利用无土栽培研究不同肥料对蔬菜产量与品质的影响

采用无土栽培的方法对蔬菜进行盆栽试验,研究在施用不同用量的化肥和有机肥的条件下蔬菜的产量和品质变化。结果表明,在蔬菜无土栽培中,施用有机肥比施用化肥可显著提高蔬菜的品质,并能达到较高的产量。无论是生菜还是芹菜,其抗坏血酸(Vc)的含量都是有机肥处理明显高于相应的化肥处理。而对人体有害的硝酸盐含量则恰恰相反,供试有机肥处理大大低于化肥处理。另外,施用有机肥可降低蔬菜体内有机酸含量。和化肥相比,有机肥明显具有长效作用,它对第3茬蔬菜仍然有效。利用消毒有机肥进行蔬菜的无土栽培要优于营养液浇灌的方式。     

花卉的无土栽培

无土栽培是指不用天然的土壤,而用人工配制的营养液栽培。无土栽培最大的优点是省工省事且不污染环境,尤其适宜家庭莳养花卉。无土栽培大体上分为人工配制基质栽培和水培两大类。基质无土栽培法 基质主要选用珍珠岩、蛭石和炉渣,可以按比例混合或单独使用,浇灌营养液,日常管理与盆栽花卉相同,不同的是盆土改用基质,用营养液代替浇水和施肥。营养液水培法 叠分法 根据盆栽花卉植株大小,选用相当的水培花盆。花盆由上下两部分组成,像蒸锅一样,上层栽植物,盆底为筛孔状,下层放营养液。栽植时部分根进入营养液,另一部分根在营养液外面,以便吸收空气,进行呼吸。水培初期每1至2周添加一次清水和营养液,25至30天全部更换一次营养液。     

外源硒在魔芋不同生育时期不同器官中的含量变化研究

通过在土壤中添加不同浓度外源硒,了解硒对魔芋生长的影响,以及在魔芋生长的不同时期硒在不同器官中的吸收分布情况。试验选用杂交品种‘安魔128’芋鞭作为供试材料,采用盆栽的方式,通过在魔芋根部浇灌不同浓度的亚硒酸钠水溶液,测定各器官在不同生育时期的硒含量。结果发现：（1）在魔芋展叶期,随着硒浓度的增加,各器官硒含量均逐渐增加,表现为球茎>叶柄>叶片。（2）在球茎膨大期,各器官硒含量在不同硒浓度下达到最大值;当硒浓度超过16 mg/kg时,叶片及球茎中硒含量均显著降低,表明高硒处理对植株的生长发育造成了影响。（3）随着硒浓度的增加,叶片、叶柄及球茎中的硒含量均呈现先富集后减少的趋势,在硒浓度为16 mg/kg时达到最大;随着魔芋生长至成熟,叶片及叶柄硒含量均有向球茎转移的趋势。（4）不同生育时期叶片中硒含量是相互影响的,叶柄中硒含量最终由其他途径转移而来,且硒有从其他器官向球茎中转移的趋势。因此,我们认为适于魔芋生长发育及各器官硒含量积累的最适硒浓度范围为≤16 mg/kg,且在魔芋不同生育时期各器官中硒含量之间相互影响和转移。     

外源钙离子对镉胁迫下珠芽魔芋幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

为了探究镉胁迫对珠芽魔芋生长的影响及外源钙离子对镉毒害的缓解作用,本研究以珠芽魔芋为供试材料,分析不同镉浓度对珠芽魔芋根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量、抗氧化能力、叶片胞内镉含量及钙离子含量的影响。结果表明,随着供镉水平提高,珠芽魔芋表现出“低促高抑”现象。与对照相比,在200μmol/L的镉胁迫下,珠芽魔芋的鲜重、根长及叶绿素含量分别增加9.4%、10.6%及24.4%,而ROS、MDA及总抗氧化能力(ABTS)变化不显著。随镉浓度持续增,镉胁迫对珠芽魔芋的毒害作用逐渐加大,胞内钙离子的水平同时上调,在600μmol/L镉胁迫下植株胞内Ca²⁺含量较对照(CK)显著增加了336%。进一步的研究表明,外源添加5 mmol/L钙离子后,珠芽魔芋根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量分别较单一镉胁迫下增加了9.6%、102.7%及14%;ROS、MDA及镉含量显著减少17%、23.8%和42%。因而,高浓度镉胁迫会打破植株自身代谢平衡,对植株造成毒害,施加外源钙可一定程度缓解重金属镉对魔芋的氧化损伤。     

