木霉几丁质酶及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用

 木霉(Trichoderma spp.)作为重要的植病生防因子(biocontrol agents)一直受到普遍关注。木霉菌株产生的包括几丁质酶在内的细胞壁降解酶,在木霉重寄生中起重要作用。本文论述木霉几丁质酶的种类、诱导产生、理化特性及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用,并对木霉几丁质酶及其基因的生防应用进行讨论。     

适应水稻秸秆还田的抗稻纹枯病拮抗菌株的筛选

[目的]筛选适应水稻秸秆还田的抗水稻纹枯病的拮抗菌株.[方法]从土壤中分离出4株芽胞杆菌和9株木霉,测定其对水稻秸秆的降解能力,对具有较好降解能力的菌株测定其对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制效果和对水稻秸秆的适应性.[结果]芽胞杆菌B4菌株和木霉T3、T5、T6和T9菌株对水稻秸秆有较好的降解效果,其中木霉T5和T9的降解效果最好;芽胞杆菌B4菌株对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率达40.48％,而且抑菌带能持久地保持,木霉T3、T5、T6和T9菌株对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率较高,抑制率分别为46.48％、45.63％、50.99％和53.38％,这5种拮抗菌的代谢物都能抑制菌丝的生长和完全阻止菌核的形成,而且这5株菌株对水稻秸秆都有一定的适应能力.[结论]木霉T5和T9具有较好的秸秆降解和抑制稻纹枯病菌的双重效果.     

木霉菌对黄瓜生理特性及立枯病防治效果的影响

黄瓜立枯病是由立枯丝核菌（Rizoctonia solani,简称Rs）侵染引起的苗期土传病害。本研究采用前期筛选获得的对黄瓜立枯病菌Rs具有较强拮抗作用的木霉菌,分别为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 437、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 670和752,通过盆栽试验和田间试验,测定对黄瓜幼苗的生长和生理特性、产量、品质以及立枯病防效的影响。结果显示：3株木霉菌均能显著促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,提高黄瓜幼苗的生理活性和保护性酶活性,对黄瓜立枯病的防效均在75%以上;木霉菌处理的黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、全株鲜重、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积,以及抗逆性酶活性包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶均显著高于对照。木霉与病原菌Rs共同处理的黄瓜幼苗,上述生长和生理生化指标均显著高于病原菌Rs单独处理。其中木霉670处理的黄瓜幼苗各项检测指标高于木霉437和752。此外,木霉菌处理的黄瓜单瓜重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、Vc含量、可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度的增加。上述结果说明,本研究的3株木霉菌通过提高黄瓜幼苗生理特性和保护性酶活性,促进了幼苗生长,提高了对黄瓜立枯病的抗性,改善了黄瓜产量和品质。     

蝇蛆甲壳素对深绿木霉T2产生几丁质酶的诱导作用

分别采用EDTA除钙和氢氧化钠-戊醇反应体系,并结合微波加热处理2次的优化工艺,从蝇蛆中提取甲壳素、壳聚糖,探讨二者对深绿木霉T2菌株产生几丁质酶的影响,并对深绿木霉T2几丁质酶活性及其对4种病原真菌的拮抗作用进行了研究。结果表明,提取的蝇蛆甲壳素的产出率为75.0%,灰分含量为17.3%;蝇蛆壳聚糖制备获得脱乙酰度为95.5%、含水量为8.36%的高质量壳聚糖产品,且碱用量明显下降,反应时间由4 h缩短为6 min;蝇蛆甲壳素培养基诱导培养的深绿木霉T2几丁质酶活性为0.9721 U/mL,高于PDB液体培养基、SCMS营养液和蝇蛆壳聚糖培养基;不同营养条件下,蝇蛆甲壳素培养基均能够诱导深绿木霉T2菌株产生几丁质酶,且最佳产酶培养时间为120 h,酶活性峰值为1.8340 U/mL;经蝇蛆甲壳素诱导后的深绿木霉T2菌株对4种病原菌的抑菌效果明显高于对照菌株T2。     

