木霉菌对向日葵幼苗生理特性及菌核病防治效果的影响

试验于2021年5—8月，采用筛选出的对向日葵菌核病菌有较好拮抗作用的非洲哈茨木霉T.afroharzianum 838和棘孢木霉T.asperellum 573,通过盆栽试验，测定不同菌液施用方式对向日葵幼苗生长、生理特性以及向日葵菌核病防效的影响。结果表明：非洲哈茨木霉T.afroharzianum 838和棘孢木霉T.asperellum 573不同施用方式均能提高两者对向日葵菌核病的防效，其中非洲哈茨木霉T.afroharzianum 838的T1处理(播种前5 d用100 mL·盆^-1木霉菌悬浮液拌土+接种菌核病菌前2 d用100 mL·盆^-1木霉菌悬浮液灌根)应用效果最好，对向日葵菌核病的防效达到98.58%。与CK1(只利用向日葵菌核病菌灌根且不施用木霉菌悬浮液)相比，非洲哈茨木霉T.afroharzianum 838和棘孢木霉T.asperellum 573不同施用方式均能提高向日葵幼苗株高、茎粗、全株鲜重和根冠比，其中非洲哈茨木霉T.afroharzianum 838的T1处理对向日葵幼苗形态建成和物质积累的促进效果最好，株...     

哈茨木霉对水稻恶苗病菌的拮抗作用

PDA平板拮抗试验表明 ,哈茨木霉对水稻恶苗病菌有强烈的拮抗作用 ,其孢子悬浮液的含孢量为 10⁶～10⁷个 /mL时 ,对恶苗病菌的抑制力达 92.33%。通过哈茨木霉菌液和 3种药剂对水稻恶苗病菌抑制效果的比较 ,哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液含孢量为 10⁷个 /mL与施保克质量浓度 1μg/mL的抑菌效果接近 ,分别为 76.7%、75.4%。显微摄影结果显示 ,哈茨木霉以附着胞附着在恶苗病菌菌丝上 ,然后穿透菌丝在其内生长 ,或与恶苗病菌的菌丝平行生长 ,然后再侵入病菌内寄生。     

哈茨木霉NF9菌株对水稻的诱导抗病性

在温室条件下用哈茨木霉NF9菌株进行种子处理，诱导水稻感病品种原丰早幼苗对稻-瘟病和白叶枯病的抗病性，其抗性水平为中抗，对稻瘟病菌不同菌株(SYl、H16)以及对白叶枯病菌不同菌株(CRl、CR7)的抗性表现无显著差异。经木霉种子处理的水稻幼苗接种稻瘟病菌或白叶枯病菌后，过氧化物酶及苯丙氨酸转氨酶活性增强，在某一时段显著高于未经木霉种子处理的对照。诱导抗性可能是哈茨木霉NF9菌株的生防机制之一。     

木霉对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用

 分别在体外及温室测定了筛选菌株哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum(T₈₂)和Tricho-derma sp.(NF9)对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用。体外测定表明,木霉菌株T₈₂和NF₉对白绢病菌Sclerotium rolfsii,立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani,瓜果腐霉Pythium aphanidermatum刺腐霉P.spinosum和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum在对崎培养中的拮抗系数分别为2或2~3和2。温室测定表明,用0、6%(W/W)T₈₂麸皮培养物(10⁷cfu/g)处理土壤。在人工接种白绢病菌,立枯丝核菌及瓜果腐霉20天后,黄瓜发病率分别比未用木霉处理的对照减少46、5%,28.4%和81。2%;用T₈₂和NF₉木霉孢子悬浮液(10⁸cfu/ml)处理黄瓜种子,人工接种白绢病菌11天后,黄瓜成苗率分别比未用木霉处理的对照增加14%的20%。分别在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察到木霉T₈₂对白绢病菌菌丝和菌核的重寄生以及木霉T₈₂和NF₉对立枯丝核菌菌丝的缠绕。穿入及寄生。作者认为重寄生可能是试验木霉菌株T₈₂和NF₉对白绢病菌和立枯丝核菌的主要拮抗机制。     

哈茨木霉防治花生、甜椒白绢病

1977年作者从水稻叶面分离得到哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum Rifai(即木霉82,以下简称木霉),经拮抗作用测定,发现其对白绢病菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)菌丝具有很强的溶解作用,对菌核有寄生作用。1981年以来,在各地应用木霉防治茉莉、白术白绢病取得了良好效果。本研究是     

