橡胶树生物量估测的数学模型*

依据生物体各部分器官与测树因子之间存在着相对生长规律，以树围（Ｇ）和Ｄ２Ｈ为自变量建立橡胶树树叶、树干、小枝、树根、树头、地上、地下部分及全株生物量估测模型，经综合检验，确认以树围为自变量的模型优于以Ｄ２Ｈ为自变量的模型。并利用此模型对更新橡胶林的生物量进行了估测，同时建立了橡胶树生物量表。     

水杉人工林生物生产力及纸浆材工艺成熟研究

本文研究了水杉的生长进程，各测树因子与地上部分生物量的关系及水杉纸浆性能。研究结果表明：１）密度对胸径、材积的连年生长量影响显著；２）水杉地上部分生物总量、树干重、枝叶重与胸径（Ｄ）、树高（Ｈ）的关系密切，相关系数均在０．９５以上；３）水杉纤维素含量在４１．６％￣４８．９％之间，平均纤维长度在３．０￣５．２毫米，并随年龄的增加纤维素含量增加、纤维长度加大；４）水杉纸浆材工艺成熟龄在８￣１０年。     

闽南麻竹人工林地上部分现存生物量的研究

对闽南地区麻竹人工林地上部分生物量模型及现存生物量结构进行了研究。结果表明：以模型ｍ＝ａ·（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ对麻竹地上部分总生物量和秆生物量进行估计较为可靠,而对枝、叶生物量的估计需引进枝下高因子ｈ及模型ｍ＝ａ·Ｄｂ·（Ｈ－ｈ）Ｃ或ｍ＝ａ·Ｄｂ·［（Ｈ－ｈ）／ｈ］Ｃ。闽南地区麻竹人工林地上部分平均现存生物量为３９．５１８ｔ·ｈｍ－２,按年龄分配为：３年生生物量最高,占５９．１７％,其次为２年生、４年生、５年生;按器官分配为：秆生物量最高,占６２．８１％,其次为枝、叶。地上部分总生物量与秆生物量随竹秆高度增加而递减,枝、叶生物量自６～８ｍ区分段分别向秆基及秆梢递减     

海南木莲人工林生物量及养分分配

本文测定并分析了海南尖峰岭地区３０年生的热带乡土树种海南木莲人工林生物量及其估算模型，论述了生物量及其养分分配规律。指出：海南木莲各器官及整株生物量模型以幂函数模型Ｗ＝ａ（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ比较理想；全林分的总生物量为１４４．０６６ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中地上部分生物量８９．９３５ｔ／ｈｍ２。乔木层生物量占７８．８１％，林下植物层占２１．１９％；在乔木层中，树干、树叶、树枝、树皮和树根所占的比例分别是５４．１２７％、２．３５４％、７．７６２％、９．３７０％和２６．３８８％；乔木层中，各器官的养分含量，除Ｃａ外，都是叶比其它器官（枝、皮、干、根）的养分含量高许多，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ５个常量养分元素在海南木莲人工林生物体中的总贮量分别为５５７．７５４，２４．３３０，５９９．９０８，２７５．５５７，６４．１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，各养分贮量在各器官中分布，除Ｐ外，从小到大为树叶、树枝、树皮、树干、树根     

欧美杨人工幼林地上生物量估测方法的探讨

用欧美杨密度试验林中所选择的标准木和侧枝作材料，以侧枝和树干的长度及直径为观测指标，分别采用不同的数学模型和估侧方法拟合侧枝的叶片、枝条和枝叶总生物量及树干生物量回归估侧模型，并对不同的估测方法进行分析比较和检验。经筛选，叶片、枝条及枝叶总生物量的枝长指数模型和基径的幂函数模型拟合最好，树干生物量则以树干长度与直径相乘积的指数模型最优。不论侧枝分龄与否和树干分段与否，所建模型均能获得较精确的估测结果。以５株活立木１９９２～１９９４年生长量观测数据为资料进行实测检验，估测值与伐倒实测值之间，树冠生物量相对误差平均为４．３１％，各株树干的相对误差都小于５％，地上部分总生物量平均只差２．５２％。     

石竹各器官生物量回归模型研究

利用石竹地上部分生物量调查资料，探讨各器官平均生物量与胸径、地径、竹高、枝下高的相关关系。应用回归分析的方法。选择不同的回归方程来拟合生物量估测数学模型。结果表明：以幂函数Ｗ－ｃＤ＾ａＨ＾ｂ所拟合的生物量估测模型最佳，经实用性检验。可靠性较高，具有很好的实用价值。可供生产参考。     

黧朔栲人工林生长量的研究

用常规法对黧蒴栲人工林生物量进行了测定。研究结果表明，１３年和１０年生人工林的生物量分别为１６０．７５４ｔ／ｈｍ＾２和９４．７２５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２。乔木层各器官生物量为树干＞根＞枝＞叶；其生物量空间密度地上部分为５．３４７～８．１８４ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ｍ。林木叶面积指数为６．５５＞８．１３ｍ＾２／ｍ＾２。树干年生物量随林龄增加而增大，１２年生达最大值１１．７３ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。     

沿海地区水杉林带生物产量的时空结构特征

根据江苏沿海地区水杉林带中３３ 株标准木生物量的测定资料,分析了不同立地类型、不同林龄阶段水杉林带生物产量的结构特征。结果表明：旱作田水杉林带总生物产量稍高于水旱轮作田,但旱作田水杉林带的干量相对分配率小于水旱轮作田,而根量、枝量和叶量的相对分配率则大于水旱轮作田;随着林龄的增长,两立地类型水杉林带的干量相对分配率相应增大,根量、枝量和叶量的相对分配率相应减少;旱作田水杉林带生物生产力高于水旱轮作田,旱作田年平均净生产量由６ ａ 生的３－３６１ ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） 增至１９ ａ 生的１７－５９２ ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） ,水旱轮作田则由５ ａ 生的２－４９１ ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） 增至１５ ａ 生的１０－６２２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） 。     

苏北沿海地区不同模式农田林网胁地效应的研究

从野外测定和理论估算两个方面，分析了苏北沿海地区杨树和水杉农田林网的胁地范围，结果表明：这两种模式农田林网存在着不同程度的胁地作用，且网格组成林带的胁地范围有着明显的差异，南林带量严重，水杉林网为１．０Ｈ；；杨树林网为１．５Ｈ；东、西林带其次，水杉林网为０．５－０．８Ｈ；杨树林网为１．０Ｈ；北林带胁地范围不明显。在胁地范围内，水杉林网的小麦减产率约为杨树林网的一半（北林带除外）。     

苏北京杭大运河堤杉木引种栽培研究

在苏北京杭大运河堤引种种栽培杉木研究结果表明，粗放经营林分，１９ａ时Ｈ１２．３０ｍ，Ｄ１．３１９．１ｃｍ立木积量２２４．０ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，地上部分生物量达１４７．ｄ１２ｔ／ｈｍ＾２中径材５１．１％，小径材占４６．６５；集约管抚林分，１３ａ时Ｈ１１．９０ｍ，Ｄ１．３１５．１ｃｍ，立木蓄积量和地上部分生物量分别达２０４．７３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾３和１１１．０５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，中小径材各占４８．４％。广西融水     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。