营养液配方

花卉无土栽培有很多优点,本人参考有关文章设计了一个营养液配方: 大量元素微量元素尿素0.1克硫酸亚铁0.02克磷酸二氢钾0.4克硼酸0.004克硫酸钾0.2克硫酸锰0.0017克硝酸钙1克硫酸锌0.0003克硫酸镁0.4克硫酸铜0.0002克钼酸钠0.0004克以上是1000毫升水配方。配制时可扩大倍数。配成浓缩液,使用时抽取一定数量溶液加入清水。用这种营养液浇灌茶花,每周     

魔芋属植物花器生物学特性及其可交配性的研究

为了研究魔芋花器的主要生物学特性及其种间可交配性,以花魔芋、白魔芋、珠芽魔芋、西盟魔芋、勐海魔芋为材料,观察记录花芽发育过程的主要生物学性状,用光学显微镜观察花粉形态特征,采用离体萌发法检测花粉活力,通过人工授粉鉴定其交配性。结果表明：5种魔芋花器形态、色泽差异大,种内也有不同的变异,花魔芋与珠芽魔芋佛焰苞漏斗状,其余为舟状,其中花魔芋花器较大;光学显微镜下花粉粒形态不同;除珠芽魔芋外,其余4种魔芋种内异株杂交都表现出高度的亲和性,而种间正反交有差异,部分组合不亲和,以白魔芋为母本具有广亲和性。因此,白魔芋可作为魔芋亚种间基因交流的桥梁亲本。     

魔芋软腐病研究进展和对策

魔芋软腐病频发已成为制约魔芋种植业发展的瓶颈。通过对魔芋软腐病病原菌鉴定、软腐病侵染路径、软腐病防控等方面研究进展的概述。提出了通过筛选、创制“优质、抗（耐）病”的魔芋资源,为魔芋抗病育种提供新材料。构建魔芋根际土壤微生物宏基因组文库,挖掘抗魔芋软腐病菌的新生物活性物质或新基因,在基因组水平上为魔芋软腐病的生态防控提供新资源。利用根际微生态平衡理论,研究魔芋根际土壤微生物群落的变化,通过土壤生物活性的改良,消除或者减轻魔芋病害。     

云南高原特有魔芋种质的性状分析

2003年通过对云南高原特有魔芋种质资源的地上植株性状和地下植株性状、生产力及其叶片叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率进行了分析研究。结果表明：花魔芋组产量最高是永平花魔芋,为94452kg/hm2、白魔芋组产量最高是魔白14,为57782.4 kg/hm2,野生魔芋组的产量变化极大。下一步经过全省的多点试验后,花魔芋、白魔芋优良种质可在云南魔芋生产上推广应用。     

石泉魔芋的繁殖技术和栽培管理研究

石泉县是陕西省安康市的一个县城,是我国魔芋种植的主要基地。魔芋对于环境的要求相对较高,很多地区由于气候条件的限制不能成功种植。魔芋具有种子的繁殖速度较慢、成活率低等特点,而受到这些条件的限制致使市场上魔芋种子缺少、供应不足,严重地影响了魔芋的种植和应用。因此,提高魔芋的繁殖速率和成活率,提升魔芋的产量与质量是当前石泉县在魔芋种植过程中的主要方向。考虑到魔芋对环境的高度要求,必须不断细化魔芋的种植技术,精化栽培过程中每一个环节的技术手段,提升魔芋在市场上的供应力。本文首先介绍了魔芋的特点和生活习性,其次介绍了魔芋的繁殖和栽培模式,最后详细的阐述了提高魔芋产量的栽培管理技术研究策略。     

