养效率的关系。结果表明：杂交组合间有差异，普通野生稻与粳型杂交其后代花培易成绿苗；Ｆ１比Ｆ２、Ｆ３愈伤组织诱导率和分化率均高；培养基以改良Ｎ６培养基最好；变温处理可提高愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率。     

冬小麦高花药培养力基因型的筛选

为了筛选小麦花培育种骨干亲本,减轻花培育种的基因型依赖性问题,对74个冬小麦品种(系)的5个花药培养力性状进行了鉴定,并对5个性状进行了相关性分析。结果表明,74个基因型的愈伤组织诱导率、绿苗分化率、绿苗产率、白苗分化率及白苗产率变化范围分别为0~43.17%、0~139.29%、0~20.83%、0~63.33%、0~7.17%,各花药培养力性状在所研究基因型中差异明显,存在基因型依赖性,其中绿苗分化率基因型间差异最大。基因型愈伤组织诱导特性与绿苗、白苗的分化正相关,愈伤再生分化成绿苗或是白苗没有相关性。筛选出绿苗产率高于1.0%的基因型22个,其中,SPLM2、衡96851、石4185、邯6172、河农6425五个基因型农艺性状较好,绿苗产率依次为8.17%、5.44%、2.39%、2.00%、0.72%,可作为花培育种的骨干亲本。     

提高水稻花培育种效率研究

通过对7个杂交组合F1代的花药培养,探讨了花培材料不同低温处理、不同诱导分化培养基激素配比、不同添加物以及培养条件对花药培养效率的影响,结果表明:低温预处理可提高花培的诱愈率,以8℃、8 d处理效果最好;改良N6培养基+YD2处理为粳稻、偏粳材料愈伤组织诱导最佳培养基,MS培养基+FH4处理为粳稻、偏粳材料愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基;多效唑(MET)对绿苗分化具有很大的促进作用;水解乳蛋白(LH)等有机附加物对多数材料的愈伤组织诱导和分化都有一定的作用;光、温培养条件对愈伤组织诱导分化有影响。     

糯性位点对稻米粒重的效应分析

试验测得灿粘 ／籼糯、粳糯、粳粘／梗糯和梗粘／灿糯４类共１３５个组合Ｆ１植物上糯与非糯糙米平均粒重的盯对差异分别为９．８３％／１０．４２％、６．６３％ 和７．３３％。通过对部分组合Ｆ２杂合单上糯与非糯平均粒重的跟踪调查，证明上述差异来自ｗｘ坏愕亩嘈裕彝蛔榈任换蚨粤Ｖ氐淖饔么笮≡谏舷率来湎喽晕榷ǖ摹８萆鲜觯蠢嘧楹? 表现型差异推测ｗｘ位点上很可能存在复等位基因的分化，其中籼稻的非糯等     

Relationship Between the First Base of the Donor Splice Site of Waxy Gene Intron 1 and Amylose Content in Yunnan Indigenous Rice Varieties

There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT-genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT-genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P<0.01).     

水稻wx 基因对籽粒糖类积累和萌发种子淀粉酶活力的影响

 利用糯和非糯籼稻近等基因系原丰早和原丰早糯、珍竹19和珍竹19糯研究了糯质基因wx对籽粒糖类积累和萌发种子淀粉酶活力的影 响。wx使原丰早糯的还原糖和非还原糖分别较原丰早高0.07～2.94和1.04～4.55个百分点，珍竹19糯较珍竹19高 1.01～5.08及1.60～6.59个百分点。相反糯性籽粒发育过程中的淀粉含量分别较非糯籽粒低0.34～5.01及0.72～6.64个百分点。wx自籽粒发育始期就控制合成稳定高比例的支链淀粉。萌发的糯性种子β-淀粉酶和R酶活力较高，而非糯种子α-淀粉酶活力较高。同工酶电泳结果表明wx基因对种子α-淀粉酶带影响较大。外源GA3诱导后，带胚的非糯籽粒α-淀粉酶活力也较强。     

Effect of wx genes on amylose content,physicochemical properties of wheat starch,and the suitability of waxy genotype for producing Chinese crisp sticks

The effect of wx genes on amylose content, physicochemical properties of wheat starches, and the quality of Chinese crisp stick were investigated using near-isogenic lines (NILs) with null wx alleles in Yangmai 17 and Yangmai 01-2 backgrounds. wx genes showed significant effects on amylose content and other traits. The triple-null genotype had the lowest amylose content among eight genotypes, followed by double-null, single-null, and wild-type genotypes. The triple-null also showed lower flour yield, higher percentage of type B-granules on a volume basis and higher crystallinity than non-waxy genotypes, and showed significant differences in all pasting and thermal transition parameters compared to non-waxy genotypes, except for degree of retrogradation at day 14. For the quality of Chinese crisp stick, the hardness, crispness, fracturability, and specific volume of waxy genotype were 3.91 kg, 11.0, 1.85 mm and 104.4 ml, whereas the corresponding ranges for non-waxy genotypes were 5.39–5.70 kg, 0.5–0.9, 0.69–0.86 mm and 49.5–57.6 ml, respectively, in Yangmai 17 background. This indicates that waxy genotypes showed significantly better crisp stick quality than non-waxy genotypes. A similar trend was also observed in Yangmai 01-2 background. This indicated the potential utilization of waxy wheat for producing traditional products.     