拟康宁木霉T 51几丁质酶活性及内切几丁质酶基因克隆与分析

木霉是一类重要的生防真菌,木霉产生的几丁质酶在其生物防治的重寄生过程中起着重要作用。拟康宁木霉Trichoderma koningiopsis T-51是一株对番茄灰霉病有生防潜力的木霉菌株,本文测定了T-51菌株产生几丁质酶的活性,结果表明T-51在PDB中液体培养以及与灰霉病菌在PDA上对峙培养时产生的几丁质酶活性显著受到灰霉病菌的诱导。采用RACE技术首次克隆了拟康宁木霉T-51中一个几丁质酶基因Tkchit42,全长为1 817bp,包含4个外显子和3个内含子。预测该基因有一个1 275bp的开放阅读框,编码424个氨基酸,预测的蛋白总分子量为46.378kDa,预测的等电点(pI)为5.16,与T.koningii中42kDa内切几丁质酶的氨基酸序列相似性达到99%。     

木霉几丁质酶对烟草赤星病菌的作用

以指形管培养法分别测定几丁质酶粗酶液和纯化的几丁质酶混合液(2种几丁质酶)对烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,较高浓度(25 2U)几丁质酶粗酶液在48h内强烈抑制孢子萌发和芽管伸长,或致芽管畸形和细胞壁破裂;几丁质酶混合液对赤星病菌的孢子萌发也表现出明显的抑制作用,但在相同或相近酶活性条件下,纯化的几丁质酶混合液(9 4U)和粗酶液(12 6U)对赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制率(处理24h时)分别为46%和84 3%,前者明显低于后者。采用孢子液悬滴法接种烟苗(K 326)叶片测定木霉几丁质酶对赤星病菌致病性的影响。结果表明,几丁质酶粗酶液浓度越高,对孢子萌发抑制时间越长,抑制率越高;其浓度为4 9、9 8、19 5U/ml的抑制率7d时分别为36 8%、56 2%和57 6%。     

木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长和膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对枯萎病的防治效果

本文开展了3种生防木霉菌,包括棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886防治黄瓜枯萎病的盆栽试验,研究这3种木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明,木霉菌对黄瓜枯萎病的田间防治效果均达到78%以上,且以棘孢木霉525的田间防治效果最高,达到81.53%。与只接种枯萎病病原菌的对照相比,3株木霉菌单独接种或与黄瓜枯萎病病原菌同时接种均可以显著提高黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重,显著提高黄瓜叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,显著降低质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,其中以拟康氏木霉886单独接种促进效果最强。研究表明,3种木霉菌通过促进黄瓜幼苗生长,增强植物抗氧化酶活性,降低质膜透性和丙二醛含量,从而提高对黄瓜枯萎病的抗性。     

木霉几丁质酶及其基因的研究进展

现已报道8种木霉的39个几丁质酶基因,其中22个为42kD内切酶基因.这些42kD内切酶基因的核苷酸序列及其编码的前体蛋白的氨基酸序列极为相似.42kD几丁质酶基因开放阅读框一般有3个内含子,前体蛋白一般有约22AA的信号序列,引导输出.成熟蛋白具有催化域、磷酸化域和耱基化域.基因的表达是诱导型的,受几丁质及真菌几丁质细胞壁的强诱导,受代谢物阻遏.转入植物的木霉几丁质酶基因可正确表达.本文就木霉生防菌株几丁质酶及其基因克隆、几丁质酶基因结构和功能、几丁质酶基因的表达和调控,以及木霉几亍质酶的生防应用前景等几方面进行了综述.     