沧源县发展魔芋产业前景探讨

魔芋(Amorphophallas konjac)为天南星科魔芋属多年生草本植物,魔芋富含不饱和脂肪酸、葡苷聚糖、淀粉、蛋白质、多种生物碱、氨基酸,魔芋葡苷聚糖具有40多种理化性质,是食品工业、医药工业、化学工业、石油钻探、建筑业、农业等方面的重要原料。随着魔芋开发研究的突破和加工工艺及设备的改进,魔芋的应用范围不断扩大,魔芋制品的品种不断增加。由于市场需求的不断扩大和加工业的蓬勃兴起,魔芋产业发展呈现出良好的发展势头。     

魔芋速食布丁的研制

探讨了魔芋速食布丁的生产工艺和最佳配方,结果表明,先将水40mL,饱和碱液60mL,魔芋精粉2.0g三者混合、溶胀,再加小麦淀粉10g,卡拉胶0.05g,明胶0.1g和黄原胶0.5g混合搅拌,在35℃下糊化6h,蒸煮3h,所得魔芋速食布丁的品质最好。     

Combining the simulation crop model AquaCrop with an economic model for the optimization of irrigation management at farm level

Water resources used in irrigated agriculture are increasingly scarce, particularly in many countries where irrigation has undergone recent expansion. To optimize the limited resources available, optimization models provide useful tools for technical and economic analyses. One of the key inputs of these models is the yield response to water which is often simulated with empirical water production functions. At present, dynamic crop simulation models, such as AquaCrop (Steduto et al., 2009) offer alternative predictions of crop responses to different irrigation strategies as inputs to economic optimization. A model at farm scale was developed and applied to an area in South-western Spain to assist farmers in pre-season decision making on cropping patterns and on irrigation strategies. Yield predictions were obtained from the AquaCrop model which was validated for four different crops. The model simulated the impact on farm income of: (a) irrigation water constraints; (b) variations in agricultural policies; (c) changes in product and water prices; and, (d) variations in the communication to farmers of the specific level of irrigation water allocation. The applications of the models to the study area showed that currently, the changes in cropping patterns induced by the agricultural policy will encourage water savings more than an increase in water prices. Under water restrictions, the best strategy combines planting of low water use crops in part of the area to release water to grow more profitable crops with greater water needs. The model predicted a strong negative impact on farm income of delaying a decision on the level of seasonal water allocation by the water authority, reaching up to 300 € ha⁻¹ in the case of the study area.     

不同灌水处理对强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质组分含量的影响

在小麦全生育期降水47.9 mm的条件下,对7个强筋小麦品种,采用二因素裂区设计,研究了不同灌水处理对籽粒产量、蛋白质组分和沉降值的影响。结果表明,籽粒产量和千粒重均以春季灌3水(春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖和开花期分别灌水40 m³)处理最高,与灌1水（春5叶露尖灌水40 m³）处理差异显著。烟农19的产量最高,与其他品种差异显著。不同灌水处理对醇溶蛋白含量的影响较大,以灌3水处理最高,与灌1水和2水（春5叶露尖和开花期分别灌水40 m³）处理差异显著。不同品种各蛋白质组分差异均显著,品种间谷蛋白含量的变异系数最大。不同品种在不同灌水条件下均表现为谷蛋白含量>醇溶蛋白>清蛋白>球蛋白,其比例约为3.6∶2.7∶1.7∶1。不同灌水处理间沉降值差异不显著,品种间差异极显著。综合考虑小麦产量和品质,在本试验条件下,以春季灌3次水为宜。     

Use of soil and vegetation spectroradiometry to investigate crop water use efficiency of a drip irrigated tomato