不同结实温度下稻米直链淀粉含量与千粒重的相关性研究

不同结实温度下稻米直链淀粉含量与千粒重的相关性研究钟旭华，李太贵，（江西农业大学，南昌３３００４５；中国水稻研究所，杭州３１０００６）ＴｈｅＣｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＡｍｙｌｏｓｅＣｏｎｔｅｎｔａｎｄＧｒａｉｎＷｅｉｇｈｔｕｎｄｅｒＤｉｆｆ...     

Comparative Protein Digestibility in Growing Rats of Cooked Rice and Protein Properties of Indica and Japonica Milled Rices

College,Laguna, Philippines.Received 1 ABSTRACT Eight indica and japonica milled rices with low amylose content and low starch gelatinisation temperature were analysed for cooked rice energy and N balance in growing rats and for protein properties. Digestible energy values were similar. Japonica rices Koshihikari and Sasanishiki had higher true digestibility (TD) and net protein utilisation in rats than indica rices IR24 and PR23383-15. Similar results were obtained from in vitro proteolysis. High TD of cooked rices was not significantly correlated with low prolamin content in raw rice and with low waxy gene product (protein bound to starch granule) but was significantly correlated with low cysteine content in protein and with low denatured prolamin content in cooked rice. In two pairs of cooked waxy milled rices, which are devoid of waxy gene product, japonica rice still tended to show higher rat TD and in vitro protein digestibility than indica rice, consistent with lower cysteine content in japonica protein.     

水稻成熟胚组织培养研究

对珍汕 97B、明恢 6 3、H14 93、中花 11等 4个水稻品种的成熟胚在组织培养中愈伤组织诱导率和植株再生率的研究表明 ,在N6培养基中附加体积分数为 2× 10 -3 的 2 ,4 -D时诱导率最高。在相同的诱导培养基和分化培养基上 ,4个水稻品种的愈伤组织诱导率和植株再生率表现出极大的差异。粳稻H14 93表现最好 ,其诱导率和再生率分别达到 90 .6 %和 90 .0 % ;中花 11次之 ,分别为 85 .2 %和 6 6 .7% ;2个籼稻品种的愈伤组织诱导率较低 ,植株再生率几乎为 0。说明本试验中的诱导条件适合于粳稻品种 ,而对籼稻品种不利     

Amylose and Lipid Contents,Amylopectin Structure,and Gelatinisation Properties of Waxy Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Starch

Starch was isolated from the endosperm of three recently developed waxy wheat lines and their parents. Their amylose and lipid contents, amylopectin structures and gelatinisation properties were evaluated. The endosperm starch from waxy wheat lines is composed essentially of amylopectin. The apparent amylose (1·2–2·0 g/100 g) and lipid contents (0·12–0·29 g/100 g) are much lower than the apparent amylose (26·0–28·4 g/100 g) and lipid contents (1·05–1·17 g/100 g) of their non-waxy parents. The amylopectin of waxy wheat lines is structurally identical to that of the parents. The peak gelatinisation temperature and gelatinisation enthalpy for waxy starch are significantly higher than for non-waxy starch, but the gelatinisation enthalpy for the amylopectin fraction of waxy starch is nearly identical to that of non-waxy starch.     

麦芽糖提高水稻花药培养效率的研究

 研究了浓度均为150 mmol/L的9种碳源(含组合)对3个籼稻品种花药的愈伤组织诱导率的影响，发现麦芽糖为碳源的培养基效果最佳。进一步以7个籼稻2个粳稻和4个杂交组合为材料，系统比较了150 mmol/L的麦芽糖与蔗糖作为诱导培养基的碳源对花药培养的影响，结果表明，以麦芽糖为碳源的培养基上，平均愈伤组织诱导率和随后的绿苗分化率分别为54.81%与9.70%，而在相应的蔗糖培养基上只有11.85%和3.30%，差异极显著。讨论了提高籼稻花培效率的簧略，井建议采用统一的方法计算愈伤组织诱导率．     

籼粳杂种糯性基因的异常分离及其特征

In order to study the segregation distortion of waxy gene, three intersubspecific compatible japonica varieties Xiushui 117, T8340 and 02428, and Taichung 65 and its four isogenic F₁-sterile lines were used to cross and backcross with three pairs of waxy and isogenic nonwaxy indica lines Yuanfengzao vs Yuanfengzao Nuo, Guangluai 4 vs Guangluai 4 Nuo and Zhenzhu 19 vs Zhenzhu 19 Nuo. Results indicated that for grains setting on F₁ plants and triple cross F₁ plants, the segregation of nonwaxy(n) and waxy(w)could be classified into three types, namely, n: w> 3:1, n: w=3:1 and n: w<3:1. Some genetic factor was found to be responsible for the distorted segregation by influencing pollen competition to some extent and its function was independent of F₁ sterility gene. Considering that the distorted segregation showed distinct characterizations from the gametophyte genes reported hitherto, the authors postulated that it could be controlled by the interaction between sporophytic and gametophytic genes.