生防菌Bs-916及高效突变菌株抗菌物质及其对水稻抗性诱导作用的研究

 枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-916是一种有效防治水稻病害的生防菌,为进一步提高其拮抗性能,获得更好的生防效果,运用离子注入(N+)的方法对Bs-916进行诱变,筛选到4株拮抗性能比出发菌Bs-916提高15%以上的菌株。TLC和HPLC定性、定量分析比较结果表明,Bs-916及其突变体分泌的脂肽类抗生素是表面活性素,突变菌株分泌的表面活性素比出发菌株有不同程度提高。室内抑菌结果表明,表面活性素能抑制纹枯病菌菌丝生长,引起原生质泄露。通过检测接种纹枯病菌、拮抗菌Bs-916及其突变菌株的水稻植株体内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性的变化,发现拮抗菌Bs-916及其突变菌株分泌活性物质对水稻具有诱导抗性作用;4个高效突变株比出发菌Bs-916对3种酶的活性影响加大;同时接种拮抗菌和纹枯病菌比单独接种拮抗菌、纹枯病菌对3种酶活性影响大。     

基于转录组分析的哈茨木霉thga3基因功能研究

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum Th-33的Ⅲ型Gα亚基Thga3可能参与调控木霉菌的生长、产孢、几丁质酶活性、疏水性等生物学过程。为进一步明确其功能,本研究采用Hiseq2500（Illumina）测序平台,对野生菌Th-33和thga3基因敲除突变株△thga3进行转录组测序,分析其G蛋白信号系统、细胞壁降解酶类和产孢相关基因的差异表达。与野生菌相比,△thga3有3个G蛋白偶联受体基因发生下调表达,3个几丁质酶基因以及产孢调控基因brlA下调表达,1个G蛋白信号调控蛋白RGS1上调表达。推测thga3可能通过调控brlA的表达正调控产孢;通过调控疏水蛋白基因Tha_09745的表达调控菌丝疏水性。此外,通过调控几丁质酶基因的表达、G蛋白信号网络中其他蛋白的表达,影响菌株的拮抗和重寄生能力以及其他生物学特性。本研究为进一步探索G蛋白信号途径调控木霉菌生防特性及其机制奠定了基础。     

木霉对草坪褐斑病的拮抗效果及耐药性

通过木霉属5菌株与大连高尔夫球场上草坪褐斑病菌的对峙培养试验,研究结果表明:哈茨木霉Thar1菌株、哈茨木霉Thar2菌株、深绿木霉Tat菌株、钩状木霉Tha菌株及桔绿木霉Tci菌株对病原菌的抑制率为:66%、73%、71%、77%、55%,而相对抑菌效果分别为2.06、3.94、2.35、3.54、2.27,可以作为草坪褐斑病菌的生防菌加以利用。在这5株木霉中以哈茨木霉Thar2对草坪褐斑病菌的拮抗作用最强。观察结果表明,哈茨木霉Thar2对草坪褐斑病菌的拮抗机制主要表现为生长竞争、重寄生及产生抗菌物质。     

哈茨木霉防治水稻纹枯病研究

为测定哈茨木材霉菌株ＴＣ３和ＮＦ９对水稻纹枯病的防治效果及防治过程中不同因素对防治效果原影响,于中国水稻研究所富阳基地的温室和网室内通过人工接种诱发水稻纹枯病,分别用茨木霉菌株ＴＣ３和ＢＮ和ＮＦ９进行防治。研究结果表明,菌株ＴＣ３和ＮＦ９对水稻纹枯病均具有一定的防治效果,最高防效分别为７７．５６％和８３．０９％,同时还分析了哈获准木霉防治水稻纹枯病的施用方法、施用适、施用数量及其对不同水稻品种苗期     

Increased Antifungal Activity of Trichoderma harzianum Transformants That Overexpress a 33-kDa Chitinase