An agronomic research was conducted in Tuscany (Central Italy) to evaluate the effects of an advanced irrigation system on the water use efficiency (WUE) of a tomato crop and to investigate the ability of soil and vegetation spectroradiometry to detect and map WUE. Irrigation was applied following an innovative approach based on CropSense system. Soil water content was monitored at four soil depths (10, 20, 30 and 50 cm) by a probe. Rainfall during the crop cycle reached 162 mm and irrigation water applied with a drip system amounted to 207 mm, distributed with 16 irrigation events. Tomato yield varied from 7.10 to 14.4 kg m⁻², with a WUE ranging from 19.1 to 38.9 kg m⁻³. The irrigation system allowed a high yield levels and a low depth of water applied, as compared to seasonal ET crop estimated with Hargraves’ formula and with the literature data on irrigated tomato. Measurements were carried out on geo-referenced points to gather information on crop (crop yield, eighteen Vegetation indices, leaf area index) and on soil (spectroradiometric and traditional analysis). Eight VIs, out of nineteen ones analyzed, showed a significant relationship with georeferenced yield data; PVI maps seemed able to return the best response, before harvesting, to improve the knowledge of the area of cultivation and irrigation system. CropSense irrigation system reduced seasonal irrigation volumes. Some vegetation indexes were significantly correlated to tomato yield and well identify, a posteriori, crop area with low WUE; spectroradiometry can be a valuable tool to improve irrigated tomato field management.     

威宁魔芋高产栽培技术

通过对魔芋生长特性进行介绍,并总结出适合威宁魔芋高产栽培技术,以指导魔芋实际生产.     

花魔芋与湖北贝母一年两熟轮作栽培新模式研究

为探索花魔芋和湖北贝母的周年轮作栽培新模式,以花魔芋、湖北贝母为材料,考察其生育期、产量、病虫害、经济效益及栽培生理,探索新的轮作高效栽培模式。结果表明：花魔芋和湖北贝母轮作,生长期衔接良好,净作产量和效益分别为12377.85 kg/hm²和6189.25元/hm²,轮作中魔芋产量12489.00 kg/hm²、贝母产量8889.00 kg/hm²,总效益151335.00元/hm²。与对照相比,病害无显著差异,魔芋增产0.89%,虫害升高1.92%,综合效益高107.66%。同时,首次报道花魔芋根状茎的栽培生理问题,发现了其生育期与种芋安全贮藏的重要关系,提出生育期达184天以上方能基本保障根状茎的生理成熟。由此得出,花魔芋—湖北贝母一年两熟轮作栽培新模式可解决山区可耕作土地少、中药材野生种质资源湖北贝母过度开采等突出问题,实现生物多样性保护和经济效益的双赢。     

魔芋新品种——珠芽魔芋的初步应用研究

珠芽魔芋作为野生魔芋新品种,因具有繁殖系数大、抗性强、产量高等特点,而体现出明显的种植、栽培优势。对3个品种的珠芽魔芋进行黏度和凝胶强度方面应用性试验,并与普通的产品魔芋胶、魔芋精粉进行对比,以期客观深入地了解魔芋新品种在食品及添加剂中的性能,并初步分析其应用状况,以便珠芽魔芋这个新品种可以更好地得到应用和推广。     

灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用及产量与品质的影响

以济麦20和泰山23为试验材料, 在大田条件下研究了灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用和籽粒产量与品质及耗水量、水分利用率的影响。2004—2005年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为196.10 mm, 两品种的氮素吸收效率、籽粒的氮素积累量和氮肥生产效率均为不灌水处理低于灌水处理, 但籽粒氮素分配比例和氮素利用效率表现为不灌水处理高于灌水处理。拔节期前, 两品种的氮素吸收强度灌水180 mm处理高于灌水240 mm和300 mm两处理, 拔节期后反之; 成熟期, 植株氮素积累量和氮素吸收效率在各灌水处理间无显著差异。济麦20籽粒的氮素积累量和分配比例、氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率, 均以灌水240 mm处理高于灌水180 mm和300 mm处理; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理的籽粒产量分别达8 701.23 kg hm^-2和9 159.30 kg hm^-2, 耗水量为469.29 mm和534.48 mm, 两处理间籽粒品质无显著差异, 且均优于灌水300 mm处理。泰山23籽粒中氮素积累量及分配比例、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和籽粒品质, 在各灌水处理间无显著差异; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理籽粒产量显著高于其他处理, 分别达9 682.65 kg hm^-2和9 698.55 kg hm^-2, 其耗水量分别为468.54 mm和532.35 mm。两品种的水分利用率均随灌水量增加而降低。在2006—2007年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为171.30 mm, 济麦20和泰山23均以灌水240 mm处理的籽粒产量和水分利用率最高, 其耗水量分别为490.88 mm和474.88 mm。综合考虑产量、品质、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和水分利用率, 生产中济麦20生育期灌水量以180~240 mm为宜; 泰山23在降水量达196 mm条件下, 灌水量以180 mm为宜, 在降水量为170 mm条件下, 灌水量以240 mm为宜。     

Effect of rice straw biochar and irrigation on growth,dry matter yield and radiation-use efficiency of maize grown on an Acrisol in Ghana

In order to determine whether the current low productivity associated with rainfed cultivation on degraded soils in Ghana can be improved by biochar amendment and irrigation, field experiments with maize were conducted over two seasons in 2017 and 2018. Rice straw biochar at rates of 0 t/ha (B₀), 15 t/ha (B₁₅) and 30 t/ha (B₃₀) was combined with irrigation regimes of full irrigation (I₁₀₀), deficit irrigation (I₆₀) and no irrigation (I₀). The I₁₀₀ treatment was irrigated to field capacity every 3–4 days according to time domain reflectometry measurements while the I₆₀ treatment received 60% of the irrigation amount given to I₁₀₀ but with the same irrigation frequency. The I₀ treatment was not irrigated. In both seasons, the B₃₀ treatment recorded the highest total dry matter yield (TDMY), intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) and these were significantly (p ≤ .05) higher than B₀ except for RUE in 2017. Irrigation regimes did not significantly affect TDMY, IPAR and RUE in 2017 but compared to I₁₀₀, I₀ significantly reduced TDMY, IPAR and RUE in the relatively dryer 2018 season. Measured ratio vegetation indices differentiated biochar treatments earlier in the 2018 season than during 2017 and increase of leaf chlorophyll content indices with biochar rate in both seasons indicated that biochar amendment improved nitrogen uptake. Our study demonstrated that rice straw biochar is capable of increasing TDMY, IPAR and RUE of maize grown on degraded soils in Ghana. The study further showed that TDMY, IPAR and RUE of deficit irrigated maize for two seasons were similar to the counterpart fully irrigated maize and may be a viable water management option for farmers in Ghana to save irrigation water resources.     

Growth dynamics of winter wheat in the field with daily fertilization and irrigation

In a field experiment with fertilized and irrigated winter wheat the above-ground crop was sampled once a week. Phenological development, plant density and canopy height were recorded and the green surface areas of leaves, stems and ears were measured. Soil mineral nitrogen was sampled and the field climate monitored. There were four treatments. The daily irrigated/fertilized (IF) and daily irrigated (I) treatments were both irrigated by a drip-tube system. Liquid fertilizer was applied to IF following a logistic function according to calculated plant uptake. A total of 200 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied. Treatment I, control (C) and drought (D) were all fertilized once in spring with 200 kg N ha⁻¹. In treatment D transparent screens were used to divert rainwater. Dry matter production ranged between 1400 in D and 2352 g m⁻² in IF. The corresponding amount of nitrogen uptake ranged between 15.8 and 24.6 g m⁻². After harvest, soil mineral nitrogen was lowest in IF.
An increase in the availability of nitrogen and water enhanced total biomass production as well as grain yield and leaf area. The daily supply of nitrogen according to crop demand delayed nitrogen uptake and increased total uptake. The results suggest that when the nitrogen is supplied in accordance with crop demand, the efficiency with which the applied fertilizer is utilized increases and the risk for nitrogen leaching decreases.