棘皮动物精子超低温冷冻保存技术研究进展

棘皮动物(Echinodermata)是无脊椎动物中进化地位最高等的类群,其海参纲(Holothurioidea)和海胆纲(Echinoidea)的一些物种具有非常高的经济价值和营养价值。由于受到人类活动的影响,很多棘皮动物物种数量和生物多样性遭到了严重破坏,种质资源保存迫在眉睫。超低温冷冻保存是种质资源长期保存的重要方法,具有突破地理隔离、实现远缘杂交、保护种质资源、解决种质退化和保护濒危物种等作用。本文综述了海胆、海参和海星3种主要棘皮动物的精子超低温冷冻保存研究进展,并展开描述了精子收集、稀释剂和抗冻剂制备、平衡、冷却、解冻和质量评价等精子冷冻保存过程的各个步骤,以期为棘皮动物种质资源保存的进一步研究及产业化应用提供参考。     

海带种质保存技术的研究现状和发展前景

综述了海带继代培养种质保存技术的研究现状及存在的问题,介绍了藻类超低温冷冻保存技术的研究进展及其在海带种质保存中的研究前景。     

鱼类种质保存研究进展

开展鱼类种质保存的研究,不仅可以保护鱼类种质资源和生物多样性,而且也是对鱼类种质资源进行有效开发和利用的前提条件。目前鱼类种质保存包括分子(DNA)保存、细胞保存和活体保存等。其中,分子(DNA)保存按照技术难易程度分为基因组DNA保存、基因组文库保存、cDNA文库保存、DNA芯片保存4种;细胞保存一般可分为配子保存、胚胎保存、细胞系保存3种;而活体保存按鱼类生长环境不同可分就地保护和易地保护2种。综述了多种海、淡水鱼类种质保存的研究现状与进展,包括鲤科、鲆科、鲷科、鲱科以及鲽科等科鱼类种质保存的具体情况,为我国鱼类种质保存提供参考资料,同时对今后鱼类种质保存研究提出了展望。     

中华鲟胚胎细胞的冷冻保存及其核移植

为了保存濒危鱼类中华鲟种质资源,对其囊胚细胞和原肠细胞进行了冷冻保存和核移植试验。用二甲亚砜(DMSO)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)、羟乙基淀粉(HES)3种抗冻剂,配制4种冷冻保护液:CP1(12%D)、CP2(10%P)、CP3(8%D 6%E)、CP4(7%P 6%E),冷冻细胞存活率分别为47.4%±4.7%、64.4%±3.6%、54.7%±4.7%、76.7%±5.7%,CP4保存效果最好,说明添加非渗透型抗冻剂羟乙基淀粉能提高冷冻保存细胞的存活率。比较了两种冷冻方法,发现细胞在-7℃平衡30min之后直接投入液氮的一步冷冻降温法是可行的。对不同发育时期的胚胎细胞冷冻存活率进行了比较,结果表明原肠细胞冷冻存活率(64.4%±11.8%)明显比囊胚细胞的(57.1%±11.2%)高(P<0.05)。用冷冻复苏后的囊胚细胞和原肠细胞作供体,以中华鲟未受精卵作受体进行核移植,各移植了469和392枚卵,分别获得了5尾和2尾克隆鱼,核移植成功率分别为1.1%和0.5%。表明可通过冷冻保存胚胎细胞结合核移植技术保存鱼类种质资源。     

条斑紫菜果孢子的液氮保存

随着生物工程学的发展,在超低温下(-196℃)保存生命有机体变得越来越重要。在超低温下生命活动几乎停止,变异的频率降到很低的程度,可以提供稳定的种质。超低温保存生物体不需大量人力和物力,也不需要巨大的空间,是种质保存的一种好形式。Finkle,B.J.等报道,到1985年止,至少有40多种高等植物的组织、器官或细胞培养物在-196℃冷冻保存而不失去活力。Stanwood利用特殊     

中国水产种质资源保存共享现状与建议

水产种质资源是水产育种的重要原材料.近几年,在国家科技基础条件平台项目的支持下,以覆盖全国范围为原则,开展水产种质资源收集、整理、整合与共享工作.本文重点阐述了我国水产种质资源保存及共享现状,分析了目前存在的主要问题,并提出了促进我国水产种质资源保存与共享建没的几点建议.     