ABSTRACT Transformants of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum strain CECT 2413 that overexpressed a 33-kDa chitinase (Chit33) were obtained and characterized. Strain CECT 2413 was cotransformed with the amdS gene and its own chit33 gene under the control of the pki constitutive promoter from T. reesei. Southern blotting indicated that the chit33 gene was integrated ectopically, mostly in tandem. Some transformants showed the same restriction pattern, indicating preferable sites of integration. There was no correlation between the number of integrated copies and the level of expression of the chit33 gene in the transformants. When grown in glucose, the extracellular chitinase activity of the transformants was up to 200-fold greater than that of the wild type, whereas in chitin, the activity of both the transformants and the wild type was similar. Under both conditions, the transformants were more effective in inhibiting the growth of Rhizoctonia solani as compared with the wild type. Similar results were obtained when culture supernatants from the transformants and the wild type were tested against R. solani.     

木霉菌REMI转化体对番茄灰霉病的防治及其机理的研究

研究不同木霉菌转化体对番茄灰霉病防治效果及机理,为木霉菌生物防治的合理利用奠定基础。利用限制性内切酶介导基因整合技术(restriction enzyme-mediated integration,REMI),通过插入线性化质粒DNA获得了生物防治番茄灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)效果优于出发菌T21菌株(出发菌)的3个木霉菌转化体Ttrm31、Ttrm34和Ttrm55,对侵染花器和叶片的灰霉病防效分别比原生物防治木霉菌株提高了16.9%和8%。木霉菌转化体的产孢能力、分生孢子的萌发率、对碳氮源的利用能力及对高温的抵抗能力都有所提高;木霉菌转化体本身产生的几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性均比出发菌高,因此通过REMI技术可以获得新的有益木霉菌转化体,在一定程度上提高了生物菌株防治番茄灰霉病的水平。说明REMI技术可以用于改良生防木霉菌株的功能,提高生物防治效果。     

Antifungal activity of sugar beet chitinase against Cercospora beticola: an autoradiographic study on cell wall degradation

Two independent bioassays demonstrated an antifungal effect of a basic sugar beet chitinase on Cercospora beticola , the causal agent of leaf spot disease in sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris ). In one assay, the growth of submerged spore cultures of C. beticola in microtitre wells was followed by measuring the increase in absorbance at 620 nm. Addition of chitinase to the culture resulted in a delay in germination and a slower initial growth rate. A more detailed picture of the action of the chitinase on the fungal cell wall was provided by an autoradiographic study. An intense labelling was observed at the apex of fungal hyphae grown in medium containing [³H] N -acetylglucosamine, through incorporation of the radioactive chitin monomer into newly synthesized chitin in the cell wall. After fixation of the fungal specimen, the radioactive labelling could be removed by treatment with purified chitinase, i.e. nascent chitin chains were hydrolysed by the enzyme. When the fungal culture was subjected to a chase phase prior to fixation, the radioactive depositions were less accessible to hydrolysis by the chitinase. HPLC analysis of the radioactive hydrolysis products released from the apex of the fungal hyphae showed that the main products were small chito-oligosaccharides, mainly dimers, trimers and tetramers of chitin.     

Chitinases from the Plant Disease Biocontrol Agent, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia C3

ABSTRACT Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain C3, a biocontrol agent of Bipolaris sorokiniana in turfgrass, produced chitinases in broth media containing chitin. Chitinases were partially purified from culture fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chitin affinity chromatography. The chromatography fraction with the highest specific chitinase activity was inhibitory to conidial germination and germ-tube elongation of B. sorokiniana, but it was less inhibitory than the protein fraction or the raw culture filtrate. The fraction exhibited strong exochitinase and weak endo-chitinase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for chitinase activity were 45 to 50 degrees C and 4.5 to 5.0, respectively. Chitinase activity was inhibited by Hg(2+) and Fe(3+), but not by other metal ions or enzyme inhibitors. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the chromatography fraction revealed the presence of five protein bands of 25, 32, 48, 65, and 75 kDa. Partial amino acid sequences of the 32-, 65-, and 75-kDa proteins indicated that they are homologous to known bacterial chitinases. There was no homology found in the partial amino acid sequences of the 25- and 48-kDa proteins to any known chitinases. Five chitinase-active proteins were detected in the protein and chromatography fractions by activity gels, but when each protein was extracted and re-electrophoresed separately under denaturing conditions, only 32- or 48-kDa proteins were revealed. It was concluded that strain C3 produces at least two chitinases that are antifungal.     