生物质材料与拮抗微生物复配对烟草生长及青枯病发生的影响

为研究防控烟草青枯病的策略,选取了生物质材料牡蛎粉分别与拮抗微生物哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum,Th)、多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa,Pp)复配后进行田间小区试验.通过分析烟株农艺性状、青枯病发病情况和产量产值,探究了生物质材料与拮抗微生物菌剂复配对烟草生长及青枯病的影响.结果表明:与单用哈茨木霉、多粘类芽孢杆菌相比,牡蛎粉与哈茨木霉、多粘类芽孢杆菌复配之后对烟草青枯病的防控效果较好,在发病高峰期的相对防治效果分别为77.13%,62.67%.对比单独使用效果,多粘类芽孢杆菌对烟草青枯病的防效高于哈茨木霉,发病高峰期时,多粘类芽孢杆菌的相对防效为67.46%,高于哈茨木霉的36.17%.2种拮抗微生物菌剂对烤烟前期农艺性状均有很好的促进作用,其中牡蛎粉的复配施用可以提升拮抗微生物菌剂的促生功效.     

木霉可溶性蛋白电泳分析

本文对绿色木霉、黄绿木霉、桔绿木霉、哈茨木霉、钩状木霉、长枝木霉等６种木霉,共２６株菌株菌体可溶性蛋白进行聚丙烯酰胺平板凝胶电泳分析,并进一步系统聚类分析。结果表明,种间蛋白质电泳图谱差异显著,种内菌株间基本一致     

哈茨木霉拌种对冬小麦生长、土传病害及根际真菌群落的影响

为了明确哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理冬小麦的田间效果,为木霉拌种剂的推广应用提供依据,本试验从2016年－2018年连续3年,研究了哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种对小麦出苗率、幼苗生长、小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病发生情况和产量的影响,通过高通量测序和FUNGuild预测分析了木霉拌种对小麦根际土壤中真菌群落组成的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种可以提高小麦的出苗率和冬前分蘖数;对小麦纹枯病的平均防效60%以上;对小麦茎基腐病的平均防效65%以上,优于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;与不拌种对照相比,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理增产4.3%~6.34%,增产效果略高于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;木霉拌种可以降低小麦根际土壤中病原真菌的相对丰度,特别是土壤中镰孢属真菌的相对丰度。因此,哈茨木霉LTR-2可以作为化学拌种剂的绿色替代产品用于小麦生产。     

哈茨木霉强根际定殖能力菌株的筛选

用紫外线诱变哈茨木霉野生型菌株,经含多菌灵PDA培养基耐药性筛选,获得了耐药性菌株。用根际土壤木霉种群密度比较法对筛选的耐药性菌株和野生菌株进行根际定殖能力的比较测定,结果表明筛选的哈茨木霉耐药性菌株提高了根际定殖能力。在基本培养基上生长测定表明,由多菌灵诱变的耐药性菌株为营养缺陷型的突变体,对根际分泌物具有亲和性,只有聚居在植物根上才能生长得好。     

哈茨木霉T2-16的GFP标记及其生防特性

优化高效拮抗生防菌哈茨木霉T2-16的转化条件，筛选出与野生型菌株具有相似生防特性的阳性转化子，为生防木霉菌T2-16的定殖动态、分布规律等研究打下基础。通过PCR和分子克隆技术构建具有G418抗性基因的绿色荧光（GFP）表达载体pKN-sGFP，利用PEG-CaCl₂介导的原生质体转化法，获得强荧光表达的哈茨木霉T2-16转化子，并将其与野生型菌株的生物特性进行比较，筛选出与野生型菌株具有相似生防特性的阳性转化子。试验结果显示，哈茨木霉T2-16在20℃培养条件下对1000 μg/mL G418敏感，在上述优化条件下，转化获得稳定遗传的阳性转化子TG2-10；进一步比较其与野生型菌株的生物特性发现，两者之间无明显差异，可用于下一步哈茨木霉T2-16生防机理的研究。     

Integrated control of Rhizoctonia solani by methyl bromide and Trichoderma harzianum