“低温超低温保存鱼类种质技术及其应用基础研究”通过鉴定验收

<正> 由中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所承担并完成的“七五”国家科技攻关课题-“低温超低温保存鱼类种质技术及其应用基础研究”于1990年12月1日至2日在湖北沙市通过了技术鉴定和验收。该课题对我国主要养殖鱼类精子和胚胎的冷冻保存技术及其应用基础进行了系统的研究,筛选出三种理想的精子冷冻保存稀释液,首次以塑料管为容器冷冻精液,建立了效果稳定,操作简便的降温模式和冷冻授精技术,达到了生产应用水平。这一研究为建立鱼类种质资源冷     

黄盖鲽活体种质资源保存关键技术研究

正为建立优良的黄盖鲽活体种质资源库,本团队开展了黄盖鲽活体种质资源保存方法、活体种质库管理技术路线及质量控制措施等方面的研究,采用室外围堰保种池和室内养殖池接力的方式,低碳高效,创新了活体种质资源保存方式,节约了生产成本。     

鱼类精子超低温冷冻保存技术及其应用

鱼类精子的超低温冷冻保存对鱼类种质资源保护、低温生物学、遗传育种和水产养殖业都具有重要的意义。鱼类精子超低温冷冻保存技术主要包括冷冻保存方法、抗冻保护液、降温、解冻速率、冷冻保存温度、抗冻剂去除等过程。本文就鱼类精子超低温冷冻保存技术及其应用进行了综述。     

十足目甲壳动物精子冷冻保存

杂交育种、种质优选、雌核发育及物种保护等研究都要涉及到精液冷冻保存。精液的长期保存 ,可以保证基因长时间的稳定性 ,能以较少的时间和空间保证精子的供应 ,没有季节限制 ,也不需较高的饲养亲本的花费 ,大大提高了选择育种的可行性。和其他水生生物大量精子冷冻研究相比 (Ｍｉｓｔｕｔｏｓｈｉ,2 0 0 0 ) ,甲壳动物精子冷冻保存研究很少 ,主要集中在十足目甲壳动物。虽然十足目甲壳动物最近在养殖上越来越重要 ,但其精子冷冻保存技术依然很少(Ｃｈｏｗ ,1985 ;Ａｎｃｈｏｒｄｏｇｙ等 ,1988;Ｊｅｙａｌｅｃｔｕｍｉｅ和Ｓｕｂ ｒａｍｏ…     

Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein sources for carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

The digestibility of various diet components as protein sources for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., at 500–800 g was studied by using an inert marker in the feed and collecting the faeces by stripping. Protein in fish meal (83.8%) and soybean meal (69.8%) were significantly more digestible than that of poultry meal (47.2%). Energy digestibility tests gave the following results: fish meal 93.4%, soybean meal 74.7% and poultry meal 63.9%. It was evident that the ability of carp to digest proteins is very high, and that they can utilize proteins as the main component of their diet.     

中草药及其多糖在畜禽中应用的研究进展

中草药多糖一类多糖混合物,目前在治疗也预防家禽疾病方面越来越被人们重视,而且不需要休药期。文章以中草药多糖为研究对象,综述了预防以及治疗畜禽疾病上的应用,并对其提高畜禽机体免疫力做了简单阐述。     

浙江嵊泗人工鱼礁区渔业资源生态容纳量变动的研究

人工鱼礁是放置于海底以影响海洋生物资源的物理、生物或社会经济过程的人工设施。科学评价人工鱼礁对渔业资源生态容纳量的改善程度对揭示鱼礁的生态功能和指导鱼礁后续建设具有重要的理论与现实意义。人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物可分为3种类型(I型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型),其中Ⅱ型鱼类和大型无脊椎动物身体不接触鱼礁,但在鱼礁周围游泳、在海底栖息。该生物学资料可通过拖网调查取样获得。根据2004年10月～2007年9月浙江嵊泗人工鱼礁海域渔业资源拖网调查数据,建立了模拟礁区渔业资源密度随时间变化趋势的Logistic模型,并据此求解了鱼礁海域资源数量容纳量模型。通过遗传算法求得了Logistic模型的参数。结果表明,人工鱼礁区Ⅱ型鱼类和大型无脊椎动物的原有生态容纳量约为6.00～8.03ind/km·kW,鱼礁投放所产生的新生态容纳量约为4.40～5.89ind/km·kW,容纳量随季节变化而呈周期性波动。     

陕西省重大动物疫病秋防免疫抗体的检测与分析

猪瘟、口蹄疫、禽流感和新城疫四种重大动物疫病对畜禽业的危害非常严重,目前疫苗免疫是预防和控制动物疫病最有效的途径,免疫抗体检测能很好的反映出免疫效果的好坏。为了及时了解陕西省重大动物疫病免疫状况,2010年11月份在全省11个市(区)的21个县随机采集牛、羊、猪、鸡秋防免疫血清共2359份,按照农业部规定的检测方法,对其进行了重大动物疫病免疫抗体水平的检测,检测结果均达到或超过农业部规定的合格标准,说明陕西省今年秋防动物免疫效果总体较好。     

家禽种质资源的保护

家禽种质资源是家禽育种的原材料。通过近几十年来对家禽种质保护、利用的研究,形成了以普查为基础,建立监测评估系统,实行属地保护、迁地保护、建立基因库、加强种质资源利用等方法,有效地保存了现有的家禽种质资源。     

A study on the relative efficiency of organic manures and the effect of salinity on its mineralisation in brackishwater fish farm soil

The influence of salinity on the mineralisation of organic nitrogen in the form of mustard oil cake, poultry manure and cow-dung in brackishwater pond soils was studied under laboratory conditions. The concentration of mineralised nitrogen for mustard oil cake and poultry manure showed a marked increase during 7 to 30 days after which it decreased gradually and in 90 days assumed practically the same value as that of the control over the salinity range of 0–40‰. The mineralised nitrogen of cow-dung treatment was lower than that of the control,till 30 days,after which it increased gradually. The loss of nitrogen is minimum in the higher salinity range for all three types of manure used. Mustard oil cake is a better manure for brackishwater soil than poultry droppings and cow-dung.     