哈茨木霉SH2303防治玉米小斑病的初步研究

哈茨木霉SH2303是本实验室分离获得的1株具有生防效果的菌株,该菌株能够较好的防治玉米小斑病。通过离体叶片试验确定哈茨木霉SH2303诱导玉米抗小斑病的持效期达15 d。盆栽及大田试验表明,防治玉米小斑病防效分别达到78.1%和56.3%。盆栽试验表明,哈茨木霉 SH2303处理的叶片在挑战接种小斑病菌后第36 h,玉米体内防御反应酶系PAL和SOD活性达到峰值。同时,防御基因Pal和Sod的表达水平也明显上升。综合分析表明,哈茨木霉SH2303的诱导抗性作用是防治玉米小斑病的重要机制之一。     

Induced systemic resistance in Trichoderma harzianum T39 biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea

Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea with Trichoderma spp. is generally believed to result from direct interaction of the biocontrol agent with the pathogen or from a Trichoderma-induced change in environmental conditions that affects B. cinerea development. In this work we provide arguments for the participation of induced plant defence in T. harzianum T39 control of B. cinerea. In tomato, lettuce, pepper, bean and tobacco, T. harzianum T39 application at sites spatially separated from the B. cinerea inoculation resulted in a 25–100%percnt; reduction of grey mould symptoms, caused by a delay or suppression of spreading lesion formation. Given the spatial separation of both micro-organisms, this effect was attributed to the induction of systemic resistance by T. harzianum T39. The observation that in bean the effect of T. harzianum T39 was similar to that of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa KMPCH, a reference strain for the induction of systemic resistance, confirmed this hypothesis. Since B. cinerea control on tobacco leaves sprayed with T. harzianum T39 was similar to the control on leaves from T. harzianum T39 soil-treated plants, induction of plant defence might also participate in biocontrol on treated leaves.     

Incorporation of Weather Forecasting in Integrated, Biological-Chemical Management of Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT A strategy for integrated biological and chemical control of Botrytis cinerea in nonheated greenhouse vegetables was developed. The biocontrol agent used was a commercial preparation developed from an isolate of Trichoderma harzianum, T39 (Trichodex). Decisions concerning whether to spray the biocontrol agent or a fungicide were made based on a weather-based disease warning system. The integrated strategy (BOTMAN [short for Botrytis manager]) was implemented as follows: when slow or no disease progress was expected, no spraying was needed; when an outbreak of epidemics was expected, use of a chemical fungicide was recommended; in all other cases, application of T. harzianum T39 was recommended. Future weather information (a 4-day weather forecast provided by the Israel Weather Forecast Service) was more useful for disease warnings than immediate past weather. The integrated strategy was compared with weekly applications of fungicide in 11 experiments conducted over 3 years in greenhouse-grown tomato and cucumber. Disease reduction in the integrated strategy (63.9 +/- 3.0%) did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from the fungicide-only treatment (70.1 +/- 3.6%). The number of fungicide sprays in the integrated strategy ranged from 2 to 7 (mean 4.2) compared to 7 to 13 (mean 10.5) in the fungicide treatment. The integrated strategy averaged 5.9 sprays of T. harzianum T39. For the integrated strategy, one treatment omitted use of T. harzianum T39 to estimate the contribution of this agent to disease control. Disease reduction in that treatment (49.1 +/- 4.8%) was significantly (P < 0.05) inferior to the combined chemical and biological strategy, indicating that the T. harzianum T39 sprays had a measurable effect on disease control.