Under laboratory conditions, isolate TH–203 of Trichoderma harzianum was found to be tolerant of up to 20 000 ppm methyl bromide (MB) (v/v), whereas the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was susceptible to a dose of less than 9000 ppm (v/v). Exposure to sub–lethal concentrations of MB had no effect on the in vitro antagonistic ability of T. harzianum . Soil fumigation with MB at the equivalent of a commercial dose of 500 kg/ha did not reduce the population of Trichoderma in soil and allowed rapid colonization of Trichoderma to develop in the soil.
Under greenhouse conditions a combination of T. harzianum and a reduced dose of MB (equivalent to 200 kg/ha) completely controlled disease incidence of R. solani in bean seedlings compared with controls in untreated soils. Similar disease control was achieved with the recommended dose of MB. Under field conditions, the combination of 200 kg/ha MB and T. harzianum gave a significant synergistic effect on damping–off of carrot seedlings caused by R. solani , and had a similar effect on growth, yield and disease control to that of the recommended dose.
T. harzianum was also able to prevent reinfestation by R. solani in fumigated soils.     

农杆菌介导的哈茨木霉T-DNA转化系统优化及拮抗能力突变子的性质分析

采用单因子试验方法研究了农杆菌EHA105介导的哈茨木霉Th-33转化过程中,各主要因素对转化效率的影响,建立了高效的转化系统,使农杆菌转化哈茨木霉的效率达到60～150个转化子/10^6个木霉孢子,利用该转化系统构建了含有8000多个转化子的T-DNA插入突变库。通过转化子与立枯丝核菌的对峙试验,从1260株转化子中筛选到23株拮抗能力发生变化的突变子。随机挑选5株突变子对其遗传稳定性进行分析,表明5株突变子都具有稳定性,聚合酶链式反应（PCR）表明上述突变子均有T-DNA片段的插入。     

Dynamics of soilborne Rhizoctonia solani in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum: effects on stem canker, black scurf and progeny tubers of potato

Stem canker and black scurf are diseases of potato caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani . Spatiotemporal experimentation and empirical modelling were applied for the first time to investigate the effect of antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum on the dynamics of soilborne R. solani on individual potato plants. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of symptoms, expressed as 'rhizoctonia stem lesion index' (RSI), during the first 7 days post-inoculation when the inoculum of R. solani was placed at certain distances (30–60 mm) from the host. For example, with inoculum at 40 mm from the host, RSI was 6 and 40 with and without T. harzianum , respectively. At later observation times, the antagonistic effect was overcome. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of black scurf on progeny tubers. Furthermore, the mean number of progeny tubers per potato plant was reduced by the biocontrol treatment (means of 6·5 ± 1·1 and 9·9 ± 2·7 tubers per plant with and without T. harzianum , respectively), as was the proportion of small (0·1–20·0 g) tubers (48% and 66% with and without T. harzianum , respectively). Additionally, there were fewer malformed and green-coloured tubers in pots treated with T. harzianum than in those without T. harzianum .     

Effect of soil moisture on activity and dynamics of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The effect of soil moisture on activity and dynamics of the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and of its antagonist Trichoderma harzianum were studied...     

哈茨木霉几丁质酶诱导及其对水稻纹枯病菌的拮抗作用

 在实验室条件下分别以几丁质和水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)细胞壁作唯一碳源诱导哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)菌株NF9、TC3和P1产生几丁质酶,用硫酸铵沉淀法制备几丁质酶粗提液。上述木霉菌株内切几丁质酶活性(对胶体几丁质浑浊度的减少率)分别为79.8%、74.4%和76.0%,均显著高于非诱导的阳性对照。培养第5 d几丁质诱导的木霉菌株NF9和TC3内切几丁质酶活性显著高于由水稻纹枯病菌细胞壁诱导的酶活性。体外测定表明,通过诱导的木霉菌株TC3、NF9和P1几丁质酶粗提液对水稻纹枯病病菌的拮抗圈直径可达38、21和23 mm,与非诱导的阳性对照比较有显著性差异。对木霉几丁质酶拮抗作用的特点及生防应用进行了讨论。     