Dietary fish oil replacement with palm or poultry oil increases fillet oxidative stability and decreases liver glutathione peroxidase activity in barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

Complete dietary fish oil replacement with palm or poultry oil in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) had no detrimental effects on growth or hepatosomatic index of juvenile fish up to an average size of ~50 g. However, it significantly decreased the omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the fish muscle (fillet) lipids. This was particularly true for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which are recognised for their health beneficial effects in the human diet. As a result of their decreased EPA and DHA content, the peroxidation index of the muscle lipids was also decreased. This was associated with increased simulated retail storage shelf life as indicated by decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in muscle samples from fish fed the palm or poultry oil-based diets. Concomitantly, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, but not glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity or reduced glutathione concentration, was significantly reduced in the liver of barramundi fed the palm or poultry oil-based diets as compared with the fish fed the fish oil-based diet. Furthermore, GPx and GST activity were very low in muscle, much lower than in gastrointestinal tract, liver or swim bladder. Therefore, we propose that liver GPx activity may be a good predictor of fillet shelf life in barramundi and other fish species.     

鸡球虫病体液免疫研究进展

鸡球虫病的免疫对鸡的养殖业具有重要的意义。一直以来都以药物防治为主,由于耐药虫株的产生和药物残留对人体造成的不良影响,免疫防治受到人们的普遍关注。了解免疫机制是提高免疫防治的有效方式。鸡球虫免疫机制主要包括细胞免疫,体液免疫。体液免疫通过循环抗体,粘膜抗体,母源抗体对鸡体产生保护作用。     

那西肽在畜牧生产中应用的研究进展

那西肽能明显改善畜禽生长性能,是一种低毒性、低残留的安全环保型饲料添加剂。随着世界各国纷纷对饲用抗生素的限制,使那西肽倍受畜禽养殖业关注。文章主要阐述那西肽在畜牧生产上的安全性研究,以及在畜牧生产应用中取得的一些良好效果。     

Validation of processed animal proteins (mono‐PAPS) in experimental diets for juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) as primary fish meal replacers within a European perspective

Experimental diets were formulated to evaluate a “pure” poultry meat meal (PMM) source in diets formulated for juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). The digestible protein contribution of fish meal in a control diet was substituted by 25%, 50% and 75% of a processed poultry meat meal (PMM) on a digestible crude protein (DCP) basis and by 5% and 10% for an enzyme‐treated feather meal (EFM) and also a spray‐dried haemaglobin meal (SDHM), respectively. In a consecutive trial, diets were designed to assess the value of a “pure” (defatted) poultry protein substituting the fish meal (FM) protein content. Experimental diets included: a control diet, two test diets where 75% of FM was replaced by a full‐fat PMM (PMM75) or a defatted grade of PMM (dPMM75) and two test diets where 50% of FM was substituted for defatted PMM (dPMM50) or a 50:50 blend of soya bean meal and defatted PMM (SBM/dPMM) to produce a composite product. This soya bean/dPMM blend was tested to enhance the nutritional value of this key plant ingredient commonly employed in sea bream diets that can be deficient in specific amino acids and minerals. In the first trial, gilthead sea bream grew effectively on diets containing up to the 75% replacement of FM attaining a mean weight of 63.6 g compared to 67.8 g for the FM control fed group. For the consecutive trial, the fishmeal‐based control diet yielded the highest SGR followed by dPMM50 and SBM/dPMM blend inclusion but was not significant. Carcass FA profiles of gilthead sea bream conformed to the expected changes in relation to the dietary FA patterns, with the 18:1n‐9 representative of the poultry lipid signature becoming more apparent with PMM inclusion. The ratio of n‐3/n‐6 fatty acids was greatly affected in sea bream fed the full‐fat PMM at 75% inclusion due to fish oil exclusion. Defatted dPMM, however, allowed more of the fish oil to be used in the diet and reducing this latter effect in sea bream carcass, hence restoring the higher total omega‐3 HUFA fatty acids namely EPA and DHA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio. It is concluded that poultry meat meal can be modestly incorporated into formulated diets for sea bream and can be used in conjunction with soya bean meal without any fundamental changes in performance and feed efficiency.