木霉菌对黄瓜生理特性及立枯病防治效果的影响

黄瓜立枯病是由立枯丝核菌（Rizoctonia solani,简称Rs）侵染引起的苗期土传病害。本研究采用前期筛选获得的对黄瓜立枯病菌Rs具有较强拮抗作用的木霉菌,分别为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 437、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 670和752,通过盆栽试验和田间试验,测定对黄瓜幼苗的生长和生理特性、产量、品质以及立枯病防效的影响。结果显示：3株木霉菌均能显著促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,提高黄瓜幼苗的生理活性和保护性酶活性,对黄瓜立枯病的防效均在75%以上;木霉菌处理的黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、全株鲜重、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积,以及抗逆性酶活性包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶均显著高于对照。木霉与病原菌Rs共同处理的黄瓜幼苗,上述生长和生理生化指标均显著高于病原菌Rs单独处理。其中木霉670处理的黄瓜幼苗各项检测指标高于木霉437和752。此外,木霉菌处理的黄瓜单瓜重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、Vc含量、可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度的增加。上述结果说明,本研究的3株木霉菌通过提高黄瓜幼苗生理特性和保护性酶活性,促进了幼苗生长,提高了对黄瓜立枯病的抗性,改善了黄瓜产量和品质。     

Ecological Studies of Transformed Trichoderma harzianum Strain 1295-22 in the Rhizosphere and on the Phylloplane of Creeping Bentgrass

ABSTRACT A beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and a hygromycin B (hygB) phosphotransferase gene were integrated separately into the Trichoderma harzianum strain 1295-22 genome, using biolistic transformation. The mycelial growth and biocontrol ability of the transformed strains did not differ from that of the original strain. The transformed Gus(+)-kanamycin-resistant (Gus(+)Kan(R)) strains were used to monitor growth and interactions with Rhizoctonia solani on creeping bentgrass plants. The hygB-resistant (hygB(R)) strains were used to selectively recover strain 1295-22 from the rhizosphere soil and phylloplane of creeping bentgrass after spray applications. The population levels of two hygB(R) strains and the original strain were very similar for all treatments. All three strains persisted for the duration of the experiment (28 days) in both the rhizosphere soil and on leaves, although population levels declined somewhat over the course of the experiment in unautoclaved soils. In this study, the results demonstrated that hygB(R) strains remained dominant over time when assayed on Trichoderma-selective medium containing hygB. The hygB(R) strains were not displaced by strains that colonized untreated plants. Microscopic observation showed that the Gus(+)Kan(R) strains colonized the rhizoplane, seed coat, and phylloplane of creeping bentgrass. These results supported our earlier observation that strain 1295-22 was rhizosphere and phyllo-plane competent. Interactions between T. harzianum and R. solani were readily observed in situ and changed over time. Two types of reactions were found in these experiments. In the first type, sections of hyphae of R. solani near the hyphae of T. harzianum appeared damaged, and the pathogen appeared necrotic when viewed with a microscope. The second type, observed less frequently than the first type, was typical of myco-parasitism. The findings in this study provide new insight into the interactions between R. solani and T. harzianum, providing a basis for future research.     

Integrated control of Rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani in tobacco transplants with Trichoderma hurziunum and triadimenol

Trichoderma cultures were isolated locally from soils and screened on potato-dextrose agar against Rhizoctonia solani. Several isolates of T. harzianum reduced the growth and build up of populations of R. solani and to a lesser extent of Fusarium solani in sterilized soil. In field experiments, biological control of R. solani and F. solani infections in tobacco transplants was achieved by adding T. harzianum (T77) to methyl-bromide-fumigated seedbeds before seed was sown. There was also increased growth and leaf yield that was not directly correlated with disease control. Triadimenol fungicide, integrated with the Trichoderma treatment, enhanced disease control.     

一株拮抗4种马铃薯病原真菌的拟康宁木霉的分离鉴定

本研究从黑龙江省土壤中分离获得一株木霉, 运用生物学特征和ITS序列分析相结合的方法将其鉴定为拟康宁木霉Trichoderma koningiopsis?薯块活体抑菌测定表明, 该木霉对接骨木镰孢Fusarium sambucinum?马铃薯早疫病菌Alternaria solani?立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani (AG3和AG5)等病原真菌引起的马铃薯病害具有抑制作用?对峙培养试验结果显示, 该木霉对上述病原菌的生长具有拮抗作用, 平均抑制率均超过50%, 且该木霉生长速度快于上述病原真菌, 以竞争生长方式抑制病原菌菌丝生长和菌核形成?采用扫描电子显微镜观察发现, 该木霉可通过缠绕或并行生长等方式寄生在上述病原真菌菌丝上?以上结果表明, 从土壤中分离获得的拟康宁木霉具备良好的生防潜力, 可为马铃薯种植中多种真菌病害的统防统治提供良好的生防菌株?